ANEMIA

ANU.R.V1ST YEAR Msc.NURSING

DEFINITION

• Anemia refers to a deficiency in the

number of circulating red blood cells

available for oxygen transport.

• Anemia is defined as a reduction in the

total number of red blood cells,

amount of hemoglobin in the

circulation, or circulating red blood

cell mass

Decreased erythrocyte production

• Decreased Hb synthesis• Defective DNA synthesis• Decreased number of erythrocyte

precursors

PATHOLOGY, SYMPTOMS, AND

SIGNS OF ANEMIA

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

CLASSIFICATION OF ANEMIA

• IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA»ANGULAR CHEILITIS»GLOSSITIS

KOILONYCHIA

DIAGNOSIS

HbMCVMCHRETICULOCYTESSERUM IRONTIBCPLATELETSSTOOL GUAIAC TESTENDOSCOPYCOLONOSCOPY

THALASSEMIA

• Common inherited autosomal

recessive genetic disorder

• insufficient production of normal

hb.

• Problem in Globin protien

ETIOLOGY

• TALASSEMIA

MINOR/THALASSEMIC TRAIT

(HETEROZYGOUS)

• THALASSEMIA

MAJOR(HOMOZYGOUS)

CLINICAL MANIFSTATIONS

• MILD ANEMIA(T.TRAIT/MINOR)

• MILD-MODERATE.(T.INTERMEDIA)» SLOWED GROWTH AND DELAYED

PUBERTY

» BONE PROBLEMS

» ENLARGED SPLEEN

• SEVERE ANEMIA.(T.MAJOR/COOLEY’S

ANEMIA)

SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA

• Sideroblasts are atypical, abnormal nucleated erythroblasts (precursors to mature red blood cells) with granules of iron accumulated in perinuclear mitochondria

CAUSES

• CONGENITAL S.A

• ACQUIRED S.A

• ACQUIRED CLONAL S.A

DEFECTIVE DNA SNTHESIS

• COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY

DEFINITION

• Aplastic anemia is a disease in which the bone marrow, and the blood stem cells that reside there, are damaged. This causes a deficiency of all three blood cell types,RBC,WBC and Platelets (pancytopenia.)

• Aplastic refers to inability of the stem cells to generate the mature blood cells.

ANEMIA CAUSED BY BLOOD LOSS

• ACUTE.• CHRONIC

INCREASED ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION

• HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA premature destruction of

erythrocyte occurring at such a rate thaN the bone marrow is unable to compensate for the loss of cells.

ETIOLOGY

• ACQUIRED» IMMUNE SSTEM MEDIATED

HEMOLYSIS» TRAUMATIC HEMOLYSIS» INFECTIOUS» TOXIC» PHYSICAL» HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC

• HERIDITARY» STRUCTURAL DEFECTS» ENZYME DEFICIENCY