AnemiaAnemia

Inadequate number of red blood cells, Inadequate number of red blood cells, hemoglobin or both.hemoglobin or both.

Signs/Symptoms:Signs/Symptoms:

Fatigue, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), rapid Fatigue, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), rapid heart rateheart rate

CausesCauses

Blood lossBlood loss

Iron deficiency-cannot form hemoglobinIron deficiency-cannot form hemoglobin

Sickle-cell Sickle-cell

Enlarged erythrocytesEnlarged erythrocytes

Injury to or destruction of bone marrowInjury to or destruction of bone marrow

TreatmentsTreatments

Blood transfusionBlood transfusion

Iron supplementsIron supplements

Vitamin B12 injectionsVitamin B12 injections

AneurysmAneurysm

Ballooning out, or saclike formation on an artery wallBallooning out, or saclike formation on an artery wall

Causes: Causes: Disease, congenital defects, injuries, high blood Disease, congenital defects, injuries, high blood

pressurepressureAny condition that causes arterial walls to Any condition that causes arterial walls to

weaken or deteriorate can result in an weaken or deteriorate can result in an aneurysm. aneurysm.

Signs/Symptoms:Signs/Symptoms: PainPain PressurePressure Rupture: hemorrhaging and deathRupture: hemorrhaging and death Sometimes there are no symptomsSometimes there are no symptoms

Common sites: Common sites:

Cerebral, aortal, abdominal arteriesCerebral, aortal, abdominal arteries

TreatmentTreatment

Surgically removing the damaged area of Surgically removing the damaged area of blood vessel and replacing it with a plastic blood vessel and replacing it with a plastic graft or another blood vessel. graft or another blood vessel.

ArteriosclerosisArteriosclerosis

Hardening or thickening of the arterial walls, Hardening or thickening of the arterial walls, resulting in a loss of elasticity and resulting in a loss of elasticity and contractilitycontractility

Causes high blood pressure (hypertension), Causes high blood pressure (hypertension), and can lead to an aneurysm and can lead to an aneurysm

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

Fatty plaque (cholesterol) lines the walls of the Fatty plaque (cholesterol) lines the walls of the arteries causing blockagearteries causing blockage

Causes a decrease in blood flowCauses a decrease in blood flowIf plaque breaks loose, it can circulate through If plaque breaks loose, it can circulate through

the bloodstream as emboli.the bloodstream as emboli.Treatment: angioplasty, atherectomy, stent, Treatment: angioplasty, atherectomy, stent,

low cholesterol diet, bypass if complete low cholesterol diet, bypass if complete blockageblockage

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Heart muscle do not beat adequately to Heart muscle do not beat adequately to supply the blood needs of the body. supply the blood needs of the body.

Symptoms: Symptoms: Edema, dyspnea, pallor, weak and rapid Edema, dyspnea, pallor, weak and rapid

pulse, cough with pink, frothy sputum.pulse, cough with pink, frothy sputum.Treatment: Treatment: Diuretics, oxygen therapy, bedrest, low-Diuretics, oxygen therapy, bedrest, low-

sodium dietsodium diet

EmbolusEmbolus

Foreign substance circulating in the Foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream. bloodstream.

Can be air, blood clot, bacterial clump, fat, etc. Can be air, blood clot, bacterial clump, fat, etc.

Can enter an artery or capillary that is too Can enter an artery or capillary that is too small and cause blockagesmall and cause blockage

HypertensionHypertension

High blood pressureHigh blood pressure Systolic pressure higher than 140Systolic pressure higher than 140 Diastolic pressure higher than 90. Diastolic pressure higher than 90.

140/90140/90

CausesCauses

TreatmentTreatment

Antihypertensive drugsAntihypertensive drugs

Limit stressLimit stress

Avoid tobaccoAvoid tobacco

Low sodium/low fat dietLow sodium/low fat diet