anesthesia and the obese parturient · 2018-04-02 · anesthesia)and)the)obese)parturient...

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Anesthesia and the Obese Parturient Presented by: Mark Green, CRNA, MSN 2 Anesthesia and the Obese Parturient The Problem 22% of women were obese before pregnancy in 20022003 BMI > 30 = obese (NIH: 20% more than ideal body weight or 2x ideal body weight) BMI > 40 = morbidly obese Obesity increases the risk for cesarean section and thus the need for anesthesia C/S rate is 47.4% in morbidly obese Maternal and fetal morbidity is increased 4 The Problem

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Page 1: Anesthesia and the Obese Parturient · 2018-04-02 · Anesthesia)and)the)Obese)Parturient Presentedby:(Mark(Green,CRNA,MSN(2 Anesthesia)and)the)Obese) Parturient TheProblem 22%)of)women)were)obese)before)pregnancy)in

Anesthesia  and  the  Obese  Parturient

Presented  by:  Mark  Green,  CRNA,  MSN  

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Anesthesia  and  the  Obese  Parturient

The  Problem22%  of  women  were  obese  before  pregnancy  in  2002-­‐2003    BMI  >  30  =  obese  (NIH:  20%  more  than  ideal  body  weight  or  2x  ideal  body  weight)  BMI  >  40  =  morbidly  obese  

Obesity  increases  the  risk  for  cesarean  section  and  thus  the  need  for  anesthesia  C/S  rate  is  47.4%  in  morbidly  obese  

Maternal  and  fetal  morbidity  is  increased

4

The  Problem

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Describe  the  implications  of  obesity  during  pregnancy.  

Describe  the  implications  of  Preeclampsia  and  the  anesthetic  management  of  these  patients.

OBJECTIVES

Physiologic  ChangesCardiovascular:  

• Increase  in  Blood  Volume  

• Increase  in  Cardiac  Output  

Respiratory  Changes:  

• Elevation  of  the  diaphragm  

• Decreased  FRC  

•  Increased  ventilation  and  respiratory  drive  

• Respiratory  alkalosis  and  increased  arterial  O2  

tension6

Pulmonary  Changes

Increase  MV  leads  to:  • Decreased  CO2  to  ~  30-­‐32  mmHg  • Increased  PaO2  to  ~  100  mmHg  Uterine  growth  upward  increases  pressure  on  diaphragm  causing:  

 Decreased  FRC  Similar  to  RestricGve  Lung  Disease

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Pulmonary  Changes

Progesterone  is  a  direct  respiratory  sGmulant  • Normally  produced  by  the  corpus  luteum  • At  8  weeks  gestaGon,  producGon  shiQs  to  

the  placenta  (ovarian-­‐placenta  shiQ)  • EssenGal  hormone  for  uterine  health  and  

homeostasis    Increased  minute  venGlaGon  (MV)  is  iniGated  by  a  rise  in  progesterone  

• Increased  diaphragm  use  

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Clinical  SignificanceConsider  the  normal  lung  where:  

MV=  Minute  VenGlaGon  VT  =  Tidal  Volume    f  =  Frequency  as  Respiratory  Rate  (RR)  • MV  =  500  ml  x  12/min  =  6,000  ml/min  

Dead  Space  (VD):  Anatomical  +  Alveolar  =  Physiologic  • Approx.  150  ml  of  VT  is  VD

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Clinical  Significance

VD  /  VT  =  150  ml  /  500  ml  =  0.3  or  30%  This  means  that  only  70%  of  VT  is  available  for  gas  exchange.  

Recall  that:  Alveolar  venGlaGon  (VA):  the  amount  of  fresh  gas  involved  in  gas  exchange.

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Clinical  SignificanceVA  =  (VT  –  VD)  x  f  (respiratory  rate)  VA  =  (500  –  150)  x  12  VA  =  4,200  ml/min  available  for  gas  exchange  aQer  accounGng  for  dead  space  

Now  consider  the  pregnant  state,  as  the  uterus  grows  to  term:  VT  increases  40%             700  ml  (500  ml)  f  increases  10%                 14/min  Therefore:  MV  is  increased  50%       7,700  ml/min

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Clinical  SignificanceIn  the  normal  lung:  

DenitrogenaGon  (PreoxygenaGon)  FRC  =  FiO2  x  2,400  ml  =    2,400  ml  stored  O2  O2  ConsumpGon  =  250  ml/min  Time  to  desaturaGon  =  2,400/250  =  ~10  min  

In  the  parturient  DenitrogenaGon  (PreoxygenaGon)  

FRC  decreased  20  %  =  1920  ml  O2  consumpGon  is  increased  20%  =  300  ml/min  At  best,  Gme  to  desaturaGon  =  1920/300  =  ~6  min 12

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Clinical  Significance

WITHOUT  DENITROGENATION  (RA02  =  21%)  Normal  lung:    

FRC  contains  2,400  ml    x  0.21  =  504  ml  O2  

O2  consumpGon  =  250  ml/min  DesaturaGon  in  504/250  =  ~2  minutes  

Parturient  lung:  FRC  is  1920  x  0.21  =  403  ml  O2  

ConsumpGon  is  300  ml/min  DesaturaGon  in  403/300  =  ~1  minute

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HypoxemiaHypoxemia  more  common  in  obese  parturient  •Worse  in  supine  position  (such  as  in  C/S)  •Body  weight  increases  O2  consumption  and  CO2  production  

•Work  of  breathing  increased  d/t  chest  wall  weight=  Restrictive  Lung  Disease  

•Prone  to  rapid  oxygen  desaturation  •Obstructive  sleep  apnea  is  common  •Use  of  CPAP  to  improve  PaO2  

HypoxemiaMechanism  

•Decreased  FRC  and  

•Increased  Closing  Capacity  resulting  in  

•Right  to  Left  Shunt  

•High  FiO2  worsens  shunt  2o  contribution  of  atelectasis  

•BMI  correlates  to  atelectasis  and  shunting  

Shunts  >  30%  =  no  improvement  in  PaO2  with  high  O2  concentrations

15(Miller)

More  Bad  StuffNormal  increase  in  CO2  associated  w/  pregnancy  is  exaggerated  in  obese  patient,  as  extra  fat  demands  extra  perfusion    

Cardiac  stress  is  greater  in  obese  pts,  who  also  have  more  cardiac  risk  factors,  ie:  HTN,  Diabetes  

Aortocaval  Compression  Syndrome:  decreased  cardiac  output  and  placental  perfusion  due  to  large  uterus  •exacerbated  by  large  panniculus    •May  result  in  CV  collapse  and  sudden  death  in  obesity

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The  Problem

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The  Problem

Labor  AnalgesiaFetal  macrosomia  is  a  risk  factor  for  painful  and  complicated  labor  (greater  need  for  analgesia)  

Obese  body  habitus  makes  regional  techniques  more  challenging  •Midline  difficult  to  determine  •Obese  pts  have  difficulty  assuming  good  position  

•Epidural  space  is  deeper  •Catheters  tend  to  migrate  when  pt  moves

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The  Problem

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A  study  by  Jordan  showed  74%  of  morbidly  obese  pts  required  more  than  one  attempt  at  epidural  with  14%  needing  more  than  3  attempts.  

Accidental  dural  puncture:    4%  for  MO  vs  0.5%-­‐2.5%  for  normal  weight  (Jordan)  

Epidural  Failure:  42%  failure  rate  versus  6%  in  normal  weight  (Hood)

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Labor  Analgesia

Regional  Anesthesia  /  Analgesia

Regional  is  strongly  preferred  over  GA  for  C/S  

In  morbid  obesity:  consider  early  placement  of  epidural  or  spinal  catheter  before  need  arises  •Anticipate  difficult  placement    •Allows  time  for  testing  to  confirm  function  •In  case  of  emergency,  catheter  can  provide  immediate  surgical  analgesia  

•Decreases  need  for  risky  emergent  GA  •Must  be  prepared  for  rapid  control  of  the  airway

General  AnesthesiaGA  associated  with  much  higher  maternal  mortality  vs.  regional  anesthesia  •Maternal  death  usually  due  to  inability  to  secure  an  airway  for  general  anesthesia  (Closed  Claims)  

•As  high  as  0.35%  (Samsoon  and  Young)  incidence  of  difficult  or  failed  intubation  in  the  morbidly  obese  for  C/S  

High  risk  of  aspiration  due  to  increased  abdominal  pressure,  lower  gastric  pH,  slower  gastric  emptying  assoc.  w/  obesity

General  AnesthesiaIn  obese  patients,  it  is  essential  to:  •Premedicate  with  antacids,  metoclopromide,  PPI  

•Pre-­‐oxygenate  for  several  minutes  •Position  patient  with  a  ramp  •Have  an  additional  pair  of  experienced  hands  to  assist  anesthesia  provider  Consider  awake  fiberoptic  intubation  •Not  appropriate  for  emergency  C/S    

Empty  stomach  with  OG  tube  prior  to  waking  Extubate  when  fully  awake  and  cooperative

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25-­‐degree  head-­‐up  position

Post-­‐Partum  CareIncreased  post-­‐partum  morbidity  in  obesity  •Hemorrhage,  endometritis,  infection,  DVT,  PE,  atelectasis,  respiratory  depression,  hypoxemia,  cardiomyopathy  are  all  more  common  in  obese  pts  

•Monitor  hourly  for  24  hours  after  C/S  is  recommended    

•Consider  ICU  admission  post-­‐op  

Increased  need  for  narcotics  post-­‐op  •Respiratory  insufficiency,  circulatory  collapse  •Need  is  decreased  with  neuraxial  analgesia

Anesthesia  Mgmt  Considerations  

All  morbidly  obese  pregnant  patients  should  have  an  ante  partum  anesthesia  evaluation  

All  obese  patients  with  concerning  co-­‐morbidities  should  also  be  evaluated  well  in  advance  of  planned  delivery  

Develop  a  multidisciplinary  plan  (OB,  Peds,  OR  crew,  consider  transfer  to  tertiary  if  CAH)

Antepartum  evaluation

Airway  

Examine  regional  landmarks  

Review  pt  history  for  co-­‐morbidities  

Review  chart  for  prior  anesthetic  records  •Chart  needs  to  be  available  with  referral  

Discuss  analgesia  and  anesthesia  plans  with  patient  and  family  •Discuss  risks  and  answer  questions

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Patient  TransferThe  anesthesia  departmental  policy  for  transferring  any  obstetric  patient  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  obstetric  provider  

Simply  being  obese/morbidly  obese  is  not  grounds  for  automatic  transfer  from  an  anesthetic  standpoint  

Anesthesia  may  recommend  transfer  for  medical  indications  discovered  during  the  ante  partum  evaluation

L&D  Tasks

When  a  morbidly  obese  patient  presents  in  labor:  •Ensure  OR  table  can  handle  the  patient’s  weight  Notify  anesthesia  immediately  upon  arrival  •Early  neuraxial  catheter  may  be  placed  •OR  may  be  prepared    •Difficult  airway  cart,  ramp,  etc

Sources•Obstetric  anesthesia  for  the  obese  and  morbidly  obese  patient:  an  ounce  of  prevention  is  worth  more  than  a  pound  of  treatment.    Soens  et  al.    Acta  Anesthesiol.  Scand  2008;  52:  6-­‐19  

•Obesity  and  obstetric  anaesthesia.    Saravanakumar    et  al.    Anaesthesia  2006;  61:  36-­‐48    

•Obesity,  obstetric  complications  and  cesarean  delivery  rate  –  A  population-­‐based  screening  study.  Weiss  et  al.    American  Journal  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology  2004;  190:  1091-­‐7  

•Relative  Risk  Analysis  of  Factors  Associated  with  Difficult  Intubation  in  Obstetric  Anesthesia    Rocke,  et  al.    Anesthesiology  1992;  77:  67-­‐73  

•Anesthetic  and  Obstetric  Management  of  High  Risk  Pregnancy,  3rd  Ed.  Chapter  6:  “The  morbidly  obese  pregnant  woman”,  pp  53-­‐65  

•Miller,  RD  et  al.  Miller’s  Anesthesia  7th  ed.  Churchill  Livingston:  p  386,2009  

•Machado,  Lovina  SM,  North  American  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences,  January  2012;  Vol.  4,  Issue  1,  pp  13-­‐18

• Jordan  H,  et  al.  Massive  maternal  obesity  and  perioperative  cesarean  morbidity.  Am  J  Obstet  Gynecol  1994;  170:  560-­‐5.  

• Hood  DD,  et  al.  Anesthesia  outcome  in  the  morbidly  obese  parturient.    Anesthesiology  1993;  79:  1210-­‐1218.  

• Soens  MA,  et  al.  Obstetric  anesthesia  for  the  obese  and  morbidly  obese:  an  ounce  of  prevention  is  worth  more  than  a  pound  of  treatment.  Acta  Anesthesio  Scand  2008;  52:  6-­‐19.  

• Djabatey,  EA.,  Barclay,  PM.  Difficult  and  failed  intubation  in  3430  general  anaesthetics.    Anaesthesia,  2009;  64:  1168-­‐1171.  

• Quinn,  AC  et  al,  Failed  tracheal  intubation  in  obstetric  anaesthesia:  2  year  national  case  -­‐  control  study  in  the  UK.  British  Journal  of  Anaesthesia  2013;  110  (1):  74-­‐80.  

• Gurinder,  M  et  al,  Management  of  the  difficult  and  failed  airway  in  obstetric  anesthesia.  J  Anesth  2008;  22:  38-­‐48.

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Sources

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PreeclampsiaThe  leading  cause  of  maternal  and  neonatal  morbidity  and  mortality  

Characterized  by:  

•Hypertension:  SBP  ≥  140  mmHg  and  DBP  ≥  90  mmHg  

•Proteinuria:  ≥  30  mg/day  

•Edema  

•Progression  mainly  affects  the  brain,  kidney  and  liver.33

PreeclampsiaEpidemiology:    

•Multisystem  disorder  complicating  3-­‐8%  of  pregnancies.  

•When  eclampsia  is  included,  it  is  directly  associated  with  10-­‐15%  of  maternal  deaths.  

•Higher  in  women  with  a  maternal  history  of  the  disorder.  

• Incidence  ranges  from  3%-­‐7%  in  healthy  nulliparas  and  1%-­‐3%  in  multiparas.

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PreeclampsiaRisk  Factors:  

•Antiphospholipid  Antibody  Syndrome  

•Renal  Disease  

•Prior  preeclampsia  

•Nulliparity  

•Chronic  HTN  

•DM  

•High  Altitude35

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•Multiple  gestations  

•Strong  FmHx  of  CV  disease  (≥  2  first  degree  relatives  

•Obesity  

•FmHx  of  preeclampsia  in  1st  degree  relative  

•Age  >  35

Preeclampsia

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Pathophysiology

Normal  trophoblast  formation  does  not  occur.  

•Normal  spiral  arteries  invade  myometrium,  losing  their  endothelium  and  most  muscle  fibers  becoming  low  resistance  vessels.  

•Normal  processes  do  not  occur  in  preeclampsia.

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Preeclampsia

Difficult  to  differentiate  among  hypertensive  disorders  

Difficult  to  predict  adverse  outcomes  and  pre-­‐term  delivery  

Complex  pathophysiology-­‐  abnormal  placentation.  

Genetic  and  Immunologic  interaction  are  the  most  common  theories.

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From:  Cold  Spring  Harb  Perspect  Med  doi:  10.1101/cshperspect.a006585

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From:  Indian  J  Med  Res,  July  2013

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HELLP  SyndromeOccurs  in  0.5%-­‐0.9%  of  all  pregnancies  

Occurs  in  5%-­‐10%  of  cases  of  severe  PE  

Characteristics:  

•Thrombi  in  the  microvasculature  of  several  organs.  

•Thrombocytopenia  

•Mechanical  hemolytic  anemia  

•Various  organ  failure41

Morbidity  and  MortalityMaternal  Complications  •Placental  Abruption/hemorrhage  •Eclampsia  •Cerebral  Vascular  Accidents  •Organ  Failure  •DIC  Maternal  Deaths  •Intracranial  Hemorrhage  •Cerebral  Infarction  •Acute  Pulmonary  Edema  •Respiratory  Failure  •Acute  Hepatic  Failure/Rupture  

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Morbidity  and  Mortality

Fetal  Complications:  

•Fetal  Growth  Restriction  

• Intrauterine  Fetal  Demise  

•Preterm  Birth

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Maternal/Child  RisksMaternal:  

•Hypertension  

•Premature  Ischemic  Heart  Disease  

•Cerebrovascular  Accidents  

Child:  

•Stroke  

•Coronary  Heart  Disease  

•Metabolic  Syndrome  in  Adult  Life44

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Anesthesia  Management

Regional  technique  vs.  GA  

Avoid  fluid  overload  

Manage  hypertension  

Magnesium  administration

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Anesthetic  ManagementTreatment:  • Control  Hypertension  

-­‐Labetalol-­‐first  line  choice  -­‐Hydralazine-­‐  up  to  15  minutes  to  take  

effect  -­‐Esmolol-­‐  may  cause  fetal  bradycardia  -­‐Sodium  Nitroprusside-­‐  cyanide  

metabolite  crosses  placental  barrier  -­‐Nifedipine-­‐  associated  with  cerebral  

infarct,  MI,  complete  heart  block  and  death.

46

Magnesium  Prevent/control  seizures  with  MgSo4  • Eliminated  by  renal  excreGon  • InteracGon  with  non-­‐depolarizers-­‐

prolonged  relaxaGon  • Effect  uterine  tone-­‐tocolysis  • Interact  with  CCBs-­‐  severe  hypotension  and  

prolonged  relaxaGon.    Non-­‐reassuring  FHR  

• PotenGate  vasodilaGon  and  negaGve  inotropic  effects  of  anestheGcs

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preeclampsia  in  pregnant  women.  Indian  J  Med  Res;  July  2013  

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• Arnvind,  P.  What’s  New  in  Obstetric  Anesthesia?  The  2013  Gerard  W.  Ostheimer  Lecture.    Anes-­‐Analg,  Feb  2014;  118  (2):  360-­‐366  

• Crovetto,  Francesca,  et.  al.  The  Genetics  of  the  Alternative  Pathway  in  the  Pathogenesis  of  HELLP  Syndrome.  The  Journal  of  Maternal-­‐Fetal  Neonatal  Medicine,  2012;  25  (11):  2322-­‐2325.

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•Norwitz,  ER.,  Repke,  JT.    Preeclampsia:  Management  and  prognosis.  In  UpToDate,  Lockwood,  CJ  (Ed),  UpToDate,  Waltham,  MA.  (Accessed  April  20,  2014.)    

•Chutatape,  A.,  Teoh,  WHL.  Third  nerve  palsy  associated  with  preeclampsia  and  HELLP  syndrome.  J  Anesth,  2013;  27:  757-­‐760.

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