anderies_aligning key concepts for global change policy- robustness, resilience

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Copyright © 2013 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. Anderies, J. M., C. Folke, B . Walker, and E. Ostrom. 2013. Aligning key c oncepts for global change policy: robustness, resilience, and sustainability. Ecology and Society 18(2): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ ES-05178-180208 Research Aligning Key Concepts for Global Change Policy: Robustness, Resilience, and Sustainability John M. Anderies 1 , Carl Folke 2,3 , Brian W alker 4 and Elinor Ostrom 5 ABSTRACT. Globalization, the process by which local social-ecological systems (SESs) are becoming linked in a global network, presents policy scientists and practitioners with unique and difficult challenges. Although local SESs can be extremely complex, when they become more tightly linked in the global system, complexity increases very rapidly as multi-scale and multi-level processes become more important. Here, we argue that addressing these multi-scale and multi-level challenges requires a collection of theories and models. We suggest that the conceptual domains of sustainability, resilience, and robustness provide a sufficiently rich collection of theories and models, but overlapping definitions and confusion about how these conceptual domains articulate with one another reduces their utility. We attempt to eliminate this confusion and illustrate how sustainability, resilience, and robustness can be used in tandem to address the multi-scale and multi-level challenges associated with global change. Key Words: fragility; global change; governance; institutions; resilience; r obustness; sustainability We dedicate this work to the memory of Elinor Ostrom, a wonderful friend and collaborator to all of us. She has made a profound impact on the emerging intellectual domains of sustainability, resilience, and the robustness of social- ecological systems. As a social scientist, she connected core ideas regarding institutions and governance to the dynamics of natural systems. She will be dearly missed; we can take some comfort in knowing that her intellectual legacy will guide resear ch for years to come. INTRODUCTION Global change policy must address problems across multiple spatial scales, temporal scales, and levels of organization in the context of major potential shifts in key drivers of the global system. The concepts of sustainability, resilience, and robustness each have strengths for addressing particular types of problems at particular scales and levels of organization, but none covers the full range of relevant scales, levels, and problems. We suggest that taken together, they may. Our intent is to clarify the relationships between resilience, robustness, and sustainability and suggest how they can be used together to provide a framework for global change policy development and implementation. To do so, we focus on problems and conflicts that arise when considering how these terms are used across research domains associated with resource governance and emphasize the importance of the distinction between goal setting, i.e., choosing performance measures, and practical policy implementation concerns. Finally, with the aid of theoretical and empirical examples, we attempt to resolve these conflicts and suggest how sustainability, resilience, and robustness can be used together to move global change policy forward. ALIGNING THE CONCEPTS After at least 50 years of development in the academic literature, sustainability is now a mainstream concept. Lubin and Esty (2010) go so far as to define the “sustainability imperative” and compare it to other business megatrends. The authors note that most executives know that they must respond to the challenge of sustainability or jeopardize the competitiveness, and perhaps even the survival, of their organizations. Yet few businessmen or other readers have a clear vision of how to meet this challenge. Consumers are now confronted with sustainability information on many products they buy, but cannot be sure about the implications of this information (Golden et al. 2010, Tejeda-Cruz et al. 2010). Nevertheless, it is individual actions by firms and consumers that will likely drive change associated with concerns over sustainability and with addressing global challenges. This raises an important question: How might voluntary actions by multiple individuals and firms based on sustainability concerns affect properties of the global system in which they occur? Put simply, does individual sustainability add up to global sustainability? On the face of it, actions of individual citizens, firms, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and governments directed at becoming more sustainable should contribute to the sustainability of the entire global system somehow; taking some action has to be better than doing nothing. There are two problems with this chain of reasoning. First is the simple question of whether voluntary pro-environmental behaviors have any real impact. Except for some rare cases such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 33/50 program (Arora and Cason 1995, Khanna and Damon 1999), there is significant empirical evidence (e.g., Rivera and De 1 Arizona State University, 2 Beijer Institute for Ecological Economics, 3 Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, 4 CSIRO Ecosystem Science, 5 Indiana University

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Page 1: Anderies_Aligning Key Concepts for Global Change Policy- Robustness, Resilience

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