angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition compared with enalapril

Copyright by American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

1

© 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.

Circulation is available at http://circ.ahajournals.org DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013748

Received October 11, 2014; accepted October 20, 2014.From the Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (M.P.); BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre,

University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (J.J.V.M.); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Cardiovascular Medicine, MA (A.S.D., S.D.S.); Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ (J.G., M.P.L., A.R.R., V.C.S.); Université de Montréal, Institut de Cardiologie, Montréal, Canada (J.L.R.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); The Medical University of South Carolina and RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC (M.Z.); School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.A.); Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala (J.L.A); Western University, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Ontario, Canada (J.M.A.); 2nd Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital and 1st Medical School, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic (J.B.); Department of Cardiology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany (M.B.); National Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia (S.B.); TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); Clinica Vesalio, Lima, Peru (W.C.); Unidad de Hipertensión Arterial y Riesgo Vascular, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain (C.C.); Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, Republic of China (C.-H.C.); Second Department of Internal Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia (A.D.); Luis Vernaza Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador (Y.C.D.); Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cardiology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia (A.E.); Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ӧstra Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden (M.F.); Clinica Shaio, Bogota, Colombia (E.G.); Hospiten Santo Domingo, Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (A.G.-M.); Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Département de Cardiologie; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité; INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center; Paris, France (A.A.H.); First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, China (J.H.); National Hospital of Cardiology, Sofia, Bulgaria (T.K.); Cardiology, Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand (S.K.); Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea (K.-S.K.); Dokuz Eylül University Med. Fac., İzmir, Turkey (O.K.); Fundación Cardiovascular de Aguascalientes A.C., Hidalgo, Mexico (E.B.L.); Titular de Medicina Interna, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Instituto DAMIC/Fundacion Rusculleda, Cordoba, Argentina (F.M.); Heart and Vascular Center Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Venezuela Instituto Tropical Medicine Universidad Central Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela (I.M.); Department of Cardiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort and WCN Dutch Network for Cardiovascular Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands (A.M.); Department and Clinic of Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (M.N.-K.); Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (K.P.); Heart Institute (InCor) – University of São Paulo, Medical School, Brazil (F.J.A.R.); Department of Cardiology, Viborg Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (J.R.); Dr. Arvo Rosenthal LLC, Estonia (A.R.); Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Cardiologia 1 – Scompenso e Trapianti di Cuore, Bergamo, Italy (M.S.); St. Luke’s Heart Institute, Quezon City, Philippines (A.S.S.); Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto Medical School, University of Porto, Portugal (J.S.-C.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK (I.B.S.); Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA (R.C.S.); San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (J.R.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.V.); University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila – University and Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (D.V.); and Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore (R.C.-C.W.).

*Drs Packer and McMurray contributed equally.†A complete list of the investigators and committees in the PARADIGM-HF trial is provided in the online-only Data Supplement Appendix.Guest Editor for this article was Stuart D, Katz, MD.The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at http://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.

114.013748/-/DC1.Correspondence to Milton Packer, MD, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd,

Dallas, TX 75390. E-mail [email protected]; or John J.V. McMurray, MD, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University Pl, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QQ, United Kingdom. E-mail [email protected]

Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibition Compared With Enalapril on the Risk of Clinical Progression in Surviving

Patients With Heart FailureMilton Packer, MD*; John J.V. McMurray, MD*; Akshay S. Desai, MD, MPH;

Jianjian Gong, PhD; Martin P. Lefkowitz, MD; Adel R. Rizkala, PharmD; Jean L. Rouleau, MD; Victor C. Shi, MD; Scott D. Solomon, MD; Karl Swedberg, MD, PhD; Michael Zile, MD;

Karl Andersen, MD, PhD; Juan Luis Arango, MD; J. Malcolm Arnold, MD; Jan Bĕlohlávek, MD, PhD; Michael Böhm, MD; Sergey Boytsov, MD; Lesley J. Burgess, MBBCh, PhD; Walter Cabrera, MD;

Carlos Calvo, MD; Chen-Huan Chen, MD; Andrej Dukat, MD; Yan Carlos Duarte, MD; Andrejs Erglis, MD, PhD; Michael Fu, MD; Efrain Gomez, MD; Angel Gonzàlez-Medina, MD;

Albert A. Hagège, MD, PhD; Jun Huang, MD; Tzvetana Katova, PhD; Songsak Kiatchoosakun, MD; Kee-Sik Kim, MD, PhD; Ömer Kozan, Prof Dr; Edmundo Bayram Llamas, MD; Felipe Martinez, MD;

Bela Merkely, MD; Iván Mendoza, MD; Arend Mosterd, MD, PhD; Marta Negrusz-Kawecka, MD, PhD; Keijo Peuhkurinen, MD; Felix J.A. Ramires, MD, PhD; Jens Refsgaard, MD, PhD;

Arvo Rosenthal, MD, PhD; Michele Senni, MD; Antonio S. Sibulo Jr, MD; José Silva-Cardoso, MD, PhD; Iain B. Squire, MD; Randall C. Starling, MD, MPH; John R. Teerlink, MD; Johan Vanhaecke, MD, PhD; Dragos Vinereanu, MD, PhD; Raymond Ching-Chiew Wong; MBBS on behalf of the PARADIGM-HF

Investigators and Coordinators†

Original Article

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http://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013748/-/DC1

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2 Circulation January 6, 2015

Background—Clinical trials in heart failure have focused on the improvement in symptoms or decreases in the risk of death and other cardiovascular events. Little is known about the effect of drugs on the risk of clinical deterioration in surviving patients.

Methods and Results—We compared the angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 (400 mg daily) with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril (20 mg daily) in 8399 patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction in a double-blind trial. The analyses focused on prespecified measures of nonfatal clinical deterioration. In comparison with the enalapril group, fewer LCZ696-treated patients required intensification of medical treatment for heart failure (520 versus 604; hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.94; P=0.003) or an emergency department visit for worsening heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.85; P=0.001). The patients in the LCZ696 group had 23% fewer hospitalizations for worsening heart failure (851 versus 1079; P<0.001) and were less likely to require intensive care (768 versus 879; 18% rate reduction, P=0.005), to receive intravenous positive inotropic agents (31% risk reduction, P<0.001), and to have implantation of a heart failure device or cardiac transplantation (22% risk reduction, P=0.07). The reduction in heart failure hospitalization with LCZ696 was evident within the first 30 days after randomization. Worsening of symptom scores in surviving patients was consistently more common in the enalapril group. LCZ696 led to an early and sustained reduction in biomarkers of myocardial wall stress and injury (N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin) versus enalapril.

Conclusions—Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition prevents the clinical progression of surviving patients with heart failure more effectively than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition.

Clinical Trial Registration—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01035255. (Circulation. 2015;131:•••–•••.)

Key Words: heart failure ◼ neprilysin ◼ receptors, angiotensin

Although heart failure increases the risk of death, nonfatal worsening of symptoms is the most common problem

encountered by patients, who experience progressive impair-ment of functional capacity and quality of life.1 Nonfatal worsening may require intensification of oral medications or it can necessitate emergent treatment, including hospitaliza-tion, intensive care, or expensive medical or surgical interven-tions.1,2 Therefore, in addition to prolonging survival, a major goal in the management of chronic heart failure is mainte-nance of the clinical stability of patients, specifically by pre-venting nonfatal worsening of heart failure with its attendant consequences.

Clinical Perspective on p XXX

The activation of detrimental neurohormonal pathways con-tributes to the clinical progression of heart failure.3 However, despite the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, β-blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antago-nists patients remain at high risk of worsening heart failure.4 Such progression may be related to inadequate activation of or a diminished response to the compensatory actions of endog-enous adaptive neurohormonal systems.5–7 Several peptides (ie, natriuretic peptides, bradykinin, and adrenomedullin) can attenuate vasoconstriction and sodium retention, and retard cardiac and vascular hypertrophy and remodeling, and thus act to ameliorate many of the pathophysiological abnormali-ties of heart failure.8–10 Neprilysin is the key enzyme respon-sible for the breakdown of these peptides, and its activity may be increased in heart failure.11 Inhibition of neprilysin enhances the effects of these beneficial vasoactive substances and exerts favorable effects in patients with heart failure, when combined with existing agents that act on detrimental neurohormonal systems.12 Concurrent inhibition of angio-tensin synthesis or action is particularly important, because

neprilysin inhibition alone is accompanied by the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, possibly because angioten-sin itself may be a substrate for neprilysin.13,14 Although the actions of angiotensin may be attenuated by inhibition of the ACE, simultaneous blockade of ACE and neprilysin can lead to serious angioedema.15,16 Therefore, the preferred approach to parallel modulation of these neurohormonal systems is the combined use of a neprilysin inhibitor with an angiotensin receptor blocker.17

The PARADIGM-HF (Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and mor-bidity in Heart Failure) trial compared the long-term effects of LCZ696—a complex of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril and the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan—with enalapril in patients with heart failure with mild-to-moderate symptoms.18 The trial demonstrated the superiority of LCZ696 over enala-pril on both death from any cause, and on death from cardio-vascular causes.12 Here, we describe the incremental effects of LCZ696 over enalapril on the nonfatal progression of heart failure in surviving patients.

MethodsThe design and primary results of the PARADIGM-HF trial have been previously described.12 The institutional review board of each of the 1043 participating institutions (in 47 countries) approved the protocol, and all patients gave written, informed consent.

Study PatientsPatients had New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II to IV symptoms, an ejection fraction of ≤40% (changed to ≤35% by amendment), and a plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) ≥150 pg/mL (or N-terminal pro-BNP [NTproBNP] ≥600 pg/mL). Patients with lower levels of natriuretic peptides were eligible if they had been hospitalized for heart failure within 12 months.12 Patients tak-ing any dose of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers were



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Packer et al Angiotensin Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure 3

considered for enrollment, but were required to tolerate the equiva-lent of enalapril 10 mg daily for at least 4 weeks before screening along with stable doses of a β-blocker (unless contraindicated or not tolerated) and a mineralocorticoid antagonist (if indicated). Among the exclusion criteria,12 patients were not eligible for the trial if they had a history of intolerance of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.

Study ProceduresOn trial entry, ongoing therapy with an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker was stopped, but other treatments for heart failure were continued. Patients first received enalapril 10 mg twice daily for 2 weeks (single-blind) and then LCZ696 (single-blind) for an addi-tional 4 to 6 weeks, initially at 100 mg twice daily and then 200 mg twice daily. To minimize the potential for angioedema, enalapril was withheld a day before starting LCZ696, and LCZ696 was withheld a day before starting randomized therapy. Patients tolerating both drugs at target doses were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to double-blind treatment with either enalapril 10 mg twice daily or LCZ696 200 mg twice daily. The dose of enalapril was selected based on its effect to reduce the risk of death in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Treatment Trial19; higher doses have not been more effec-tive or well tolerated during long-term treatment.20–22 Following ran-domization, patients were maintained on the highest tolerated doses of the study medication. Surviving patients underwent periodic evalu-ation of NYHA functional class, symptoms of heart failure (measured by using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire [KCCQ]),23 and, in approximately 27% of randomized patients, biomarkers of neprilysin inhibition and heart failure progression. Worsening heart failure was treated by adjusting the doses of any concomitant drug and using any interventions that were clinically indicated.

Statistical AnalysisThe trial was designed to recruit ≈8000 patients and continue until the occurrence of 1229 cardiovascular deaths and 2410 cardiovascular deaths or first hospitalizations for heart failure. However, an inde-pendent Data and Safety Monitoring Board recommended early ter-mination of the study (approximately 50 months after the first patient was randomized) when the boundary for overwhelming benefit for cardiovascular mortality had been crossed.

The principal analyses for this article focused on (1) worsening NYHA functional class, as assessed by the physician; (2) worsening KCCQ total symptom score, as assessed by the patient; (3) worsen-ing heart failure requiring an increase in the dose of diuretic for >1 month, the addition of a new drug for heart failure, or the use of intra-venous therapy (prospectively defined in the protocol as a treatment failure); (4) worsening heart failure leading to an emergency depart-ment visit (without subsequent hospitalization); (5) worsening heart failure requiring hospitalization, with a prespecified analysis at 30 days after randomization; (6) the use of interventions for advancing heart failure; and (7) changes in biomarkers reflecting cardiac injury, wall stress, and the effects of neprilysin inhibition. All deaths and all hospitalizations possibly related to heart failure were adjudicated blindly according to prespecified criteria by a clinical-events com-mittee, which had no knowledge of the patient’s drug assignment. Of the 4 biomarkers of interest, plasma NTproBNP and troponin T were measured by using the Roche Elecsys proBNP and high-sensitivity Troponin T assays (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany); plasma BNP was measured by using the Advia Centaur assay (Siemens, USA); and cGMP was measured in first-morning-void urine samples by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R & D Systems, USA). Data on all outcome measures were collected prospectively, and their analyses were prespecified as end points of interest.

Cox proportional hazards regression models (with treatment and region as fixed-effect factors) were used to evaluate between-group differences in time-to-event end points and to estimate hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and P values. Negative binomial models (with treatment and region as fixed factors and logarithm of the dura-tion of follow-up as the offset),24 Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and Fisher

exact test were used to assess the significance of differences in the number, rate and duration of hospital admissions and emergency department visits; of the use of medical and device interventions for advancing heart failure; and of clinical worsening by ≥1 NYHA func-tional class and ≥5 points in the KCCQ total symptom score (based on the magnitude of change considered to be clinically relevant).21

The rate of total hospitalizations for heart failure was calculated by the Nelson-Aalen estimate,25 ignoring death as a potential informative dropout. Ignoring death as a potential informative dropout may lead to underestimation of the magnitude of the treatment effects in our analysis, because heart failure morbidity and mortality are strongly associated, and thus, the censoring of patients at the time of death can be expected to minimize estimates of the rate of worsening heart failure events in the group with a poorer survival.26 Nevertheless, all analyses were performed on data available at each time point; no imputation was applied to patients who died or had missing data.

ResultsStudy Patients and Study Drug AdministrationA total of 10 521 patients at 1043 centers in 47 countries entered the run-in period, of whom 8399 patients were ran-domly assigned and prospectively included in the intention-to-treat analysis (4187 to LCZ696 and 4212 or enalapril). As previously reported,12 the 2 groups comprised primarily patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms who were well treated with diuretics, β-blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and were balanced with respect to base-line characteristics. Excluding patients who died, 87% of both the LCZ696 and enalapril groups were receiving the target dose of the study drug at 8 months; and 76% and 75%, respec-tively, were maintained at the target dose at the end of the study.

Effect on Death or Hospitalization for Any ReasonThere were 835 patients in the enalapril group and 711 in the LCZ696 group who died for any reason, corresponding to annualized rates of 7.5% and 6.0%, respectively. These dif-ferences reflected a 16% incremental reduction in the risk of death (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–0.93, P=0.0009). There were 2093 patients who died or who were hospitalized for any reason in the enalapril group and 1892 such patients in the LCZ696 group, corresponding to annualized rates of 30.3% and 26.3%, respectively. These dif-ferences reflected a 12.6% lower risk as a result of treatment with LCZ696 instead of enalapril (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82–0.93; P<0.0001).

Effect on Occurrence of Clinical WorseningIn comparison with enalapril-treated patients, there were fewer LCZ696-treated patients who had worsening heart fail-ure requiring the addition of a new drug, intravenous therapy, or an increase in the daily dose of diuretic for >1 month (520 versus 604; hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74–0.94; P=0.003). Fewer patients in the LCZ696 group than in the enalapril group were evaluated and treated for worsening heart failure in the emergency department but discharged without hospital admission (102 versus 150; hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52-0.85; P=0.001; Table). When all (including repeat) emergency department evaluations for heart failure were considered, the LCZ696 group had 30% lower rate of such visits than the enala-pril group (P=0.017).



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Table. Measures of Nonfatal Worsening Heart Failure in the Enalapril and LCZ696 Groups

Enalapril(n=4212)

LCZ696(n=4187)

Hazard/Rate Ratio (95% CI)P Value

Patients with worsening heart failure leading to intensification of outpatient therapy, n (%)

604 (14.3) 520 (12.4) 0.84 (0.74–0.94)0.003

Patients with worsening NYHA functional class (≥1 class)

In patients surviving at 4 mo, n (%) 218 (5.5) 186 (4.7) 0.113


In patients surviving at 12 mo. n (%) 271 (7.4) 225 (6.1) 0.023

Patients with worsening KCCQ total symptoms score (≥5 points)




Patients with ED visit for heart failure, n (%) 150 (3.6) 102 (2.4) 0.66 (0.52–0.85) 0.001

Patients with 1 ED visit for heart failure, n (%) 111 (2.6) 78 (1.9) 0.003

Patients with 2 ED visits for heart failure, n (%) 27 (0.6) 15 (0.4)

Patients with ≥3 ED visits for heart failure, n (%) 12 (0.3) 9 (0.2)

Total number of ED visits for heart failure 208 151 0.70 (0.52–0.94)*0.017

Patients hospitalized for heart failure, n (%) 658 (15.6) 537 (12.8) 0.79 (0.71–0.89)<0.001

Patients with 1 admission for heart failure, n (%) 418 (9.9) 367 (8.8)

<0.001 Patients with 2 admissions for heart failure, n (%) 143 (3.4) 110 (2.6)

Patients with 3 admissions for heart failure, n (%) 53 (1.3) 33 (0.8)

Patients with ≥ 4 admissions for heart failure, n (%) 44 (1.0) 27 (0.6)

Total number of hospitalizations for heart failure 1079 851 0.77 (0.67–0.89)*<0.001

Number of days in the hospital per admission per patient 9.7±9.5 10.8±17.5 0.86

Number of patients requiring intensive care 623 549 0.87 (0.78–0.98)0.019

Total number of stays in intensive care 879 768 0.82 (0.72–0.94)*0.005

Patients receiving IV positive inotropic drugs, n (%) 229 (5.4) 161 (3.9) 0.69 (0.57–0.85)<0.001

Patients requiring cardiac resynchronization, ventricular assist device implantation, or cardiac transplantation, n (%)

119 (2.8) 94 (2.3) 0.78 (0.60–1.02)0.07

Patients hospitalized for cardiovascular reason, n (%) 1344 (31.9) 1210 (28.9) 0.88 (0.81–0.95)<0.001

Total number of hospitalizations for cardiovascular reason 2537 2216 0.84 (0.76–0.92)* <0.001

Patients hospitalized for any reason, n (%) 1827 (43.4) 1660 (39.7) 0.88 (0.82–0.94)<0.001

Total number of hospitalizations for any reason 4053 3564 0.84 (0.78–0.91)* <0.001

CI indicates confidence interval; ED, emergency department; IV, intravenous; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; and NYHA, New York Heart Association. *Asterisk denotes rate ratio estimated from a negative binomial model; ratios without an asterisk are hazard ratios derived by using the Cox proportional hazards

model.

Fewer patients in the LCZ696 group than in the enalapril group were hospitalized for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71–0.89; P<0.001), for a cardiovascular reason (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81–0.95; P<0.001) or for any reason (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82–0.94; P<0.001; Table). The between-group difference in the risk of hospital-ization for heart failure was statistically significant as early

as 30 days following randomization (hazard ratio at 30 days, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38–0.94; P=0.027; Figure 1).

In comparison with enalapril, patients treated with LCZ696 were not only less likely to be hospitalized for heart failure at least once, but were also less likely to be hospital-ized multiple times; 240 patients in the enalapril group but only 170 patients in the LCZ696 group were hospitalized



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for heart failure more than once (a 29% reduction in the LCZ696 group, P=0.001). When all (including repeat) hos-pitalizations were considered, the LCZ696 group had 15.6% fewer hospitalizations than the enalapril group for any reason (P<0.001), 16.0% fewer hospitalizations for a cardiovascu-lar reason (P<0.001), and 23.0% fewer admissions for heart failure (P<0.001) than patients in the enalapril group (Table). The cumulative number of hospitalizations for heart failure per 100 patients is shown in Figure 2. The 2 groups were similar with respect to the average duration of each admission for heart failure, but, in comparison with the enalapril group, the patients in the LCZ696 group had 18% fewer stays in intensive care (P=0.005) and were 31% less likely to receive intravenous positive inotropic agents (P<0.001) and 22% less likely to have cardiac transplantation or implantation of a car-diac device for heart failure (P=0.07). The number of patients who received a left ventricular assist device or underwent car-diac transplantation was 23 in the enalapril group and 13 in the LCZ696 group.

Despite greater intensification of treatment and greater loss of more severely ill patients because of death in the enala-pril group, a larger proportion of surviving patients in that group were considered by their physicians to be worse (by at least 1 NYHA class) than in the LCZ696 group; the dif-ference between the 2 groups was significant at both 8 and 12 months of follow-up (P=0.004 and P=0.023, respectively; Table). Moreover, fewer surviving patients considered them-selves worse (by at least 5 points in the KCCQ total symptom score) in the LCZ696 group than in the enalapril group; the difference between the groups was significant at 4, 8, and 12 months (P=0.002, P=0.001, and P=0.03, respectively; Table).

Effect on Biomarkers of Heart Failure ProgressionLevels of urinary cyclic GMP and plasma BNP were higher during treatment with LCZ696 than with enalapril

(Figure 3A), but circulating levels of NTproBNP and troponin were lower during treatment with LCZ696 than with enalapril (Figure 3B). The differences between groups were apparent within 4 weeks and were sustained at 8 months, P<0.0001 for the difference between groups at both time points.

DiscussionIn patients with a reduced ejection fraction and mild-to-moderate symptoms, combined inhibition of the angioten-sin receptor and neprilysin with LCZ696 reduced the risk of developing worsening heart failure more than ACE inhibition with enalapril. Fewer patients in the LCZ696 group were con-sidered to be worse by themselves or by their physicians, and fewer patients in the LCZ696 group had worsening symptoms requiring intensification of outpatient therapy or the use of medical or device treatments for advancing heart failure.

Not only was LCZ696 superior to enalapril in reducing the risk of a first emergency department visit or hospitalization for heart failure, but the drug was also more effective than ACE inhibition alone in decreasing the need for repeated emergency visits and hospitalizations for heart failure. These advantages were apparent even though (1) the enalapril group had a meaningfully higher mortality rate throughout the trial, leading to the preferential exclusion of high-risk enalapril-treated patients with progressing symptoms from our analy-ses; and (2) the enalapril group had greater intensification of background therapy, which would have been expected to ame-liorate deleterious changes in clinical status. Therefore, the observed effect sizes reported in our analyses may underesti-mate the true magnitude of the treatment difference. Despite the biases against the drug, LCZ696 was superior to enalapril in reducing the risk of symptom progression and exerting a favorable effect on the clinical course of surviving patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure.

Few trials have focused on the ability of new drugs to prevent worsening of clinical status in patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure.27 Previous studies in such patients

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LCZ696Enalapril

Patients at Risk

Enalapril(n=4212)

LCZ696(n=4187)

Hazard ratio 0.60 (0.38-0.94)P = 0.027

Figure 1. Kaplan–Meier curve for the time to first hospitalization for heart failure during first 30 days after randomization, according to study group. Shown is the Kaplan–Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of a first hospitalization for heart failure during the first 30 days after randomization. The analysis at 30 days was prespecified and also represented the earliest time point, at which the difference between the LCZ696 and enalapril groups was statistically significant. K-M indicates Kaplan–Meier.

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Enalapril(n=4212)

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41874212

38853857

17101724

LCZ696Enalapril

Patients at Risk

40544049

32763228

24722408

1001993

279278

1217

Figure 2. Cumulative number of hospitalizations for heart failure in the enalapril and LCZ696 groups per 100 patients. Shown is the cumulative number of hospitalizations for heart failure in the 2 study groups per 100 patients, ignoring death as an informative dropout, with the rate ratio calculated by using the negative binomial regression model.



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have primarily reported improvements in exercise tolerance or functional class or decreases in the risk of hospitaliza-tion for heart failure.28–30 In the few trials that have reported worsening of symptoms, quality of life, or functional class, active treatments produced a meaningful reduction in the risk of clinical worsening only when missing data were imputed or when patients who died were included in the analysis and assigned the worst possible score.29,31–33 In contrast, the PARADIGM-HF study is among the first trials to demon-strate a reduction of clinical worsening of surviving patients, which is not only of paramount importance to those afflicted with the disease and their families, but also to the physicians

who care for them and the insurers who pay for the intensifi-cation of treatments. The advantage of LCZ696 over enalapril in preventing clinical deterioration was apparent early in the trial and persisted for the duration of double-blind therapy.

Our clinical findings are supported by the effects on biomarkers measured in surviving patients in the trial. As expected from neprilysin inhibition,34 levels of both urinary cyclic GMP and plasma BNP were higher during treatment with LCZ696 than with enalapril; the increases in cyclic GMP reflect the fact that the peptides whose levels are enhanced by neprilysin inhibition act through enhancement of cyclic GMP.35–37 In contrast, in comparison with enalapril, patients receiving LCZ696 had consistently lower levels of NTproBNP (reflecting reduced cardiac wall stress) and tro-ponin (reflecting reduced cardiac injury) throughout the trial. The contrasting effects of LCZ696 on the 2 types of natri-uretic peptides represents an important finding, because the levels of the 2 peptides characteristically parallel each other during the course of heart failure.38 However, because BNP (but not NTproBNP) is a substrate for neprilysin,39 levels of BNP will reflect the action of the drug, whereas levels of NTproBNP will reflect the effects of the drug on the heart. Furthermore, although differences in the levels of troponin between the 2 treatment groups were small, even very low levels of troponin release are believed to reflect ongoing myo-cardial injury (possibly related to increased wall stress),40 and even small increases in the levels of troponin reflect a higher risk of disease progression in heart failure.41,42

In conclusion, in comparison with guideline-recommended doses of an ACE inhibitor, combined inhibition of both the angiotensin receptor and neprilysin was more effective not only in reducing all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,12 but also in reducing the risks and rates of multiple manifestations of clinical deterioration of surviving patients with heart fail-ure. The effect of LCZ696 to stabilize the course of heart fail-ure is likely to have important ramifications for both quality of life and resource utilization in this disorder.

Sources of Funding The study was funded by Novartis.

DisclosuresAll authors have consulted for or received research support from Novartis, sponsor of the PARADIGM-HF trial. Dr Packer has con-sulted for Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Cytokinetics, Cardiokinetix, BioControl, Janssen, Amgen, CardioMEMS, and Cardiorentis. Prof McMurray’s employer, University of Glasgow, was paid by Novartis for Prof McMurray’s time spent as cochairman of the PARADIGM-HF trial. Dr Desai consulted for Novartis, Relypsa, and St. Jude Medical. Drs Gong, Lefkowitz, Rizkala, and Shi are employees of Novartis. Drs Böhm, Hagege, Swedberg, and Zile have received honoraria from Novartis for sponsored lectures. Drs Chen and Martinez are on the speaker’s bureau of Novartis. Dr Bĕlohlávek received honoraria from AstraZeneca for sponsored lectures and consulted for AstraZeneca and Servier. Dr Erglis is on the speakers’ bureau of Pfizer, Abbott Laboratories, Merck, and Sanofi. Dr Gomez consulted for Biotoscana. Drs Mosterd and Squire received honoraria from Novartis for partici-pating in various activities. Dr Vinereanu received research support and honoraria from and consulted for Novartis and honoraria from Servier, Pfizer, BMS, and AstraZenica. An immediate family mem-ber of Dr Negrusz-Kawecka received research support from Novartis, and her institution received institutional fees from Novartis.

2500

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P< 0.0001

P< 0.0001

NA

B

-terminal pro-BNP

Run-in Double-blindEntry

25

5

10

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pg/ml ng/L

ENL LCZ ENL LCZ4 wk 8 mo 4 wk 8 mo

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B-type Natriuretic Peptide


ENL LCZ

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800

1200

1600

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P< 0.0001P< 0.0001

Urinary Cyclic GMP


ENL LCZ

pg/ml ng/L

4 wk 8 mo 4 wk 8 mo

Figure 3. A, Median values for N-terminal pro-BNP and troponin T at entry and during single-blind run-in and double-blind periods. Medians are shown in circles, and 25%/75% interquartile ranges are shown in bars, where patients in the LCZ696 group are shown in white circles and white bars and patients in the enalapril group are shown in black circles and gray bars. P values designate the significance of difference between the 2 treatment groups. Troponin T was not measured at the end of the enalapril phase of the run-in period. B, Median values for B-type natriuretic peptide and urinary cyclic GMP at entry and during single-blind run-in and double-blind periods. Medians are shown in circles, and 25%/75% interquartile ranges are shown in bars, where patients in the LCZ696 group are shown in white circles and white bars and patients in the enalapril group are shown in black circles and gray bars. P values designate the significance of the difference between the 2 treatment groups. Urinary cyclic GMP was not measured at the end of the enalapril phase of the run-in period. BNP indicates B-type natriuretic peptide; ENL, end of the enalapril phase of the run-in period; and LCZ, end of the LCZ696 phase of the run-in period.



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CLINICAL PERSPECTIvESThe PARADIGM-HF (Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure) trial compared the angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 (400 mg daily) with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril (20 mg daily) in 8399 patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction in a dou-ble-blind trial. In a previous report, patients in the LCZ696 group had a 20% lower risk of cardiovascular death and a 16% lower risk of death for any reason (both P<0.0001). This article reports on the effect of treatment on the clinical progression of heart failure in surviving patients. When compared with enalapril, fewer LCZ696-treated patients required intensification of medical treatment for heart failure (P=0.003) or an emergency department visit for worsening heart failure (P=0.001). The patients in the LCZ696 group also had 23% fewer hospitalizations for worsening heart failure (P<0.001) and were 18% less likely to require intensive care (P=0.005), 31% less likely to receive intravenous positive inotropic agents (P<0.001), and 22% less likely to have implantation of a heart failure device or cardiac transplantation (P=0.07). The reduction in heart failure hospitalization with LCZ696 was evident within the first 30 days after randomization. Worsening symptoms of heart failure were consistently more common in the enalapril group. LCZ696 led to an early and sustained reduction in biomark-ers of myocardial wall stress and injury (N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin) versus enalapril. These findings demonstrate that LCZ696 prevents the clinical progression of surviving patients more effectively than enalapril and provides further support for the use of this new approach to replace the current use of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system in chronic heart failure.



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C. Starling, John R. Teerlink, Johan Vanhaecke, Dragos Vinereanu and Raymond C. WongArvo Rosenthal, Michele Senni, Antonio S. Sibulo, José Silva Cardoso, Iain B. Squire, RandallArend Mosterd, Marta Negrusz-Kawecka, Keijo Peuhkurinen, Felix Ramires, Jens Refsgaard, Ömer Kozan, Edmundo A. Bayram Llamas, Felipe Martinez, Bela Merkely, Ivan Mendoza,Albert A. Hagege, Jing Huang, Tzvetana M. Katova, Songsak Kiatchoosakun, Kee-Sik Kim, Yan Carlos Duarte, Andrejs Erglis, Michael Fu, Efrain A. Gomez, Angel Gonzàlez-Medina,Boytsov, Lesley J. Burgess, Walter Cabrera, Carlos Calvo, Chen-Huan Chen, Andrej Dukat,

Karl Andersen, Juan Luis Arango, Malcolm Arnold, Jan Belohlavek, Michael Böhm, Sergey A,R. Rizkala, Jean L. Rouleau, Victor Shi, Scott D. Solomon, Karl Swedberg, Michael R. Zile,

Milton Packer, John J.V. McMurray, Akshay S. Desai, Jianjian Gong, Marty P. Lefkowitz, AdelClinical Progression in Surviving Patients With Heart Failure

Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibition Compared With Enalapril on the Risk of

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SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

PARADIGM-HF Trial Investigators and Committees

Executive Committee

J McMurray, co-chair; M Packer, co-chair; J Rouleau, S Solomon, K Swedberg, M Zile

Endpoint and Angioedema Adjudication

S Solomon, co-chair; A Desai, co-chair; A Kaplan, N Brown, B Zuraw

Data Monitoring Committee

H Dargie, chair; R Foley, G Francis, M Komajda, S Pocock

Investigators by Country (National Leaders Listed First)

ARGENTINA

F Martinez, J Albisu, A Alvarisqueta, M Amuchastegui, A Astesiano, E Avila, J Beloscar, M

Berli, C Borrego, B Bustos, P Calella, J Carbajales, G Caruso, O Caruso, H Casabé, J Cimbaro

Canella, F Colombo Berra , R Colque, R Costello, R Dran, F Ferre Pacora; A Gabito, J Glenny,

P Guzman, J Ibañez, R Ingaramo, C Kotliar, R Leon de la Fuente, A Liberman, G Liniado, J

Llanos, L Lobo Marquez, H Luquez, I Mackinnon, M Mallagray, R Martingano, D Mercado, G

Moises Azize, L Parody, R Perez Rey, E Petenian, M Rodríguez, C Rojas, A Romano, A

Salvatierra Ruiz, A Sanchez, R Sarjanovich, A Sarries, L Schiavi, H Sessa, J Soler, M Vico, C

Zaidman

BELGIUM

J Vanhaecke, P Decroly, P Dendale, B Ector, A Friart, A Heyse, L Missault, T Mulleners, W

Smolders, H Vandekerckhove, M Vincent, C Weytjens, B Wollaert

BRAZIL

F Ramires, C Andrade, R Bassan, F Borelli, R Botelho, J Braga, M Braile, C Costa, F Costa, N

Duda, M Garcia, O Greco, M Hernandes, C Jaeger, I Koehler, R Luiz Rech, E Mesquita, J

Moraes Jr, J Neto, F Neuenschwander, M Paiva, S Rassi, G Reis, P Rossi, A Rabelo, H Reis, W

Saporito, M Simoes, W Souza, F Vilas Boas

BULGARIA

T Katova, H Benov, B Boeva-Chompalova, P Chobanska, S Denchev, B Dimov, T Donova, P

Georgiev, D Gotchev, A Goudev, T Gruev, V Hergeldjieva, P Lazov, I Manukov, S Marchev, L

Mihov, M Milanova, A Mileva-Manolova, V Mincheva-Kabakchieva, Z Parvanova, G Pencheva,

S Petranov, D Raev, K Ramshev, V Sirakova, A Staneva, S Tisheva-Gospodinova, G Todorov,

M Tokmakova, M Tzekova, P Valchanova, Y Yotov, V Zhelev

CANADA

M Arnold, S Bergeron, R Bourgeois, S Bourgeois, J Cha, M DeGrâce, D Delgado, F

Deslongchamps, D Dion, N Giannetti, T Huynh, J Johnston, P Klinke, J Kornder, R Labonte, C

Lauzon, S Lepage, S Mak, G Moe, D Murthy, S Pandey, J Parker, M Rajda, S Robinson, D

Rupka, G Sabe-Affaki, F Sestier, R Sheppard, L Yao

CHILE

F Albornoz, P Avendaño, L Cobos, E Escobar, M Fernandez, J Jalil, F Lanas, P Sepulveda, B

Stockins, P Yovaniniz

CHINA

J Huang, M Gui, HD Hu, YN Ke, LG Li, XD Li, XL Li, WM Li, SW Liu, XH Liu, GS Ma, NL

Sun, G Xu, K Yang, ZY Yuan, J Zhang, RP Zhao

COLOMBIA

E Gomez, J Accini, A Almanzar, J Coronel, C Cotes, L Echeverria, F Manzur, E María, H

Reynales, M Rodriguez, A Sotomayor, M Urina, J Velasquez, S Vélez, B Vesga

CZECH REPUBLIC

J Belohlavek, H Burianova, J Carda, V Cech, M Cepelak, A Hanustiakova, I Horny, K Kolar, J

Krupicka, J Kvasnicka, P Lindovsky, Z Lorenc, F Malek, J Malik, A Mandovec, I Petrova, B

Podzemska, P Povolny, M Radvan, M Richter, V Riha, P Sabl, J Slaby, J Svejda, P Telekes, J

Ulman, Z Vomacka, S Zemek

DENMARK

O Lederballe, J Refsgaard, H Andersen, K Egstrup, H Elming, N Eske, O Gøtzsche, J Jensen, L

Køber, O May,O Pedersen, H Rickers, F Steffensen

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

A González, A Paulino, P Martinez

ECUADOR

YC Duarte, C Delgado, Y Duarte, FL Hidalgo, C Mariscal, R Marmol

ESTONIA

A Rosenthal, A Kaasik, J Kaik, E Laane

FINLAND

K Peuhkurinen, T Jääskeläinen, K Kiilavuori, J Taurio

FRANCE

AA Hagege, A Alexeeva-Kovalchuk, F Bauer, P Berdague, J-B Berneau, J-M Bouvier, L

Damien, Dr T Damy, J-M Davy, D Eric Decoulx, N EL-Mansour, C Etchecopar, M Galinier, P

Gibelin, P Gosse, A Guetlin, J-N Labeque, B Livarek , D Logeart, M Martelet, P Nazeyrollas, Y

Neuder, M Nourredine, J-E Poulard, R RaidRihani, R Sabatier, N-T To Tran, N Yannick, F

Zannad

GERMANY

M Böhm, V Adelberger, A Al-Zoebi, A Bastian, S Behrens, H Bessler, R Braun, B Brehm, M

Buhr, G Cieslinski, J vom Dahl, W Daut, H-J Demmig, S Denny, H-H Ebert, C Fechtrup, S

Fischer, H-M Frick, S Genth-Zotz, U Gerbaulet, H Germann, S Geßner, G Gola, G Grönefeld, A

Hagenow, J Hampf, A Hartmann, G Hauf, C Hegeler-Molkewehrum, P Hegemann, S Hermes, A

Himpel-Bönninghoff, S Hoeltz, R Jerwan-Keim, C Kadel, C Karle, I Kindermann, M Knapp, K-

H Krause, B Krosse, U Kühne, M Kuhrs, M Leicht, M Löbe, H Loos, H Mehling, K Melchior, F

Menzel, T Münzel, M Natour, I Naudts, R Naumann, R Nischik, H-G Olbrich, W Pohl, M

Prohaska, N Proskynitopoulus, S Regner, D Reimer, S Roeder, R Rummel, P Salbach, T Schäfer,

T Schaum, I Schenkenberger, A Schindler, A Schmidt, E Schmidt, A Schnabel, R Schneider, W

Schneider, A Schreckenberg, F Schreibmüller, M Schreiner, T Schröder, M Schumacher, A

Segner, H Seibert, G Siao, K Siao, H-Y Sohn, R Stöhring, G Tangerding, G Taubert, A Terhorst,

C Tesch, N Toursarkissian, K Tyler, P Uebel, K Weyland, A Wilke, A Yilmaz, C Zemmrich, W

Zeh, R Zotz

GUATEMALA

JL Arango, J Arriola, V Corona, S Leal, E López, R Muñoz, A Ovando, A Paniagua, D

Rodríguez, L Velasquez, F Wyss

HONG KONG

HF Tse, SK Li, B Yan, G Yip

HUNGARY

B Merkely, G Andrassy, P Andreka, J Bakai, K Csapo, A Cziraki, I Édes, T Forster, E Hajko, A

Illes, L Jánoskuti, A Kalina, Z Kovacs, Z László, G Lupkovics, A Matoltsy, G Müller, A Nagy,

E Noori, N Nyolczas, A Papp, C Salamon, G Szántai, A Szocs, J Tomcsányi, D Toth, I Varjú, G

Veress, A Vertes, K Zámolyi, Z Zilahi

ICELAND

K Andersen, T Gudnason, A Sigurdsson, G Thorgeirsson

INDIA

A Abhyankar, D. K. Agarwal, R Aggarwal, R Bagirath, D Banker, V Bisne, P Bohra, V Chopra,

S Dani, A Dharmadhikari, M Fulwani, M Gadkari, N Ghaisas, H Basavanagowdappa, S Gupta, S

Hiremath, P Jagtap, A Jain, V Jain, R. Jindal, S Joseph, P Kerkar, M Kumbla, B Malipeddi, G

Mathan, A Mehta, M Mohan, L Murthy, A Nair, V Pai, A Pandey, V Prakash, M. Srinivasa Rao,

N Srinivasa Rao, N Reddy, P Sarma, P Shah, K Shamsudden, K Sharma, S Sinha, B Thakkar, S

Thanvi, P Trivedi, V Vijan, B Yugandhar

ISRAEL

D Aronson, T Ben Gal, S Goland, A Katz, A Keren, B Lewis, A Marmor, S Mayler, M Shochat

ITALY

M Senni, L Anastasio, M. G. Baldin, C Brunelli, G Casolo, C Coppolino, F Cosmi, G Danzi, M

Destro, T Di Napoli, A D'Ospina, A Fucili, A Gigantino, N.L. Liberato, F Lombardi, G Lembo,

F. Magrini, E Mannarino, D Marchese, C Minneci, M. G. Modena, L Mos, T Napoli, C Opasich,

G Pajes, F Perticone, PV Pileri, G Poddighe, E Ronchi, PS Saba, M Sicuro, F Silvestri, J. A S

Uriarte, V Spagnuolo, M Sprovieri, S Taddei, P Terrosu, M Tespili, J Uriarte, W Vergoni, M

Volterrani

LATVIA

A Erglis, G Dormidontova, R Eglite, T Lvova, G Rancane, I Sime

LITHUANIA

Z Petrulioniene, D Luksiene, T Maleckas, R Mazutavicius, R Miliuniene, Z Petrulioniene, R

Slapikas

MALAYSIA

W Ahmad, D Chew, O Ismail, T Ong

MEXICO

EB Llamas, M Aguilera, J Arenas, J Carrillo, J González, S Leon, G Llamas, A Macias, A

Meaney, O Orihuela, A Pavía, I Rodriguez, T Rodriguez, E Salcido, G Solache, R Velasco

NETHERLANDS

A Mosterd, D Basart, L Bellersen, A Derks, R Dijkgraaf, P Dunselman, J van Eck, C Gurlek, F

den Hartog, G Hoedemaker, R Kaplan, J Koolen, L Liem, J Milhous, C de Nooijer, A Pronk, H

Brunner- la Rocca, E Ronner, H Swart, G Tjeerdsma, F Willems

PANAMA

E Avilés, G Frago, B González, R Nieto

PERU

W Cabrera, R Alegre, R Azañero, JH García, A Godoy, J Heredia, L Lu, B Orihuela, A

Rodriguez, Y Roldan, P Torres, J Urquiaga

PHILIPPINES

AS Sibulo Jr, J Anonuevo, A Atilano, A Borromeo, R Castillo, P Chua, A Ferrolino, A Guerrero,

S Locnen, B Manlutac, G Rogelio, R Rosita, A Ruales, G Vilela

POLAND

M Negrusz-Kawecka, W Bebenek, B Sobkowicz, K Cymerman, M Dabrowska, M Foczpaniak,

E Jazwinska-Tarnawska, A Kabara, G Kania, P Kolaczyk, W Kucharski, K Landa, E Mirek-

Bryniarska, M Piepiorka, Z Pijanowski, R Sciborski, M Szpajer, M Tyminski, P Weglarz, C

Wojciechowska, D Wronska

PORTUGAL

JS Cardoso, F Almeida, A Andrade, N Braganca, S Carvalho, C. Fonseca, L Oliveira, F Padua, I

Silvestre, R Soares

ROMANIA

D Vinereanu, M Andor, D Bartos, G Basarab, I Coman, I Copaci, M Cristea, Stefan Dragulescu,

D Enache, A Fruntelata, L Iliescu, O Istratoaie, D Lighezan, C Militaru, T Nanea, C Nechita, M

Puschita, M Tomescu, M Tudoran,

RUSSIA

S Boitsov, F Ageev, O Averkov, A Akimov, M Ballyuzek, E Baranov, E Baranova, O Barbarash,

O Berkovich, S Berns, N Bessonova, M Boyarkin, O Bulashova, V Chernetsov, I Chukaeva, I

Kamensky, Y Dovgalevsky, S Dovgolis, D Duplyakov, L Ermoshkina, S Fitilev, A Galyavich, G

Gendlin, A Gofman, B Goloschekin, T Gomova, A Gordienko, Y.Karpov, A Kastanayan, O

Khromtsova, O Kisliak, Z Kobalava, A Konradi, M Korolev, E Kosmacheva, V Kostenko, N

Koziolova, A Kuimov, E Kulibaba, P Lebedev, V Lesnov, R Libis, Y Lopatin, V Makukhin, I

Masterov, Y Moiseeva, T Morozova, I Motylev, S Murashkina, V Nosov, V Oleynikov, T

Palatkina, E Parmon, L Pimenov, D Privalov, V Rafalsky, A Rebrov, I Reznik, M Ruda, R

Saifutdinov, S Sayganov, Y Shvarts, L Shpagina, S Shustov, E Shutemova, M Sitnikova, J

Sizova, O Smolenskaya, A Solovieva, I Staroverov, R Struk, A Svistov, N Tarasov, E

Tarlovskaya, S Tereschenko, N Trofimov, Y Uspensky, E Vasilieva, N Vezikova, A Vishnevsky,

D Volkov, D Yakhontov, A.Yakovlev, A Yavdosyuk, A Zateyshchikova, O Zharkov, E

Zhilyaev, D Zotov, K Zrazhevsky

SINGAPORE

R Wong, C Lee, H Ong, D Yeo

SLOVAKIA

A Dukát, L Antalík, A Baníková, D Demešová, M Dvoržák, F Fazekaš, D Foldiová, P Fülöp, P

Kabaivanov, J Kovács, V Maček, I Majerčák, J Mazúr, A Mihalíková, P Olexa, J Pacherová, M

Palinský, J Pálka, D Pella, S Remišová, J Schichorová, R Smik, B Sokolová, S Šuch, D Viňanská

SOUTH AFRICA

L Burgess, F Ahmed, L. Baben, A Badat, D Basson, F Bester, A Bruning, E Delport, F Dindar, J

Foccart, M Gani, T Gerntholtz, E Hellstrom, A Horak, S Ismail, L Jamjam, C Kapp, G Latiff, T

Lerumo, J Lombaard, P Manga, N van der Merwe, M Mkhwanazi, Z Mohamed, M Mpe, D

Naidoo, T Padayachee, N Ranjith, D Jansen van Rensburg, J Saaiman, B. Sebopa, M Tayob, H

Theron, M Thomas, T Vally, T Venter, H Wellmann, L van Zyl

SOUTH KOREA

K-S Kim, S H Baek, J-H Zo, G-R Hong, D-H Kang, S-M Kang, D-S Kim, B-J Kim, U Kim, D-G

Park, J-H Shin, B-S Yoo

SPAIN

C Calvo, J Luis-Arias, JC Arias-Castaño, J Comín, L de Teresa, F Fernandez-Aviles, R Gomez-

Huelgas, M González-Bueno, J Cosín, D Cremer, M Crespo, F Deben, R Freixa, E Galve, M

Garcia, R Gomez, M Jiménez, L Mainar, I Marin, F Martinez, M Martínez-Sellés, D Marzal, B

Muñoz, J Núñez, D Pascual, G Peña, A Reyes, M Sanmartín, F Torres, M Vida

SWEDEN

M Fu, P Ahlström, I Hagerman, A Hajimirsadeghi, A Hansson, A Kempe, C Thorsén, M

Zethson-Halldén

TAIWAN

CH Chen, CP Chen, PS Chen, KL Hsu, LY Lin, PY Pai, HM Tsao, BH Tzeng

THAILAND

S Kiatchoosakun, K Hengrussamee, D Piyayotai, S Sanguanwong,

T Thongsri

TURKEY

O Kozan, M Aktoz, C Barcin, A Birdane, A Camsari, C Ermis, Y Guray, H Kudat, D Ural, O

Yavuzgil, M Yenigun, Z Yigit, MB Yilmaz, M Yokusoglu

UK

I Squire, S Apostolakis, P Banerjee, C Barr, V Bhatia, R Bogle, C Boos, G Brigden, N Brown, S

Bulugahapitiya, M Dayer, D Dutka, M El-Harari, M Fisher, M Gaballa, N Ghandi, J Glover, R

James, H Kadr, P Kalra, A Kardos, C Lang, S Leslie, T Levy, M Lynch, R MacFadyen, S

Mahmood, M Mamas, W Martin, S Megarry, R Mohindra, R More, A Moriarty, J Murphy, R

Muthusamy, L Neyses, A Nightingale, L O'Toole, D Price, J Purvis, A Ryding, D Smith, J

Sobolewska, L Soo, D Strain, J Trelawny, J Trevelyan, R Watkin, F Witherow, S Woldman, Z

Yousef

USA

R Starling, J Teerlink, P Adamson, O Akinboboye, A Akyea-Djamson, A Amin, A Amkieh, A

Amos, I Anand, V Awasty, D Banish, A Bank, R Bargout, D Barnard, M Beacom, I Berg, M

Berk, J Best, S Bilazarian, A Bouchard, B Bozkurt, W Breisblatt, L Brookfield, C Brown, K

Browne, R Canadas-Zizzias, K Carr, D Chapman, A Chu, E Chung, D Colan, B Davis, S

Denning, V Desai, J Dexter, C Dharma, J Edwards, S Efstratiadis, H Eisen, P Fattal, B Fenster, J

Fernandez, A Flores, E Flores, J Floro, G Frivold, B Fuhs, D Goldscher, R Gould, L Grazette, N

Laufer, I H Lieber, G Haas, K Habet, T Hack, A Haidar, S Halpern, J Hargrove, J Harris, T Hart,

G Hass, B Hattler, M Hazelrigg, K Heilman, M Heiman, A Heroux, W Herzog, M Hoffman, D

Hotchkiss, C Hunter, J Hunter, B Iteld, D Jackson, N Jaffrani, M Janik, M Jardula, J Joseph, A

Kaneshige, M Khan, M Klapholz, M Koren, J Kostis, G Larrain, G Lasala, N Laufer, K Lee, M

Leonen, I Lieber, M Liu, J Magno, J Maher, A Maisel, F Maislos, M Malkowski, G Mallis, M

Mandviwala, C Mani, D Markham, R Marple, M Maurer, W McKenzie, A Mehrle, J Mendez, A

Miller, R Miller, V Miller, J Mishkin, J Mitchell, F Mody, B Montgomery, D Murray, A Murray,

J Naidu, J Neutel, D Nguyen, T O'Brien, S Olsen, H Ooi, R Orchard, C Parrott, J Petersen II, T

Poling, J Prodafikas, M Ptacin, E Quinlan III, T Quinn, B Rama, K Ramanathan, D Rawitscher, J

Rosado, S Rosenthal, M S Oberoi, A Samal, C Schmalfuss, S Schwartz, A Seals, Y Selektor, S

Schaefer, T Seto, S Shah, J Shanes, J Sims, S Singh, S Sooudi, R Sotolongo, D Suiter, S

Sunderam, U Thadani, J Thrasher, B Trichon, R Vicuna, R Vranian, R Jackson, S Wallach, N

Ward, D Weinstein, T Wells, W Wickemeyer, J Wight, C Williams, L Wu, G Xu, J Zebrack

VENEZUELA

I Mendoza, A Avendaño, M Alvarez, E Silva, G Vergara

angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition compared with enalapril

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