android - an brief introduction

7/27/2019 ANDROID - An Brief Introduction

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A mobile operating system (OS) is a software that allows smart phones, tablet

PCs and other devices to run applications and programs.

Examples

Symbian OS

BlackBerry OS

Apples iOS

Windows Phone OS

Android OS

Mobile Operating System

Icons Of Some MOS


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What is Android ?


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INTRODUCTION


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Open handset

Alliance


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Android is part of the build abetter phone process

Open Handset Alliance produces Android

Comprises handset manufacturers,

software firms, mobile operators, andother manufactures and fundingcompanies


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Android is growingUneven distribution of OS by regions

Does not include iTouch or iPad, as not smartphones


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Android applications arecompiled to Dalvik bytecodeWrite app in Java

Compiled in Java

Transformed to Dalvik bytecode

Linux OS

Loaded into Dalvik VM


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The Dalvik runtime is

optimised for mobileapplications.

Run multiple VMs efficiently

Each app has its own VM

Minimal memory footprint


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Android has many components


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Android has a working emulator


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All applications are written in Javaand available to each other

Android designed to enable reuse ofcomponents in other applications

Each application can publish itscapabilities which other apps can use


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Bruce Scharlau, University of Aberdeen, 2010

Android applications havecommon structure

Views such as

lists, grids, textboxes, buttons,and even anembeddable webbrowser

Content

Providers thatenableapplications toaccess data from

other applications(such asContacts), or toshare their owndata

A Resource Manager,providing access to non-code resources such aslocalized strings,graphics, and layout files

A Notification Managerthat enables all apps todisplay custom alerts in thestatus bar

An Activity Managerthatmanages the life cycle ofapplications and providesa common navigationbackstack

A d d l h


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Broadcast

receivers cantrigger intents thatstart an application

Data storage

provide data foryour apps, andcan be sharedbetween appsdatabase, file,

and sharedpreferences(hash map) usedby group ofapplications

Services run in thebackground and haveno UI for the userthey will update data,and trigger events

Intents specify whatspecific action should beperformed

Activity is the presentationlayer of your app: there willbe one per screen, and theViews provide the UI to theactivity

A d d l h


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Broadcast

receivers cantrigger intents thatstart an application

Data storage

provide data foryour apps, andcan be sharedbetween appsdatabase, file,

and sharedpreferences(hash map) usedby group ofapplications

Servicesrun in thebackground and have

no UI for the userthey will update data,and trigger events

Intents specify whatspecific action should beperformed

Activity is the presentationlayer of your app: there willbe one per screen, and theViews provide the UI to theactivity


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Standard components formbuilding blocks for Android apps

Other applications

Has life-cycle

screen

App to handle content

Background appLike music player

Views

manifest

Activity

Intents

Service

Notifications

ContentProviders


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Activity is one thing you can do


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Services declared in the manifestand provide support

Services run in the background:

Music player providing the music playing inan audio application

Intensive background apps, might need tospawn their own thread so as to not blockthe application


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Intent provides late runningbinding to other apps

It can be thought of as the glue betweenactivities. It is basically a passive data

structure holding an abstract description ofan action to be performed.

Written as action/data pairs such as:VIEW_ACTION/ACTION content://contacts/1


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Notifications let you know ofbackground events

This way you know that an SMS arrived,or that your phone is ringing, and theMP3 player should pause


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ContentProviders share data

You need one if your application shares datawith other applications

This way you can share the contact list with theIM application

If you dont need to share data, then you canuse SQLlite database

J


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UI layouts are in Java and XML

setContentView(R.layout.hello_activity); //will load the XML UI file


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Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, UnitedStates in October, 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder ofDanger), Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications,Inc.), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), and Chris White(headed design and interface development at WebTV) todevelop, in Rubin 'swords "...smarter mobile devices that aremore aware of its owner's location and preferences". Despitethe obvious past accomplishments of the founders and earlyemployees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only thatit was working on software for mobile phones. That sameyear, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a close friend of

Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope andrefused a stake in the company.


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The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is ledby Google, and is tasked with the maintenance anddevelopment of Android. According to the project "Thegoal of the Android Open Source Project is to create asuccessful real-world product that improves the mobile

experience for end-users." AOSP also maintains theAndroid Compatibility Program, defining an "Androidcompatible" device "as one that can run anyapplication written by third-party developers using the

Android SDK and NDK", to prevent incompatible

Android implementations. The compatibility program isalso optional and free of charge, with the CompatibilityTest Suite also free and open-source.


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Android's user interface is based on direct manipulation,touchinputs that loosely correspond to real- world actions, likeswiping, tapping, pinching and reverse pinching to manipulateon-screen objects. The response to user input is designed tobe immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often usingthe vibration capabilities of the device to provide hapticfeedback to the user. Internal hardware such asaccelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity sensors are usedby some applications to respond to additional user actions, forexample adjusting the screen from portrait to landscapedepending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the userto steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device,simulating control of a steering wheel.


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Android is developed in private by Google until the latestchanges and updates are ready to be released, at whichpoint the source code is made available publicly.Thissource code will only run without modification on select

devices, usually the Nexus series of devices.With manydevices, there are proprietary components which have tobe provided by the manufacturer, in order for Android towork


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Android consists of a kernel based on Linux kernelversion 2.6 and, from Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwichonwards, version 3 .x, with middleware, libraries and

APIs written in C, and application software running onan application framework which includes Java-

compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony.Android uses the Dalvik virtual machine with just-in-time compilation to run Dalvik 'dex-code' (DalvikExecutable), which is usually translated from Javabytecode.The main hardware platform for Android is

the ARM architecture. There is support for x86 fromthe Android x86 project, and Google TV uses a specialx86 version of Android.


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Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android isdesigned to manage memory (RAM) to keep powerconsumption at a minimum, in contrast to desktop operatingsystems which generally assume they are connected tounlimited mains electricity. When an Android app is no longerin use, the system will automatically suspend it in memory -while the app is still technically "open," suspended appsconsume no resources (e.g. battery power or processingpower) and sit idly in the background until needed again Thishas the dual benefit of increasing the general responsivenessof Android devices, since apps don't need to be closed andreopened from scratch each time, but also ensuringbackground apps don't waste power needlessly


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Google provides major updates, incremental in nature, to Android every six tonine months, which most devices are capable of receiving over the air.[71] Thelatest major update is Android 4.2 Jelly Bean.

Compared to its chief rival mobile operating system, namely iOS, Androidupdates are typically slow to reach actual devices. For devices not under the

Nexus brand, updates often arrive months from the time the given version isofficially released. This is caused partly due to the extensive variation inhardware of Android devices, to which each update must be specificallytailored, as the official Google source code only runs on their flagship Nexusphone. Porting Android to specific hardware is a time- and resource-consumingprocess for device manufacturers, who prioritize their newest devices and often

leave older ones behind.[73] Hence, older smartphones are frequently notupdated if the manufacturer decides it is not worth their time, regardless ofwhether the phone is capable of running the update.


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Android has an active community of developers andenthusiasts who use the Android source code to develop anddistribute their own modified versions of the operating systemThese community-developed releases often bring newfeatures and updates to devices faster than through theofficial manufacturer/carrier channels, albeit without asextensive testing or quality assurance;provide continuedsupport for older devices that no longer receive officialupdates; or bring Android to devices that were officiallyreleased running other operating systems, such as the HPTouchpad. Community releases often come pre-rooted andcontain modifications unsuitable for non-technical users, suchas the ability to overclock or over/undervolt the device'sprocessor. CyanogenMod is the most widely used communityfrmware, and acts as a foundation for numerous others.


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Android applications run in a sandbox, an isolatedarea of the system that does not have access tothe rest of the system's resources, unless accesspermissions are explicitly granted by the user

when the application is installed.Before installing an application, the Play Storedisplays all required permissions: a game mayneed to enable vibration or save data to an SDcard, for example, but should not need to read

SMS messages or access the phonebook. Afterreviewing these permissions, the user can chooseto accept or refuse them, installing the applicationonly if they accept.


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The source code for Android is available under free and opensource software licenses. Google publishes most of the code(including network and telephony stacks) under the ApacheLicense version 2.0, and the rest, Linux kernel changes,under the GNU General Public License version 2. The OpenHandset Alliance develops the changes to the Linux kernel, inpublic, with source code publicly available at all times. Therest of Android is developed in private by Google, with sourcecode released publicly when a new version is released.Typically Google collaborates with a hardware manufacturerto produce a 'flagship' device (part of the Google Nexusseries) featuring the new version of Android, then makes thesource code available after that device has been released.


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Some Phonesusing

Android OS

Some TABSAlso Use

Android OS

GALAXYNOTE having

Android


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Notifications In Android


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Google Drive


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Games

Many Games are there in theAndroid which can be

downloaded from App Store


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Acknowledgements Wikipedia

Android Developers Website

Activity and Service life-cycle flow charts

Tons of other Android info

Google Maps API external library http://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.html

MightyPocket http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/

Numerous Forums & other developer sites, including: http://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/02/android-google-maps-tutorial.html

http://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directions http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg28487.html

http://android.bigresource.com/ threads

http://groups.google.com/group/android-developers threads

Many http://stackoverflow.com threads

http://www.anddev.org/google_driving_directions_-_mapview_overlayed-t826.html
http://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.htmlhttp://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/02/android-google-maps-tutorial.htmlhttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg28487.htmlhttp://android.bigresource.com/http://groups.google.com/group/android-developershttp://stackoverflow.com/http://www.anddev.org/google_driving_directions_-_mapview_overlayed-t826.htmlhttp://www.anddev.org/google_driving_directions_-_mapview_overlayed-t826.htmlhttp://www.anddev.org/google_driving_directions_-_mapview_overlayed-t826.htmlhttp://www.anddev.org/google_driving_directions_-_mapview_overlayed-t826.htmlhttp://www.anddev.org/google_driving_directions_-_mapview_overlayed-t826.htmlhttp://www.anddev.org/google_driving_directions_-_mapview_overlayed-t826.htmlhttp://stackoverflow.com/http://groups.google.com/group/android-developershttp://groups.google.com/group/android-developershttp://groups.google.com/group/android-developershttp://android.bigresource.com/http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg28487.htmlhttp://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg28487.htmlhttp://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg28487.htmlhttp://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg28487.htmlhttp://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg28487.htmlhttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://efreedom.com/Question/1-6070968/Google-Maps-Api-Directionshttp://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/02/android-google-maps-tutorial.htmlhttp://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/02/android-google-maps-tutorial.htmlhttp://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/02/android-google-maps-tutorial.htmlhttp://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/02/android-google-maps-tutorial.htmlhttp://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/02/android-google-maps-tutorial.htmlhttp://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/02/android-google-maps-tutorial.htmlhttp://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/02/android-google-maps-tutorial.htmlhttp://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://www.mightypocket.com/2010/08/android-screenshots-screen-capture-screen-cast/http://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.htmlhttp://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.htmlhttp://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.htmlhttp://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.htmlhttp://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.htmlhttp://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.htmlhttp://code.google.com/android/add-ons/google-apis/maps-overview.html


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An Important note to viewer

All information Is taken from internet and isnot verified by me


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VERSION HISTORY OF ANDROID

Version history of Android.pptx

Click to go to next presentation
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Version%20history%20of%20Android.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Version%20history%20of%20Android.pptx

android - an brief introduction

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