Andrew BadhamHead of Operations Policy BAA

Definition

A Runway Safety issue is any safety issue that deals with the runway environment (or any surface being used as a runway) and the areas immediately adjacent to it (e.g. overruns, high speed taxiways). Runway Safety issues include runway incursions, runway excursions, and inappropriate use of runways (confusion).

Runway Safety Issues• Runway Incursion• ICAO - “Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect

presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take off of aircraft”

• Runway Excursion• Overrun at the runway end, veer off the side of runway

• Runway Confusion• Use of incorrect or ‘Wrong Runway’ for landing or take off

Participants• EASA• CANSO• IFALPA• FAA• LVNL• Boeing• DGAC France• Flight Safety Foundation• IFATCA• NLR

• Airbus • Embraer• ACI• IATA• ERA• Eurocontrol• AAPA• US NTSB• AEA

•• RSI meetings

– Amsterdam 7 and 8 Feb 2007– Brussels 30 and 31 May 2007– Toulouse 6 and 7 September 2007– Miami 9 and 10 January 2008– Cologne 20 and 21 August 2008– Seattle 12 and 13 November 2008– Cologne 24 and 25 February 2009

•

RSI Events

Some Recent Runway Safety Events 1

• January 2007 - TAROM B737 runway incursion accident Bucharest (0 fatalities)

• March 2007 GARUDA excursion in Indonesia (21 fatalities)

• July 2007 TAM A320 excursion (189 fatalities)

Some Recent Runway Safety Events 2

• May 2008 KALITTA Cargo B747 Brussels overrun

• August 2005 Air France A340 excursion Toronto

• January 2008 BA 777 crash Heathrow

Some Recent Runway Safety Events 3

• October 2000 SINGAPORE Airlines B747 Taipei wrong runway (83 dead)

• September 2006 COMAIR CRJ 100 Blue Grass wrong runway(49 dead)

March 1977 - KLM / Pan Am

Tenerife Canary Islands

LAX February 1991 USAIR B737 lands on top of Skywest Metroliner (34 Dead)

SASOctober 2001

SASOctober 2001

Milan, ItalyMilan, Italy

Airlines – management + crew Manufacturers

Air Traffic Control

Airports

Regulators

Who are the main players?

Manufacturers• Safe/Reliable Aircraft• Data and procedures for

normal operations• Data and procedures for ab

normal operations • Data for operations on

contaminated runways• Safety Alerts

Operators• Stabilized Approach Criteria• SOP’s and CRM• No-Fault Go Around Policy• Training• Decision making

– On approach– On the runway

ATC

• Stabilized Approach Assistance

• Pertinent and timely Information– Weather– Runway

Condition– Other aerodrome

data

Airports - Runways• Runway Design• Runway Friction• Contaminated Runway

Operations• Visual Aids

Airports-Design and Layout• Runway End Safety

Areas• Runway Strip• Runway Cleared

and Graded Area• Precision vs non –

precision approach

Airport – Emergency Planning• Emergency Planning• Liaison with local

emergency services• Aerodrome

Emergency Exercise• Emergencies in

difficult environments• Aircraft Recovery

Regulator + Other Bodies

• ICAO SARP’s + USOAP• Oversight by State NAA• SMS requirements for

(ATC/Airports/Airlines)• Best Practice advice from ACI,

FSF, IATA etc.

Data Availability

• Runway Incursions– Good

• Runway Excursions– Good for accidents and Incidents with

damage but often not enough location data• Runway Confusion

– Limited (normally no damage, no injury, no loss of separation)

Accident Data 1995 – 2007

Commercial Aircraft(Substantial and major damage, Western and Eastern built turbojets and turboprops) 1,332 Total Accidents

Jets TurbopropsMajor Substantial Major Substantial 267 347 499 219

Totals 614 718

Runway Safety Accident Data1995 – 2007 - 1,332 Total Accidents

Number Percent of Total

Incursions: 10 (.8/year) .7%

Excursions: 379 (29.1/year) 28.5%

Confusion: 4 (.3/year) .3%

Runway Safety Fatality Data

Number of Fatal Accidents (Onboard Fatalities)

Incursions: 5 (129)

Excursions: 31 (680)

Confusion: 2 (132)

1995 – 2007 (464 fatal accidents (35%))

Runway Excursion Data 1995 – 2007

• 35% of Jet accidents

• 23% of Turboprop accidents

• Turboprops have a higher risk of veer-offs

• Jets have a higher risk of overruns

Total Accidents: 251

Excursions: 63

Excursion 25.1%

Business Jet Accidents 1991 - 2002

Fatal and Non-Fatal Runway Accidents by Type

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Runway Excursion

Runway Confusion

Runway Incursion

Fatal

Non-Fatal

Number of Accidents

Conclusions 1Manufacturers and Operators

• Manufacturers to provide more data for operations in abnormal conditions or on contaminated runways

• Operators/Airlines ensure stabilized approach to a landing in touch down zone (extra caution during non-precision approach).

• Use CRM particularly from top of decent• Be aware of current runway surface conditions• Are there any crosswinds/tailwinds? • Effect of reverse thrust/autobrake

Conclusions 2Air Traffic Control

• ATC to assist with stabilized approach and not caused a ‘rushed approach’.

• ATC to provide timely and accurate aerodrome information to assist flight crew with decision making.

Conclusions 3Airports

• Provide appropriate runway design, layout and surrounding safety areas

• Ensure good runway friction conditions• Ensure accident/incident and emergency

services are provided and regularly tested

Product Title Originator Type Product Target Audience1. ICAO Runway Safety Toolkit ICAO CD and web Aircrew, Airports, ATM,

Management2. Runway and Surface Safety FAA CD and web Flight Instructors

Pilot Examiners3. Taxi 101 FAA CD and web Maintenance personnel

4. Runway Incursion Prevention FAA, ACI, CD and web Aircrew, Airports, ATMProgram IATA, PAAST

5. European Action Plan for the Eurocontrol et al CD and web Aircrews, Airports, ATMPrevention of Runway Incursions Vehicle drivers

6. Runway Incursion CAST JSIT FAA (CAST) CD Aircrews, Airports, ATMReports

7. FAA Runway Safety Website FAA Web site Aircrews, ATM, Vehicle Drivers

8. Enhanced Taxiway Centerline FAA CD and web Aircrews, ATM, Airports

9. AOPA Runway Safety Course FAA, AOPA Web site General Aviation Pilots

10. ALPA Runway Safety Course FAA, ALPA Web site Aircrews

11. ACI Airside Safety Handbook ACI Handbook Airports

12. Runway Safety: It’s Everybody’s FAA Handbook Pilots, Controllers Business

13. Sporty’s Pilot Guide to Runway Safety Sporty’s CD General Aviation Pilots

Runway Incursion

Product Title Originator Type Product Target Audience

1. ALAR Tool Kit Flight Safety Foundation CD Aircrews, ATM, Airports

2. Managing Threats and Errors Flight Safety Foundation Web AircrewsDuring Approach and Landing:How to avoid a Runway Overrun

3. Takeoff Safety Training Aid FAA CD and web Aircrews

Runway Excursion

Runway Confusion: ??? _ Many runway incursion tools may be useful here

Thank You