Census of India 2011

ANDHRA PRADESH

SERIES-29 PART XII-B

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

VIZIANAGARAM

VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE

PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA)

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONSANDHRA PRADESH

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SALUR (M)

BOBBILI (M)

KANAPAKA (CT)

NELLIMARLA (CT)

MALICHERLA (CT)

JARJAPUPETA (CT)

VIZIANAGARAM (M)

KOTHAVALASA (CT)

SRIRAMNAGAR (CT)

PARVATHIPURAM (M)

TUMMIKAPALLE (CT)

CHEEPURUPALLE (CT)

CHINTALAVALASA (CT)

GAJAPATHINAGARAM (CT)

JAMI

GURLA

SALUR

VEPADA

DENKADA

MENTADA

BADANGITHERLAM

BOBBILI

MAKKUVA

KURUPAM

GANTYADA

GARIVIDI

KOMARADA

BHOGAPURAM

NELLIMARLA

BONDAPALLE

PACHIPENTA

BALIJIPETA

KOTHAVALASA

DATTIRAJERU

GARUGUBILLI

PUSAPATIREGA

VIZIANAGARAM

CHEEPURUPALLE

MERAKAMUDIDAM

SEETHANAGARAM

PARVATHIPURAMJIYYAMMAVALASA

LAKKAVARAPUKOTA

RAMABHADRAPURAM

SRUNGAVARAPUKOTA

GAJAPATHINAGARAM

GUMMALAKSHMIPURAM

Jami

Pakki

Konada

Kumili

Koduru

Piridi

Garbham

Therlam

Makkuva

Kurupam

KancheruAlamanda

KottakkiAlajangi

Palagara

Komarada

Korukonda

Devupalle

Pedapenki

Bhogapuram

Bondapalle

Pachipenta

Narsipuram

ChintapalleRellivalasa

Puritipenta

Pedabhogila

PedatadivadaPusapatirega

Lakhanapuram

Chintalapalem

Kongavanipalem

Ramabhadrapuram

Srungavarapukota

Veerabhadra Puram

Gulivindada Agraharam

AREA : 6 539.00 SQ.KMS.POPULATION : 2344474NO.OF MANDALS : 34NO. OF TOWNS : 14NO. OF VILLAGES : 1 520DISTANCE FROM STATE H.QRTS.TO DISTRICT H.QRTS. : 739 KMS.

A - Portion of Komarada MandalB - Portion of Kurupam MandalC - Portion of Balijipeta MandalD - Portion of Badangi MandalE - Portion of Garividi Mandal

ANDHRA PRADESHINDIA

VIZIANAGARAM DISTRICT 5 0 5 10 15 20

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BOUNDARY STATE.............................................................................. " DISTRICT.........................................................................

HEADQUARTERS: DISTRICT .............................................................

RAILWAY LINE WITH STATION, BROAD GAUGE ...............................NATIONAL HIGHWAY ..........................................................................STATE HIGHWAY .................................................................................RIVER / STREAM .................................................................................

VILLAGES HAVING 5000 AND ABOVE POPULATION WITH NAME ..

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URBAN AREA WITH POPULAION SIZE: I, II, III, IV, V & VI .................

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CENSUS OF INDIA 2011

ANDHRA PRADESH

SERIES-29 PART XII - B

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

VIZIANAGARAM

VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT

(PCA)

Directorate of Census Operations

ANDHRA PRADESH

MOTIF

BOBBILI FORT

Bobbili fort is a great monument located in Bobbili municipality in the Vijayanagaram District.The town and kingdom of Bobbili was founded during the 17th century by Pedda Rayudu, the 15th descendant of the Rajah of Venkatagiri. The town was originally named "Pedda-puli" ("The Big Tiger") after Sher Muhammad Khan, the Nawab of Srikakulam who granted it as a gift to the maharajah of Venkatgiri for his services in his southern campaigns. However, with time, the town became known as "Pebbuli", then "Bebbuli" and finally "Bobbili".

Pages

1 1

2 3

3 5

4 7

5 9

6 18

7 21

8 23

9

(i) 26

(ii) 31

(iii) 51

(iv) 75

(v) 101

(vi) 127

(vii) 393

10 Section II Tables based on Households Amenities and Assets (Rural/Urban) at District and Sub-District level.

(i) Table -1: Households by Ownership status and by Number of Dwellingrooms occupied in the District, 2011 415

Urban PCA-Town wise Primary Census Abstract

Section - I Primary Census Abstract (PCA)

Brief note on Primary Census Abstract

District Primary Census Abstract

Appendix to District Primary Census Abstract Total, Scheduled Castes andScheduled Tribes Population - Urban Block wise

Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Castes (SC)

Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Tribes (ST)

Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract

Contents

Administrative Setup

Important Statistics

District Highlights - 2011 Census

Brief History of the District

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgement

History and Scope of the District Census Handbook

(ii) Table -2: Percentage distribution of Households living in Permanent,Semi permanent and Temporary houses, 2011 416

(iii) Table -3: Number and Percentage of Households by main source ofDrinking water, 2011 420

(iv) Table -4: Number and Percentage of Households by main source ofLighting, 2011 426

(v) Table -5: Number and Percentage of Households by type of Latrinefacility, 2011 432

(vi) Table -6: Number and Percentage of Households by type of Drainageconnectivity for waste water outlet, 2011 433

(vii) Table -7: Number and Percentage of Households by availability ofKitchen facility, 2011 441

(viii) Table -8: Number and Percentage of Households by type of fuel used forCooking, 2011 444

(ix) Table -9:Number and Percentage of Households availing Bankingservices and number of Households having each of thespecified Assets, 2011

450

1

FOREWORD The District Census Handbook (DCHB) is an important publication of the Census Organization since 1951. It contains both Census and non Census data of urban and rural areas for each District. The Census data provide information on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of population at the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each Village and Town and ward of the District. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) part of this publication contains Census data including data on household amenities collected during 1st.phase of the Census i.e. House Listing and Housing Census. The non Census data presented in the DCHB is in the form of Village Directory and Town Directory contain information on various infrastructure facilities available in the village and town viz; education, medical, drinking water, communication and transport, post and telegraph, electricity, banking, and other miscellaneous facilities. Later on, the Telegraph Services were closed by the Government of India on 15th. July, 2013. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at the grass-root level. 2. In the 1961 Census, DCHB provided a descriptive account of the District, administrative statistics, Census tables and Village and Town Directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to Village and Town Directory, Part-B to Village and Town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, District Census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of Villages. The 1981 Census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained Village and Town Directory and Part-B the PCA of Village and Town including the SCs and STs PCA up to Tahsil/Town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of Village and Town Directory were added. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent Village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. 3. The pattern of 1981 Census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 Census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of Village Directory and PCA data instead of the traditional Tahsil/Taluk/PS level presentation. 4. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity manufactured in a Village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier Censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of notified slums. 5. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. These newly

2

added amenities are: Pre-Primary School, Engineering College, Medical College, Management Institute, Polytechnic, Non-formal Training Centre, Special School for Disabled, Community Health Centre, Veterinary Hospital, Mobile Health Clinic, Medical Practitioner with MBBS Degree, Medical Practitioner with no degree, Traditional Practitioner and faith Healer, Medicine Shop, Community Toilet, Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet in the Village, Community Bio- gas, Sub Post Office, Village Pin Code, Public Call Office, Mobile Phone Coverage, Internet Cafes/ Common Service Centre, Private Courier Facility, Auto/Modified Autos, Taxis and Vans, Tractors, Cycle-pulled Rickshaws, Carts driven by Animals, Village connected to National Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, and Other District Road, Availability of Water Bounded Macadam Roads in Village, ATM, Self-Help Group, Public Distribution System(PDS) Shop, Mandis/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutritional Centers (ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist), Sports Field, Public Library, Public Reading Room, Assembly Polling station, Birth & Death Registration Office. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each Town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of Towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Census.

6. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-Acontains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

7. The Village and Town level amenities data have been collected, compiled andcomputerized under the supervision of Smt Y.V Anuradha, IAS., Director of Census Operation, Andhra Pradesh. The task of Planning, Designing and Co-ordination of this publication was carried out by Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) under the guidance & supervision of Dr. R.C.Sethi, Ex-Addl. RGI and Shri Deepak Rastogi present Addl.RGI. Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General, (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of maps. Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S.Thapa, Addl. Director (EDP) provided full cooperation in preparation of record structure for digitization and validity checking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the generation of Village Directory and Town Directory including various analytical inset tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). The work of preparation of DCHB, 2011 Census has been monitored in the Social Studies Division. I am thankful to all of them and others who have contributed to bring out this publication in time.

(C.Chandramouli) Registrar General &

Census Commissioner, India New Delhi. Dated:- 16-06-2014

3

Preface

The District Census handbooks (DCHBs) is brought out in each decennial census

since 1951 containing Village and Town Directory, Village & Town wise Primary

Census Abstract (PCA) and data on amenities for each village and town in the

district. The objective of publishing the DCHB is to place the data collected at

census along with the data on amenities at Village and Town level, collected from

Tahsildars/Municipal Commissioners. The amenities data is validated by comparing

with secondary data obtained from Heads of the Departments. For example,

information on schools was compared with data available with the Commissioner,

School Education and information on post offices was compared with data obtained

from the Chief Post Master General and so on. Validation of data in the above

manner was by no means an easy exercise. Scores of officials had put in grueling

efforts for months together.

Generally, the District Census Hand Book contains two parts i.e., Part A & Part B.

Part A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains data on Village and

Town Primary Census Abstract along with Housing amenities. This time both Part-A

and Part-B volumes will be published separately for each district.

The present volume deals with the Part-B of the DCHB and comprises broadly:

History and scope of the DCHB, Brief History of the district, Administrative setup,

District highlights, Important Statistics of the District, Brief note of Primary Census

Abstract, Appendix to District Primary Census Abstract i.e., Urban block wise

figures of Total, SC & ST Population, Rural PCA, Urban PCA, Housing Amenities

etc., of 2011 Census of India.

The District Census Handbook is further enriched with a district and Sub-district

(Mandal) maps depicting villages/towns with population size and also amenities

such as educational Institutions, Hospitals, Telegraph and Telephone facilities,

Banks etc.

I am grateful to the Chief Secretary, Principal Secretaries, Secretaries, District

Collectors, Municipal Commissioners, Tahsildars and senior officials of the

4

Government of Andhra Pradesh for their co-operation and assistance throughout

the Census Operations and in the process of collection of the Secondary data.

I am very privileged to be associated with the national task of Census of India 2011

in the capacity of Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. I

express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. C. Chandramouli, IAS, Registrar General &

Census Commissioner, India, for the inspiring guidance all along. I sincerely

express my profound thanks to Dr. R.C. Sethi, ISS, Additional Registrar General,

India, Dr. Deepak Rastogi, Deputy Director General, Shri. A.K. Singh, Deputy

Registrar General (Census) for help, guidance and constant support accorded in all

matters. Thanks are also due to Dr. A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General (Map) for

his support and guidance in generating digital maps. I also acknowledge the

continuous support of Dr. Prathibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (S.S) and

other Officers of the Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi.

I sincerely express my gratitude to Shri M.S. Thapa, Additional Director (EDP) and

his team for their technical guidance and also in generating various tables in

bringing out this volume.

The credit for preparation of DCHB goes to a team of devoted officers and staff of

this Directorate under the guidance of Shri. R.V.V. Durga Prasad, Joint Director

along with the methodical direct supervision of Shri. S. Daya Sagar, Assistant

Director for their active involvement and painstaking efforts in bringing out this

publication. The names of individuals associated with this project are shown in

Acknowledgements. I am grateful to all of them.

I hope that the data users will find this publication very useful.

Date: 30.06.2014 Y.V. Anuradha, I.A.S. Hyderabad Director

5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Officers Designation

Shri. D. Hanumantharaya Joint Director Shri. R.V.V. Durga Prasad Joint Director Shri. G. Bapuji Joint Director Shri. Jagannath Majhi Deputy Director Shri. S. Daya Sagar Assistant Director Shri. V.Sreekanth Assistant Director

Drafting

Dr. P. John Samuel Senior Geographer

Collection, Compilation, Comparison and Finalization

Shri. Pradip Dev Statistical Investigator Grade-I Smt. P. Vijaya Statistical Investigator Grade-I Shri .B. Nadavaiah Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt. T. Balatripura Sundari Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt. M. Indra Bhavani Statistical Investigator Grade-II Shri. G. Venkateswara Rao Statistical Investigator Grade-II Shri. L. Sudish Mitra Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt.Deepthi Divakaran Statistical Investigator Grade-II Shri. P.L.N. Sharma Senior Compiler Smt. P.S. Veena Compiler Smt. Alin Barkha Tigga Compiler Smt. C.K. Karthika Compiler Kum. Minakshi Sahu Compiler Smt. N.V. Satyavathi Devi Assistant Compiler Smt. T. Manorama Assistant Compiler Smt. T. Sujatha Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. K. Rama Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. D. Kali Prasanna Data Entry Operator Grade B Shri. K. Nagaiah Assistant Director [G] {on Contract} Shri. M. Sree Ramulu Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. S. Ramakrishna Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. D. Ramulu Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. D. Somanna Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Smt. B. Kusuma Kumari Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. L.K. Murthy Data Entry Operator Grade B {on Contract} Shri. B.S. Hanumantha Reddy Data Entry Operator Grade B {on Contract}

6

Data Entry Shri.K.S.K.Chakravarthy Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt.S.Anuradha Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. C. Lakshmi Data Entry Operator Grade B Shri. N. Mahesh Mohan Rao Data Entry Operator Grade B Shri. D. Venkata Ramana Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. T. Sujatha Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. K. Rama Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. D. Kali Prasanna Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. V.Adilakshmi Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. B. Shobha Rani Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. Deepthi Divakaran Statistical Investigator Grade-II Sri. Indrapal Yadav Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt. P.S. Veena Compiler Smt. Alin Barkha Tigga Compiler Smt. C.K. Karthika Compiler Kum. Minakshi Sahu Compiler

Supervision of Mapping Work Smt G.V. Chandrakala Assistant Director Smt M.B. Rama Devi Senior Geographer

Preparation of Computerised Maps Shri G. Mariyanna Senior Drawing Assistant Shri D. Chiranjeevi Raju Senior Draughtsman Shri M.A Quadeer Senior Draughtsman Shri T. Trinadh Senior Draughtsman Smt R.R.S.N Subba Lakshmi Senior Draughtsman Shri Gulam Hasan Mohinuddin Senior Draughtsman Shri P. Babji Senior Draughtsman

ORGI- Data Processing Division

Shri Jaspal Singh Lamba

Ms. Usha

Shri Anurag Gupta

Deputy Director

Assistant Director

DPA Grade A

Shri Mukesh K.Mahawar

Ms. Shagufta Nasreen Bhat

Ms. Kiran Bala Saxena

DPA Grade A

DPA Grade A

Sr. Supervisor

7

HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THE DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

The need of data at the grass root level for the administrative and planning purposes at sub micro level as well as academic studies prompted the innovation of District Census Handbook. District Census Handbook is a unique publication from the Census organization which provides most authentic details of census and non-census information from village and town level to district level. The District Census Handbook was firstly introduced during the 1951 Census. It contains both census and non census data of urban as well as rural areas for each district. The census data contain several demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each village and town and ward of the district. The non census data comprise of data on availability of various civic amenities and infrastructural facilities etc. at the town and village level which constitute Village Directory and Town Directory part of the DCHB. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at grass-root level.

In 1961 census DCHB provided a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census tables and village and town directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of villages. The 1981 census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained village and town directory and Part-B the PCA of village and town including the SCs and STs PCA up to tahsil/town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of village and town directory were added into it. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. The pattern of 1981 census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of village directory and PCA data instead of the traditional tahsil/taluk/PS level presentation.

As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity

8

manufactured in a village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of notified slums.

The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each town have been presented viz.; (i) Status and Growth History of towns, (ii) Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii) Civic and other Amenities, (iv) Medical Facilities, (v) Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi) Industry & Banking, and (vii) Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 census as presented in earlier census. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

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9

Brief history of the district Vizianagaram district in Andhra Pradesh was inaugurated on 1st July, 1979. A peep into its history promises to be both interesting and instructive. The archaeological explorations and excavations conducted at places such as Jami (Jami mandal) Andra (Mentada mandal) and Rompallivalasa (Ramabhadrapuram mandal) revealed evidence of pre-historic settlements ranging from B.C. 900 to A.D. 300, i.e. from neolithic to iron age. The history of the district is connected with the glory past of Kalinga, one of the political divisions of ancient India, which was supposed to have come into being in the 9th Century B.C. It has to be traced to the period when the Nandas were ruling over Magadha. King Nanda conquered Kalinga and carried away the statue of the first Jina to Magadha. The fact that there was a Nanda era in Kalinga is confirmed by the Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga. In view of these, the subjugation of the territories lying farther south in this district does not seem to be altogether improbable. Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the Nanda dynasty and became the ruler of the Magadha empire. Ashoka's conquest of Kalinga in or about 261 B.C. is well known to history. This kalinga campaign turned out to be an epoch-making event for, this mighty emperor, realising the horrors of war, turned to be a missionary of peace. His two rock edicts at Dhauli (near Bhuvaneswar) and Jaugada (in Ganjam district) enjoin the officers to practise the duties consonant with the Dhamma (Dharma) in the conquered territory. The next land mark in the history of the district is the period of its glory under Kharavela of the Chedi dynasty. After the death of Kharavela, the district seems to have passed under the sway of the Satavahanas, who dominated the political scene of the Deccan from the 2nd Century B.C. to the 2nd Century A.D. The excavations at Salihundam (near Srikakulam), a Buddhist site of ancient Kalinga, brought to light a few coins attributable to the Satavahanas. All this evidence points out the satavahana supremacy over the region in the early centuries of the Christian era. The digvijaya (glorious victory) campaign of Samudra Gupta (340-380 A.D.) of the Gupta dynasty was the next event which throws some light on the history of this district. This great ruler was credited with the conquest of all the kingdoms in south India which he seems to have achieved after conquering Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram districts. The campaign of Samudra Gupta galvanised the region and a new line of kings called the Matharas and the Vasishthas ruled from Pishtapura (Pithapuram in East Godavari District), Singupura (near Srikakulam) and Devapura (Devada in Kothavalasa mandal of Vizianagaram district). Closely following the Gupta invasion, we learn from the Copper-plate records discovered in this area that a new dynasty named the Matharas, styling themselves as Kalingadhipatis, ruled from Pishtapura. By

10

the close of the 5th century A.D. these rulers were, however, replaced.

The early Eastern Gangas (Thoorpu Gangulu or Poorva Gangulu), the later Eastern Gangas and the Gajapatis, like the four dynasties of the Vijayanagar empire, are distinguished from each other for political history. Yet, by virtue of their continuous political and historical traditions, they constitute a single unit of historical study. In so far as the administrative and social institutions are concerned, there was practically no break in the continuity of political and administrative traditions of the two dynasties during the transition from the later Eastern Gangas to the Suryavamsa Gajapatis, except for a change in the dynasty by what appears to be a bloodless coup de theatre. Though the title Gajapati (Lord of the elephant forces) was as much a title of the later Eastern Gangas as it was of their successors. The rule of the Eastern Gangas is unique in the annals of Indian history for, they were the only Hindu dynasty that ruled for a millennium, and the Swayastamsa Gajapatis, who succeeded them, lasted for a little over a century. Together, the Eastern Gangas and the Gajapatis ruled over considerable portions of Andhra, which formed part of an extensive empire for thousand and one hundred years without any break in their historical traditions.

At the height of its power, the empire of the later Eastern Gangas extended from the Ganga in the north to the Godavari in the south, and the empire of the Gajapatis from the Ganga in the north to the Pinakini (penna) in the south with a spell over for a very short period, up to the Kaveri in the farther south. The Andhra portion of the empire, ruled by the Eastern Gangas, traditionally referred to as kalinga, extended from the Mahendragiri in the north to the river Godavari in the south, though the southern boundary fluctuated between the Godavari and Simhachalam because of the invasions of the neighbouring powers. Under the Gajapatis, the Andhra area of the empire extended from the Mahendragiri in the north to the river Pinakini (Penna in Nellore district)in the south, the Kalinga-Andhra comprised East Godavari, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts of the present Andhra Pradesh and the southern half of Ganjam district of Orissa.

Along with the Kakatiyas of Warangal, the Reddis of Kondavidu and the Rayas of Vijayanagara, the later Eastern Gangas and the Gajapatis share the honour of protecting Hinduism in the Deccan and South India from the on slaughts of the Muslim rulers from the north. The later Eastern Gangas and the Gajapatis compare favourably with the Rayas of Vijayanagara in regal splendour. Military prowess and Cultural glory, in defending and preserving the Hindu faith, and in extending patronage and promoting arts and letters. The most important fact of comparison is that the Eastern Gangas and the Gajapatis, like the Rayas, served as common bonds of cultural heritage between the people of two different linguistic regions. While the Rayas were the builders of the Cultural bridge between the Kannadians and the Andhras, the Eastern Gangas and the

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Gajapatis were between the Oriyas and the Andhras. The wild and mountainous nature of Kalinga afforded ample scope for the rise of many local dynasties, which wielded power and influence during this period. The extent of the territory over which each family ruled was small. The rulers were petty chieftains known as Manne chiefs. Yet they were very handy and brave. The local chiefs in Kalinga appear to have ruled independently. They did not acknowledge their overlords in their inscriptions. Of the local dynasties in Kalinga, the ones that are mentioned below appear to have played an important role in the history of the period. The Raparti family, known from the records at Narayanapura was subordinate to the Gangas of Kalinga. Madaparaju (1100-1150 A.D.) was the earliest known member. None of his records are available, and he is known from the inscriptions of his son. He must have lived in the first half of the 12th century A.D. A collateral branch of the Gangas of Kalinga ruled at Narayanapura in Balijipeta mandal of Vizianagaram district for nearly one and half centuries from the beginning of the 12th century A.D. These Gangas maintained friendly relations with the Ganga emperors, besides the local dynasties including the Raparti chiefs. Many records of this line are noticed at Narayanapura. A branch of the Gangas ruled over Jantarunadu for about two centuries from 1270 to 1461 A.D. It was one of the important dynasties in South Kalinga. The tractof Gantyada, Srungavarapukota, Vepada and Jami mandals in Vizianagaram district roughly represents the ancient jantarunadu. Their kingdom was the target of attacks by invaders like the Reddis and the Matsyas. They owed allegiance to the Imperial Gangas and contracted marriage alliances with other local dynasties like the Matsyas and the Silas. All the records of this dynasty, except the one at Boni, are at Simhachalam. The literature and inscriptions of the Reddis, the Eastern Gangas of Kalinga and the Matsyas of oddadi refer to the Gangas of Jantarunadu. As the Imperial Gangas of Kalinga were supplanted by the Gajapatis by A.D.1434, Jantarunadu must have become a viceroyalty under the Gajapatis after Kurmaraju and Savaranatha. The Gajapatis, as a rule, put an end to the semi-independent local dynasties which were a menace to them and these Gangas were no exception to this rule. The Silas or Silavamsis of Nandapura ruled for nearly a hundred years from the middle of the 14th century. Their Capitals were Nandapura and Bobbili. They acknowledged the Suzerainty of the Gangas of kalinga. The Reddis of Rajamahendravaram also ruled this district (1353-1424 A.D.). The district, as

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any other district of Andhra Pradesh, passed into the hands of the Qutub Shahis and Mughals, during 1520-1740. Several decades elapsed before the British could consolidate their hold on this district. The Zamindars who came into prominence before this district came under the English hegemony offered stiff resistance. Some of them were descendants of the ancient Hindu rulers and some were the agents of the Muslim rulers. During the troubled period, when there was continual warfare, they usurped certain powers and regarded themselves as the owners of the soil. There were many Zamindars in the district, some of whom resided in the hills while some lived in the plains. Among the Zamindars, those of Vizianagaram, Bobbili, Salur, Pachipenta, Merangi, Kurupam, Srungavarapukota and Sangamvalasa deserve mention. The early history of the Zamindars of Vizianagaram is obscure. They were also known as Pusapatis and they played a crucial role in the history of Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam district. The members of this family known as the Pusapatis trace their descent from one Madhavavarama of the 6th century A.D. Pusapati Madhavavarama was the first member of the family who moved into Visakhapatnam district, then forming part of the Chicacole Circar. He rented a few Villages from the Fauzdar of Chicacole Circar, Sher Muhammed Khan his son Sitarama further added to the estate. He was followed on in succession by four zamindars, each of whom added something to the aggrandisement of the family. Viziarama Raju, the last of the four, moved from Potnuru to Vizianagaram where he built a quadrangular stone fort, there was no love lost between these Zamindars and those of Bobbili. However subsequently, a fierce battle was fought with Bobbili during the time of a later member of the family, Viziarama Raju. He was however, stabbed to death and succeeded by Ananda Raju. Ananda Raju accompanied Forde to Rajahmundry and died there. He was followed by Venkatapati Raju who was also known as Viziarama Raju. During his minority, his half-brother Sitarama Raju looked after the maintenance of the estate. The two brothers were very powerful and they engaged themselves in a series of wars with the neighbouring Zamindars and reduced their estates to a tributary status. The estates which suffered this fate in this district were Salur, Kurupam, Andra, Pachipenta, Sangamvalasa, Chemudu and others. Shortly afterwards, several Zamindars formed a confederacy to oust the Raju brothers from power. Sitarama Raju was equal to the task and at the close of the campaign led by him, all the Zamindars in the district except Andra who had kept aloof were dispossessed of their estates. The oppression of the ryots and the smaller Zamindars by Sitarama Raju brought the district into a very unsatisfactory state. A committee of circuit was sent to investigate the officers and the report submitted in 1784 A.D. condemned Sitarama Raju in the strongest terms. Sitarama Raju was removed from the office of Diwan and his

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half-brother, Viziarama Raju, was killed in an encounter in May, 1794. After his death, the chief surviving members of Viziarama Raju's family were invited by the English for talks. Narayana Raju of this family was then proclaimed Zamindar and the Zamindari continued to be under their control for quite a long period. All the ancient Zamindaris were handed over to their owners in perpetuity on payment of fixed Peshkush. The Zamindars who thus got their estates back were those of Bobbili, Kurupam, Merangi, Sangamvalasa, Chemudu, Salur and Andra. Politically, this was a failure as it treated them as farmers and removed from them the authority over the hill men. Their estates were declared liable to attachment and sale for default in paying the Peshkush. Because of all these reasons, they were in a state of disaffection for many years after this. This led to chaotic conditions and the expeditions sent in pursuit of the malcontents further complicated the issue. In 1832 A.D., George Russell was sent to investigate the causes and concert measures for their suppression. Consequently, the estate of the Zamindar of Palakonda was forfeited. This had a telling effect on the Zamindars of the plains who gave no trouble from the time of the seizure of Palakonda. Between 1740 and 1760 the history of the district was one of the chaos and confusion. Neither the Nizam nor the French were effective. First the French and later the English tried to establish the authority. The subah of the Deccan comprised the Nawabships of Chicacole, Rajahmundry, Kurnool and Arcot. Nizam-ul-Mulk appointed one Anwar-ud-din Khan as the Fauzdar of Chicacole in 1726 A.D. He ably administered the Circar for a period of fifteen years. He was assisted by Rustum Khan in restoring law and order in this region. He was succeeded by Jafar Ali Khan who was shortly afterwards supplanted by "Edabullah Khan" in 1155 F. (1745 A.D.). "Edabullah Khan" was, however deposed and Jafar Ali Khan was restored to his position in 1159 F. (1749 A.D.). In 1748 A.D., Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah-I died and the succession to the throne was disputed between his son Nasir Jung and his grandson Muzaffar Jung. In the war of succession, the French and the English took opposite sides and eventually a French protege, Salabat Jung, ascended the throne. In 1753 A.D., the French General, Bussy, obtained from him the cession of Chicacole Circar, besides Mustafanagar, Ellore (Eluru) and Rajahmundry Circars for the support of his troops. The necessary patents were also sent to Moracin, the French Governor at Machilipatnam, with instructions to take immediate possession of them. The Fauzdar of Chicacole Jafar Ali Khan, was extremely disinclined to give up his charge to the French and he persuaded Viziarama Raju, the Zamindar of Vizianagaram, to join him in opposing Moracin's entry. Moracin, however, weaned Viziarama Raju to his side by promising to leaseout Chicacole and

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Rajahmundry Circars at a favourable rent. Then Jafar Ali Khan sought the help of the Marathas who entrenched themselves in the north of Ganjam. The Marathas came with a huge army, plundered Chicacole and Rajahmundry Circars and quit the region. The Marathas, satisfied with the plunder they had gained, showed no further inclination to assist Jafar Ali Khan in the recovery of his Circars. Being convinced of the futility of his plans, he proceeded to Aurangabad to make submission to the Nizam. After his retirement, Viziarama Raju appears to have been appointed to the Management of Chicacole Circar. He continued in that post for one year (1753 A.D.). In July, 1754, the French General Bussy went in person, settled the affairs in the Circars and appointed one Ibrahim Khan as the Fauzdar of Chicacole.

Soon afterwards, the relations between Bussy and the Nizam, Salabat Jung, became strained and an open rupture led to the dismissal of Bussy from the Nizam's court. Bussy, however, faced the situation boldly and re-established his influence at the court. Throughout this period, Chicacole Circar was administered by Ibrahim Khan. The collections from Chicacole Circar became slack and uncertain in 1757 A.D. and it is presumed that the Fauzdar had disavowed his authority. Bussy, therefore, wanted to go in person and settle the country under the authority of the French. Ibrahim Khan fled in terror on his approach. Bussy was joined by Viziarama Raju of Vizianagaram and other Chiefs with a huge army. Viziarama Raju represented to Bussy that Bobbili was contumacious and must be repressed. Bussy at length agreed to allow the French-troops to assist him in attacking the fort of Bobbili, the Zamindar of Bobbili defended himself to the utmost, and when he found that further resistance was useless, he had all the women and children in the fort put to death and, with the remnant of his garrison, died fighting to the last. However, after three nights, Viziarama Raju was killed in his tent by some adherents of the Bobbili Raja (Thandra Papa Rayudu and others).

Bussy's absence was keenly felt at the court of the Nizam. He, therefore, left Ganjam in May, 1758 and arrived shortly afterwards at Aurangabad. His departure from the northern Circars was the signal for a revolt against the government of the French. Ananda Raju, who succeeded Viziarama Raju, felt very much dissatisfied at the arrangements Bussy had made at the time of his predecessor's demise. Therefore, as soon as the French had left for Aurangabad, he took Visakhapatnam and intrigued with the English in Bengal to drive the French out of their possessions in the northern Circars. He volunteered to render every assistance in his power if they invaded the northern circars. Clive entertained his proposals favourably and an expedition under Colonel Forde set out from Bengal. In the battle that ensued, the French were discomfited and many of their strongholds were taken possession of. Seeing no chance of retaking them, the Nizam, Salabat Jung, who had come to the aid of the French, concluded a treaty with the English on the 14th of May, 1759. By this treaty, the Nizam under took to expel the French from all their

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possessions in the Northern Circars. The whole of the Northern Circars had thus been freed from the French dominion in a few months and had reverted to the control of the Nizam. These circars were then leased to one Hasan Ali Khan. Consequently, the weak and irresolute Nizam was left completely paralysed by the withdrawal of his French allies. In 1760 A.D., Nizam Ali Khan, the brother of Salabat Jung, went to Bezwada (Vijayawada) to solicit the help of the British in the war against the Marathas in return for the territory held by Hasan Ali Khan. The British could not spare troops, but they offered to lease the five Northern Circars. In 1761 A.D., Salabat Jung was deposed by his younger and more energetic brother Nizam Ali Khan (1762-1803 A.D.). After this usurpation, the Government of Madras entered into negotiation with Nizam Ali Khan, with the object of obtaining the northern circars. Hasan Ali Khan, therefore, went to Madras, vested with full powers on behalf of the Nizam and engaged himself in a tedious negotiation with the Government of Madras. At last, Hasan Ali Khan assented to the suggestion made by the British that they would pay to the Nizam half the net revenues collected by them in return for the grant of these circars and delivered to the Government of Madras sanads in the name of Nizam Ali Khan for the northern Circars. These orders were sent to Machilipatnam with instruction to occupy the area and this was done most expeditiously. When Nizam Ali Khan was informed of this, he demanded the immediate return of the sanads and restoration of the territory. The British, however, declined to do so until the expenses of occupation were paid. Nizam Ali Khan appointed "Buddea Jemah Khan" in the place of Hassan Ali Khan and took possession of the territory in March, 1763, after paying the expenses of occupation. In the meanwhile, Lord Clive, who had returned from England, obtained in 1765 A.D., a firman from the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam, granting the northern Circars to the British. The firman was kept secret for some time and proclaimed on the 3rd of March, 1766. Letters were despatched to all the Zamindars in the northern circars and General Caillaud left for Machilipatnam to undertake military operations, if warranted. All the Zaindars as far as Chicacole thus submitted to British rule. When these developments were brought to the notice of the Nizam, he made large scale preparations for war. In 1766 A.D., a treaty was, however, concluded by which the English agreed to hold the Northern Circars on payment of a tribute, accepting at the same time to furnish the Nizam with some troops. Soon after the conclusion of this treaty, the Government of Madras took steps to secure the Province of Ichchapur which was in a very disturbed state. Not with standing this treaty, the Nizam in the following year allied himself with Hyder Ali of Mysore and began to make incursions on the English territory. Nizam Ali Khan was, however, defeated in the Karnatak and another expedition from the north threatening his capital forced him to make peace with the English. A treaty was accordingly concluded

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on the 23rd of February, 1768 ceding the Northern Circars to the English.

During the same year, the Government determined to reduce Narayana Deo, refractory Zamindar of Parlakimidi, and ordered Colonel Peach to proceed against him. Cotsford, who was appointed as Resident in Ganjam, was asked to accompany the Colonel. Cotsford arrived at Chicacole in April, 1768 and caused the Nizam's firman to be read in the open in the presence of Sitaram Raju, the Nizam's Fauzdar for the Chicacole circar. Narayana Deo was defeated in May, 1768 and forced to flee. Before the Chicacole Circar came under the control of the British, it was divided and managed in three divisions, namely Ichchapur, Chicacole and Kasimkota Visakhapatnam. As the last two places were nearer to Visakhapatnam they were placed subsequently under the control of the Chief and Council at Visakhapatnam. The Ichchapur division lay too far and, therefore, its administration was entrusted to the Resident at Ganjam. In A.D.1794, the offices of Resident and Chief at all the settlements along the coast were abolished and the office of the collector was established.

Srikakulam district figures quite prominently in the contribution it made to the liberation from British Imperialist Rule. During the 1890s, District Associations of Ganjam and Visakhapatnam were started, of which this district formed part, to devote themselves to national activity. Earlier, delegates from this district went to Bombay and attended the First Session of Indian National Congress in 1885. District Conferences were held under the auspices of the District Associations, keeping the annual session of the National Congress as the model. Besides conferences of this sort, meetings were held from time to time, as the occasion required to pass resolution on various current questions and communicate them to authorities in India and England.

During this period, Political Consciousness was progressively on the increase. The Partition of Bengal in 1905 gave a sharp edge to this national awareness all over the Country and this was very much reflected in this district. People of this district reacted to this movement spontaneously and organised a Swadesi Campaign inside the district. Places like Srikakulam, Ponduru, Tekkali, Cheepurupalle, Salur and Bobbili were centers of such activity and several important persons went round the district organising meetings at which passionate pleas were made for the boycott of foreign goods, particularly British. The Home Rule Movement started by Mrs. Annie Besant gave rise to spate of activity in this district also. 'New India', then a widely circulated English daily, acted as a source of inspiration to the intellectuals of the district. The Non Co-operation Movement of 1920 saw the district seedling with political turmoil. A meeting of the All India Congress Committee was held in March-April of 1921 at Vijayawada and this was attended by many All India leaders whose presence and message gave an impetus to further the political activity in the district. After the All India Congress Committee meeting was over, Gandhiji undertook a tour of the coastal districts and spread the message of

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Nationalism. It was during this year that several hartals were observed in almost every town in this district in connection with the visit of the Prince of Wales in the month of November. The temperance movement during this period received full support from the people. Many people are reported to have given up their lucrative practice as lawyers and joined the movement. Centres for wearing and sale of Khadi were opened in numerous places. The finer varieties produced in and around Ponduru and Srikakulam were also popularised throughout the country during this period. The district showed again its political awareness in connection with the visit of the Simon Commission in 1928. Chicacole Municipality passed a resolution in favour of the boycott of the Commission and the closure of all municipal institutions on the day of its landing in India. Another outstanding feature of the period was the visit of Mahatma Gandhi to this district in 1929 to raise funds for the Khaddar Movement and also to prepare the country for the final struggle. When Gandhiji started his Civil Disobedience Campaign again on the 12th of March 1930, marching from the Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to break the Salt Law, the district again responded magnificently to this movement. The volunteers accompanied by large numbers of people broke the Salt Law. The district again responded to the call given by the National Congress for Civil Disobedience in 1932. During this period, there were widespread protests in the district against the Communal award of Macdonald. In 1933, Gandhiji visited the district as part of his tour of the whole country in the cause of harijan uplift. The district responded enthusiastically to his visit. Under the Government of India Act, 1935, the district returned all the five Congress candidates to the Provincial Legislative Assembly and thus displayed its solid patriotism. Again, the district played a notable part in the Quit India Movement launched by Gandhiji in 1942. Because of the policy of repression followed by the Government in this district also, the movement in the district took a violent turn. The students strike was only partial and their demonstrations were violent. The only serious manifestation of the campaign was interference with Railway lines and cutting of telephone and telegraph wires. The Telegraph line between Amadalavalasa and Calingapatnam was put out of order by earthing the current. Five Railway telegraph wires were cut near Sithanagaram Railway station. Fishplates and bolts were removed between Mandasa and Baruva on the Calcutta line. Consequently, the engine and two bogies of a special train derailed. Four Rail joints were removed and two telegraph wires were cut near Bobbili. Similarly, Railway telegraph wires were cut and fish plates and bolts were removed near Dusi railway station and Cheepurupalle. The Calingapatnam Post-office was looted. The district hardly returned to normalcy until the 20th of February, 1947 when the British Government declared its intention to quit India. There was widespread rejoicing in the district when power was finally transferred by the British to the Indian National Government headed by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on the 15th of August, 1947.

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Administrative set-up

a) Region of the State where the district is located:

Vizianagaram district was formed on 1st June, 1979 with Headquarters at Vizianagaram by taking some areas from Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts, which presently surround the district from Eastern and western sides respectively. Vizianagaram district is a part of the Northern Andhra Pradesh Coastal plain and is bounded on the East by Srikakulam district, West & South by Visakhapatnam district, South-east by the Bay of Bengal and Northwest by Odisha State.

b) Number of Revenue Divisions and Mandals:

In 1985, the then existing 12 Taluks were reorganised into 34 Mandals. Corresponding to the revenue Mandals, Mandal Parishads were also formed, which were co-terminus with revenue Mandals in all cases except that the statutory towns were not included in the jurisdiction of the Mandal Parishads, one of the Mandal Bondapalle was formed by including villages from three erstwhile taluks. Eight Mandals got villages from two erstwhile Taluks. Each of the remaining 25 Mandals was formed by taking villages exclusively from each of the erstwhile 12 Taluks (i.e. without including villages from a second Taluk).

The district has 34 Mandals organised into two revenue divisions which are as follows:

1) Vizianagaram Division: (19 Mandals) Vizianagaram, Gantyada,Bhogapuram, Denkada, Pusapatirega, Srungavarapukota, Jami, Kothavalasa, Vepada, Lakkavarapukota, Nellimarla, Gurla, Cheepurupalle, Garividi, Merakamudidam, Gajapathinagaram, Bondapalle, Dattirajeru and Mentada. 2) Parvathipuram Division: (15 Mandals) Parvathipuram, Komarada,Garugubilli, Jiyyammavalasa, Kurupam, Gummalakshmipuram, Badangi, Therlam, Salur, Pachipenta, Makkuva, Ramabhadrapuram, Bobbili, Seethanagaram and Balijipeta.

c) Total number of Towns/Villages:

When compared, the list of villages in 2001 Census with that of 1991, there was a bit of change in the total number of villages. Mirthivalasa hamlet of Burli revenue village became a revenue village after 1991 Census in Balijipeta Mandal. Cheepurupalle town was de-classified and three villages fully included in it were shown as revenue villages. Four Census towns namely, Gajapathinagaram, Jarjapupeta, Kothavalasa and Chintalavalasa came up in 2001 Census and four villages fully included in them were deleted from the list of villages. As per 2001 Census, the district had two revenue divisions, 34 Mandals, four statutory towns and eight Census towns. During 2001 Census,

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the district had 1,524 villages and 12 towns. Twenty five villages were fully included in urban areas. Further three villages were partly included in urban areas. Sixty nine un-inhabited and 1,455 habited villages formed part of rural areas. A comparative statement showing number of villages, towns, un-inhabited, partly and fully included villages in urban areas are shown below.

D) Changes in Administrative Units during 2011 Census:

During 2011 Census, three villages namely Cheepurupalle, Tummikapalle and Malicherla are upgraded as Census towns. Village K.L. Puram and Gajularega (CT) are merged in Vizianagaram (M).

However, there are 1,520 villages in 2011 Census of which (68 un-inhabited and 1452 habited), 34 Mandals, two revenue divisions, 14 towns (4 statutory towns as Municipalities and 10 Census towns) and one Urban Agglomeration.

Statement showing Urban Agglomerations along with its Constituent Units Sl. No. Name of U.A Constituent Units

1 Vizianagaram U.A Vizianagaram (M), Kanapaka (CT), Malicherla New (CT) and Jammunarayanapuram (R) as part OG.

Statement showing Administrative units at various Censuses Vizianagaram

Sl. No. Administrative Unit Census Years

1981 1991 2001 2011 1 Revenue Divisions 3 3 3 2 2 Mandals (Sub-districts / Taluks) 12 (T) 34 34 34

3

Villages 1523 1524 1524 1520 a. Inhabited villages 1461 1458 1455 1452 b. Un-inhabited villages 62 66 69 68 c. Villages fully included in towns 22 24 25 1 d. Villages partly included in towns 3 2 3 1

4 Towns 10 9 12 14

5

Statutory towns 10 4 4 4 a. Municipal Corporations - - - - b. Municipalities 4 4 4 4 c. Nagar Panchayats - - - -

6 Census towns 6 5 8 10 7 Urban Agglomerations - - 1 1

*In 1961 Census, Municipalities were divided into C.M (City Municipalities) and T.M (Town Municipalities).

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District Highlights - 2011 Census

Vizianagaram district stands 21st position in terms of area with 6,539 Sq.Kms., and ranks 23rd in terms of population with 23,44,474 persons in theState.

Vizianagaram district stands 22nd position in terms of urban area with140.06 Sq. Kms., and ranks 22nd in terms of urban population with4,90,911 persons in the State while it stands 21st in terms of rural areawith 6,398.94 Sq. Kms and ranks 21st in terms of rural population with18,53,563 persons in the State.

The district ranks 23rd in terms of households with 5,87,149 as against5,14,912 households in 2001.

The district ranks 5th in terms of total number of villages with 1,520 asagainst 1,524 in 2001.

The district ranks 2nd position in the State in terms of sex-ratio with 1,019as against 1,009 in 2001.

The district ranks 9th position in terms of density with 359 persons per Sq.Kms., as against 344 in 2001.

The district ranks 23rd position in terms of literacy with 12,38,388 literatesas against 9,97,482 in 2001.

The district is with 11,57,962 workers and 11,86,512 non-workers asagainst 11,74,164 workers and 10,75,090 non-workers in 2001.

Mandal [Sub-District]:

Pachipenta Mandal is having the largest area of 415.75 Sq. Kms., whileGummalakshmipuram Mandal is having the least area of 110.86 Sq. Kms.

Vizianagaram Mandal is having the largest urban area of 39.45 Sq. Kmswhile Gajapathinagarm Mandal is having the least urban area of 1.04 Sq.Kms.

Pachipenta Mandal is having the largest rural area of 415.75 Sq. Kms.,while Vizianagaram Mandal is having the least rural area of 82.35 Sq. Kms.

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Vizianagaram Mandal is having the highest population of 2,83,550 persons, while the least population is found in Garugubilli of 46,773.

The highest urban population of 2,39,909 persons is found in Vizianagaram Mandal, while the least urban population of 5,687 is found in Bhogapuram Mandal.

The highest rural population of 75,917 persons is found in Srungavarapukota Mandal, while the least rural population of 43,641 is found in Vizianagaram Mandal.

Highest sex-ratio of 1,118 is found in Gummalakshmipuram Mandal and the least sex-ratio of 971 is found in Pusapatirega Mandal.

Vizianagaram Mandal is having highest density of 2,328, while Pachipenta

Mandal is having the least density of 116 persons per Sq. Km. Highest no. of 1,98,365 literates are in Vizianagaram Mandal and least no.

of 18,389 literates are found in Pachipenta Mandal. Vizianagaram Mandal is having highest no. of workers 1,06,337 and non-

workers 1,77,213, while Lakkavarapukota Mandal is having the least no. of workers 24,348 and non-workers 21,081 in Kurupam Mandal respectively.

Village:

Taduru village of Pachipenta Mandal is having the largest area of 8,929

hectares, while Kaligottu village of Gummalakshmipuram Mandal is having the least area of one hectare.

Srungavarapukota village of Srungavarapukota Mandal is having the

highest no. of households 7,187, highest population 28,304 and 0-6 years population 2,767, while the least no. of households one, least Population four and nil 0-6 years population is found in Naviri village of Garugubilli Mandal.

Highest sex-ratio is found in Saraivalasa village of Pachipenta Mandal [with

168 males & 562 females] and least sex-ratio of 296 is found in Tikkabai of Gummalakshmipuram Mandal.

Highest no. of 18,615 literates are found in Srungavarapukota village of

Srungavarapukota Mandal and least no. of nil literates are found in Masanandi village of Komarada Mandal, while highest no. of 9,689 Illiterates are found in Srungavarapukota village of Srungavarapukota

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Mandal and least no. of nil Illiterates are found in Naviri village of Garugubilli Mandal.

Srungavarapukota village of Srungavarapukota Mandal is having the

highest workers of 11,285 and Naviri village of Garugubilli Mandal is having the least workers of two, while Srungavarapukota village of Srungavarapukota Mandal tops with 17,019 non-workers and Masanandi village of Komarada Mandal has the least no. of non-workers of one person respectively.

Number of Villages Total 27,800 1,520 Inhabited 26,286 1,452 Uninhabited 1,514 68

Number of Towns Statutory 125 4 Census 228 10 Total 353 14

Number of Households Normal 20,927,188 585,521 Institutional 52,588 1,132 Houseless 42,812 496

Population Total Persons 84,580,777 2,344,474 Males 42,442,146 1,161,477 Females 42,138,631 1,182,997

Rural Persons 56,361,702 1,853,563 Males 28,243,241 920,428 Females 28,118,461 933,135

Urban Persons 28,219,075 490,911 Males 14,198,905 241,049 Females 14,020,170 249,862

Percentage Urban Population 33.36 20.94

Number Percentage Number Percentage

Persons 8,370,770 10.98 95,220 4.23

Males 3,914,733 10.16 41,936 3.75

Females 4,456,037 11.83 53,284 4.72

Area (in sq Km.) 275045 6539.00

308 359

Sex Ratio Total 993 1,019 (Number of females per 1000 males) Rural 996 1,014

Urban 987 1,037

District

Important Statistics

Decadal Population Growth 2001-2011

Density of Population (Persons per sq Km.)

State

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Important Statistics

Number Percentage Number Percentage

Literates Persons 50,556,760 67.02 1,238,388 58.89Males 28,251,243 74.88 707,503 68.15Females 22,305,517 59.15 530,885 49.87

Scheduled Castes Persons 13,878,078 16.41 247,728 10.57Males 6,913,047 16.29 121,493 10.46Females 6,965,031 16.53 126,235 10.67

Scheduled Tribes Persons 5,918,073 7 235,556 10.05Males 2,969,362 7 114,687 9.87Females 2,948,711 7 120,869 10.22

Workers and Non-WorkersPersons 39,422,906 46.61 1,157,962 49.39Males 24,185,595 56.98 679,289 58.48Females 15,237,311 36.16 478,673 40.46

(i) Main Workers Persons 33,037,378 39.06 953,215 40.66Males 21,460,081 50.56 602,511 51.87Females 11,577,297 27.47 350,704 29.65

(ii) Marginal Workers Persons 6,385,528 7.55 204,747 8.73Males 2,725,514 6.42 76,778 6.61Females 3,660,014 8.69 127,969 10.82

Non-Workers Persons 45,157,871 53.39 1,186,512 50.61Males 18,256,551 43.02 482,188 41.52Females 26,901,320 63.84 704,324 59.54

(i) Cultivators Persons 6,491,522 16.47 212,285 18.33Males 4,357,304 18.02 130,655 19.23Females 2,134,218 14.01 81,630 17.05

(ii)Agricultural Labourers Persons 16,967,754 43.04 557,254 48.12Males 8,130,022 33.62 257,537 37.91Females 8,837,732 58 299,717 62.61

Persons 1,439,137 3.65 27,469 2.37Males 643,092 2.66 16,247 2.39Females 796,045 5.22 11,222 2.34

(iv) Other Workers Persons 14,524,493 36.84 360,954 31.17Males 11,055,177 45.71 274,850 40.46Females 3,469,316 22.77 86,104 17.99

Total Workers (Main and Marginal)

Category of Workers (Main & Marginal)

(iii)Workers in household industry

State District

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Section - I

Primary Census Abstract (PCA)

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Brief Note on Primary Census Abstract

Introduction:

The Indian Census has the reputation of being one of the best in the world. The first Census in India was conducted in the year 1872. This was conducted at different points of time in different parts of the country. In 1881 a Census was taken for the entire country simultaneously. Since then, Census has been conducted every ten years, without a break. Thus, the Census of India 2011 was the fifteenth in this unbroken series since 1872, the seventh after independence and the second census of the third millennium and twenty first century. The census has been uninterruptedly continued despite of several adversities like wars, epidemics, natural calamities, political unrest, etc.

The Census of India is conducted under the provisions of the Census Act 1948 and the Census Rules, 1990. In Censuses until 1931, a synchronous de-facto method was adopted wherein the Census was conducted throughout the country on a single night. This being a very costly affair and involved the deployment of very large force at one point of time was given up in 1941. Since then the same methodology has been followed in all the Censuses. It is a gigantic operation and considered to be the single largest, complex, peace time administrative exercise in the world.

The Census Operation in India is carried out in two distinct but inter connected phases - the House listing and Housing Census followed by the Population Enumeration. During the first phase of Census 2011 i.e., House listing and Housing Census, the buildings, census houses and households were identified and systematically listed in the House Listing and Housing Census Schedule during the period April to September, 2010 in different States/Union Territories. Apart from listing of houses, some useful data on the amenities available to the households was also collected for assessing condition of human settlements, housing deficits etc.

Censuses prior to Census 2001 had the system of collecting the information through Individual Slip which was a key schedule for every individual. The information collected through slip was then compiled for a household. Some information was also collected in addition to this for the household. During 2001 Census a comprehensive Household Schedule was adopted replacing the individual slip concept. In 2011 Census also similar household schedule was used for canvassing. The scope of demographic, socio-economic parameters has been widened in every census.

2. Population Enumeration - Census 2011: The field work of the second phase i.e. Population Enumeration was carried out during February-March, 2011. One of the essential features of Population Enumeration in the second phase was that each person was enumerated and her/his individual particulars were collected at a well-defined point of time.

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The Census moment and the reference date for the Census of India 2011 was 00:00 hours of 1st March, 2011. The enumeration was conducted from 9th February to 28th February, 2011 along with a revisional round from 1st March, 2011 to 5th March, 2011 synchronously all over the country except for few specific areas of the Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states that remain snowbound in February. In these locations the population enumeration was done from 11th September, 2010 to 30th September, 2010 along with a revisional round from 1st October, 2010 to 5th October, 2010. The reference date for the census in snow bound non-synchronous areas of these states was 00.00 hours of the first day of October, 2010. In addition to the coverage during House listing & Housing Census, the enumeration of the Houseless population was carried out on the night of 28th February, 2011, as has been the usual practice. For the purpose of Census, certain areas where the access of the civilian enumerators was not permissible due to security reasons termed as Special Charges such as the Defence and strictly Military/Para-Military areas, including operational areas were also covered. Such areas were not covered during the House listing & Housing Census. In addition to the defence/para-military areas, Special Charges also included certain factory areas, certain colonies, sensitive areas, scientific establishments, etc. These also formed Special Charges as these were not accessible by the usual census enumerator.

3. Quality Assurance: A Task Force for Quality Assurance (TFQA) functioned under the chairmanship of the RG & CCI. Experienced officers of the different divisions of the organization i.e. Heads and senior officers of the Census Division, Data Processing Division, Map Division, Demography Division and Social Studies Division comprised the TFQA. The Directors of Census Operations were co-opted as members whenever the TFQA discussed the data for their States/Union territories. The main objective of constituting the TFQA was to subject the data to stringent validation checks and ensure its quality before release as it was expedient to be satisfied itself about the quality of data before putting the same in public domain.

The Directors and their senior officers were involved at all levels with respect to the quality and the coverage of their states/Uts. The TFQA intensively scrutinized coverage and content parameters including edit and imputation logic. The most important aspect of the data quality was to ensure complete coverage of all geographical areas especially for the population enumeration phase where the data is disseminated right up to the village level in the rural areas and the ward level in the urban areas. Thus ensuring the complete coverage and correct geographical linkage of each enumeration block was one of the major planks of the quality control, especially for small area population statistics. The content was scrutinized mainly through the process of internal consistency, comparison with similar data in the past and also through validation with likewise data if available, from external sources. Quite often the local knowledge and perception was looked at to understand both the existing and the new emerging trends of

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population distribution and characteristics. A very comprehensive check and edit mechanism was put in place to objectively examine the preliminary Census 2011 Population Enumeration results and finally clear them for use. The population data was cleared only after the full possible satisfaction of the TFQA.

The entire work relating to the data validation and scrutiny was completed by all the States/Union territories under the overall supervision and monitoring of the Census Division of the Office of the Registrar General, India with active cooperation and support of the Social Studies Division, Data Processing Division, Data Dissemination Division and Map Division.

4. Primary Census Abstract:

The Primary Census Abstract which is important publication of 2011 Census gives basic information on Area, Total Number of Households, Total Population, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes Population, Population in the age group 0-6, Literates, Main Workers and Marginal Workers classified by the four broad industrial categories, namely, (i) Cultivators, (ii) Agricultural Labourers, (iii) Household Industry Workers, and (iv) Other Workers and also Non-Workers. The characteristics of the Total Population include Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Institutional and Houseless Population and are presented by sex and rural-urban residence.

In 1981 census main workers were presented into four categories. As regards 1991 Census, the nine-fold industrial classification of main workers has been given in the Primary Census Abstract. One of the important features of the Primary Census Abstract of 1991 Census was the presentation of population of the age group 0-6 which is continued in 2001 and 2011 Census. All the children of age 6 years or less have been treated as illiterate even if the child is going to a school and may have picked up reading and writing. This will help the data users in better analysis and understanding of the literacy data as the literacy rate is calculated with 7 years and above population and it is referred as effective literacy rate. In 2001 and 2011 census four categories of main workers have been given in the Primary Census Abstract.

5. Level of Presentation of PCA data in District Census Handbooks:

The format of Primary Census Abstract (PCA) adopted in the DCHB of 2001 Census has been continued for 2011 Census as the data on four categories of works have been presented similar to 2001 census. The Primary Census Abstract data in different PCAs are presented at different levels. The level of presentation of Primary Census Abstracts in DCHB is as under:

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1. District Primary Census Abstract -District/C.D. Block/Town. 2. Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Castes- District/C.D. Block/Town. 3. Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Tribes -District/C.D. Block/Town. 4. Village Primary Census Abstract -C.D. Block/Village wise. 5. Urban Primary Census Abstract- Town/Ward level.

The PCA Data for villages was presented C.D. Block wise for the first time

in 1991 Census. This practice is continued in 2001 and 2011 Census. The term Total Population includes the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, the Institutional and the Houseless populations. An appendix to District Primary Census Abstract has also been furnished showing urban enumeration block-wise particulars on Total Population, the Scheduled Castes Population and the Scheduled Tribes Population for each town. 6. Area Figures: The area figures supplied by local revenue authorities of the district in respect of tahsils, Police Stations and by the local bodies in respect of towns are given in square kilometers. The area figures of the villages supplied by the Tahsildars in acres have been converted and shown in hectares. The area figures of the C.D. Block are the total of the village areas coming under each C.D. Block. The area figures for the district are the same as adopted by the Surveyor General of India to maintain uniformity at the national level.

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District Primary Census Abstract

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK : VIZIANAGARAM

DISTRICT PRIMARY

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

543Vizianagaram - District Total 6,539.00 587,149 2,344,474 1,161,477 1,182,997 241,657 123,300 118,357

Rural 6,398.94 463,526 1,853,563 920,428 933,135 194,859 99,319 95,540 Urban 140.06 123,623 490,911 241,049 249,862 46,798 23,981 22,817

0482 Komarada Total 182.11 13,042 51,993 24,833 27,160 5,068 2,513 2,555 Rural 182.11 13,042 51,993 24,833 27,160 5,068 2,513 2,555 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0483 Gummalakshmipuram Total 110.86 10,809 49,507 23,371 26,136 5,542 2,771 2,771 Rural 110.86 10,809 49,507 23,371 26,136 5,542 2,771 2,771 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0484 Kurupam Total 127.59 11,332 48,402 23,996 24,406 5,662 2,900 2,762 Rural 127.59 11,332 48,402 23,996 24,406 5,662 2,900 2,762 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0485 Jiyyammavalasa Total 151.43 13,245 52,360 26,183 26,177 4,800 2,465 2,335 Rural 151.43 13,245 52,360 26,183 26,177 4,800 2,465 2,335 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0486 Garugubilli Total 138.38 12,056 46,773 23,128 23,645 4,172 2,117 2,055 Rural 138.38 12,056 46,773 23,128 23,645 4,172 2,117 2,055 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0487 Parvathipuram Total 187.60 15,390 59,794 29,639 30,155 5,784 2,969 2,815 Rural 187.60 15,390 59,794 29,639 30,155 5,784 2,969 2,815 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0488 Makkuva Total 168.34 12,573 50,506 25,225 25,281 5,116 2,549 2,567 Rural 168.34 12,573 50,506 25,225 25,281 5,116 2,549 2,567 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0489 Seethanagaram Total 152.73 15,126 58,182 28,992 29,190 5,829 2,968 2,861 Rural 152.73 15,126 58,182 28,992 29,190 5,829 2,968 2,861 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0490 Balijipeta Total 182.83 15,692 59,764 29,536 30,228 5,656 2,945 2,711 Rural 182.83 15,692 59,764 29,536 30,228 5,656 2,945 2,711 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0491 Bobbili Total 167.94 16,982 66,145 32,807 33,338 6,674 3,435 3,239 Rural 167.94 16,982 66,145 32,807 33,338 6,674 3,435 3,239 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0492 Salur Total 312.86 13,778 55,889 27,086 28,803 6,946 3,423 3,523 Rural 312.86 13,778 55,889 27,086 28,803 6,946 3,423 3,523 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0493 Pachipenta Total 415.75 11,369 48,233 23,870 24,363 6,220 3,103 3,117 Rural 415.75 11,369 48,233 23,870 24,363 6,220 3,103 3,117 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0494 Ramabhadrapuram Total 154.69 12,772 50,464 24,867 25,597 5,585 2,792 2,793 Rural 154.69 12,772 50,464 24,867 25,597 5,585 2,792 2,793 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0495 Badangi Total 124.95 12,225 49,384 24,881 24,503 5,207 2,667 2,540 Rural 124.95 12,225 49,384 24,881 24,503 5,207 2,667 2,540 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0496 Therlam Total 164.95 15,123 59,688 29,882 29,806 6,279 3,304 2,975 Rural 164.95 15,123 59,688 29,882 29,806 6,279 3,304 2,975 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0497 Merakamudidam Total 175.29 13,788 57,237 28,656 28,581 6,099 3,104 2,995 Rural 175.29 13,788 57,237 28,656 28,581 6,099 3,104 2,995 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0498 Dattirajeru Total 166.85 13,391 54,499 27,124 27,375 5,823 3,020 2,803 Rural 166.85 13,391 54,499 27,124 27,375 5,823 3,020 2,803 Urban 0.00 - - - - - - -

0499 Mentada Total 157.46 11,856 46,855 23,234 23,621 4,816 2,453 2,363

Location code

numberDistrict/ CD Block/

Town

Total/ Rural/ Urban

Area in Square

KilometreNumber of households

Total population (including institutional and houseless population) Population in the age-group 0-6

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PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT

CENSUS ABSTRACT

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 3 2

247,728 121,493 126,235 235,556 114,687 120,869 1,238,388 707,503 530,885 TotalVizianagaram - District

190,373 93,902 96,471 226,130 110,300 115,830 891,838 523,316 368,522 Rural57,355 27,591 29,764 9,426 4,387 5,039 346,550 184,187 162,363 Urban7,209 3,220 3,989 18,852 8,851 10,001 26,243 14,672 11,571 Total Komarada7,209 3,220 3,989 18,852 8,851 10,001 26,243 14,672 11,571 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban3,106 1,595 1,511 42,919 20,074 22,845 22,979 12,918 10,061 Total Gummalakshmipuram3,106 1,595 1,511 42,919 20,074 22,845 22,979 12,918 10,061 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban2,792 1,377 1,415 34,838 17,213 17,625 24,455 14,293 10,162 Total Kurupam2,792 1,377 1,415 34,838 17,213 17,625 24,455 14,293 10,162 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban4,827 2,416 2,411 10,719 5,396 5,323 28,137 16,822 11,315 Total Jiyyammavalasa4,827 2,416 2,411 10,719 5,396 5,323 28,137 16,822 11,315 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban6,416 2,905 3,511 1,078 543 535 25,087 14,817 10,270 Total Garugubilli6,416 2,905 3,511 1,078 543 535 25,087 14,817 10,270 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban6,190 3,041 3,149 10,055 5,045 5,010 30,545 17,924 12,621 Total Parvathipuram6,190 3,041 3,149 10,055 5,045 5,010 30,545 17,924 12,621 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban5,496 2,740 2,756 11,264 5,599 5,665 25,057 14,949 10,108 Total Makkuva5,496 2,740 2,756 11,264 5,599 5,665 25,057 14,949 10,108 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban7,658 3,788 3,870 1,552 789 763 30,318 18,067 12,251 Total Seethanagaram7,658 3,788 3,870 1,552 789 763 30,318 18,067 12,251 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban7,651 3,769 3,882 1,330 693 637 27,490 16,536 10,954 Total Balijipeta7,651 3,769 3,882 1,330 693 637 27,490 16,536 10,954 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban8,811 4,373 4,438 2,839 1,390 1,449 31,575 19,030 12,545 Total Bobbili8,811 4,373 4,438 2,839 1,390 1,449 31,575 19,030 12,545 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban4,750 2,304 2,446 31,849 15,274 16,575 21,400 12,225 9,175 Total Salur4,750 2,304 2,446 31,849 15,274 16,575 21,400 12,225 9,175 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban3,833 1,888 1,945 23,227 11,518 11,709 18,389 10,729 7,660 Total Pachipenta3,833 1,888 1,945 23,227 11,518 11,709 18,389 10,729 7,660 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban4,961 2,420 2,541 4,225 2,111 2,114 23,570 13,864 9,706 Total Ramabhadrapuram4,961 2,420 2,541 4,225 2,111 2,114 23,570 13,864 9,706 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban6,577 3,579 2,998 1,760 885 875 23,853 14,531 9,322 Total Badangi6,577 3,579 2,998 1,760 885 875 23,853 14,531 9,322 Rural

- - - - - - - - - Urban8,557 4,276 4,281 1,420 692 72