anhang - springer978-3-540-26618-1/1.pdf · anhang a pharmaka zur diagnostik und therapie...
TRANSCRIPT
Anhang
A Pharmaka zur Diagnostik und Therapie neuroendokriner
Erkrankungen – 206
B Datenbanken und sonstige Informationsquellen – 211
8
.Ta
belle
A1.
PraparatezurDiagnostik
hyp
othalam
isch-hyp
ophysarer
Erkran
kungen
Praparat
Han
delsnam
eMen
ge
Applikationsart
Test
Hersteller
Releasingh
ormon
e
CRH
CRH-Ferring
j10
0lg/Amp.
i.v.
HVL-Fu
nktion,Differen
zialdiagnose
des
Cushing-Syn
droms
Ferring
GHRH
GHRH-Ferring
j50
lg/Amp.
i.v.
HVL-Fu
nktion,
Diagnose
des
GH-M
angels
Ferring
GnRH
LH-RH-Ferring
j
Relefact-LH
RH
100lg/Amp.
i.v.
HVL-Fu
nktion,speziellGonad
enfunktion
Ferring
Aventis
TRH
RelefactTR
Hj
TRH-Ferring
200lg/Amp.
i.v.
HVL-Fu
nktion,nichtbei
Makroad
enomen
Aventis
Ferring
Hypop
hysenhormon
e
ACTH
Synacthen
j25
0lg/Amp.
i.v.
NNR-Funktion
Novartis
hCG
Choragon
j
Predalon
j
500I.E.,
1500
I.E.
oder
5000
I.E./Amp.
i.m.
EndokrineHoden
funktion
Ferring
Organ
on
DDAVP
Minirin
j4lg/Amp.
i.v.
Differen
zialdiagnose
Cushing-Syn
drom,
Differen
zialdiagnose
Diabetes
insipidus
Ferring
Pharmakaun
dStoffwechselsub
strate
Metyrap
on
Metopiron
j75
0mg/Tbl.
p.o.
HVL-NNR-Funktion
Novartis,au
sdem
Auslan
dzu
beziehen
Dexam
ethason
Fortecortin
j2mg/Tbl
p.o.
Diagnostik
des
Cushing-Syn
droms
Merck
Clomife
nClom
Hexal
j,
Clomife
n-ratiopharm
50mg/Tbl.
p.o.
Gonad
enfunktion
Hexal,Ratiopharm
Metoclopramid
Paspertin
j10
mg/Amp.
i.v.
Stim
ulationder
PRL-Sekretion
Solvay
Clonidin
Catap
resan
j15
0lg/Tbl.
p.o.
Stim
ulationder
GH-Sekretion
Boeh
ringer
Arginin
Arginin
Hyd
rochlorid
j21
,1g/100
ml
i.v.
Stim
ulationder
GH-Sekretion
Ferringoder
Braun
Gluko
seDextroO.G-T
j.
75g
p.o.
Suppressionder
GH-Sekretion
Roche
206 Kapitel 8 � Anhang
8
.Ta
belle
A2.
PraparatezurSu
bstitutionstherap
iehyp
othalam
isch-hyp
ophysarer
Ausfalle
Praparat
Han
delsnam
eDarreichungsform
Indikation
Hersteller
Wachstumshorm
on
Gen
otropin
j
Humatropej
Norditropin
j
Verschieden
eZubereitungen
(EinmalspritzeundPen
)
Wachstumshorm
onman
gel
(GHD)des
Erwachsenen
undKindern
Pharmacia/Pfizer
Lilly
Novo
Nordisk
Wachstumshorm
on
Saizen
j
Zomacton
j
Granditropin
j
Verschieden
eZubereitungen
Hyp
ophysarer
Kleinwuchs
Serono
Ferring
Grandis
DDAVP(Desmopressin)
Minirin
jRhinyle,
Nasen
spray,
Tbl.a0,2mg
Diabetes
insipidus
Ferring
GnRH
Lutrelef
jAmp.a0,8mgund3,2mgzur
pulsatilenTh
erap
ie
Hyp
othalam
ischer
Hyp
ogonad
ismus
Ferring
Gon
adotropine
hMG
oextraktiv
hCG
Men
ogon
j
Choragon
j
75I.E.
FSHund75
I.E.
LH
1500
und50
00I.E./Amp.
Seku
ndarer,hyp
ogonad
otroper
Hyp
ogonad
ismus
Ferring
Ferring
FSH
oreko
mbinan
tLH
Gonal
j
Luverisj
5,5lg,33
lgund77
lg/Amp.
75I.E../A
mp.
Seku
ndarer,hyp
ogonad
otroper
Hyp
ogonad
ismus
Vorneh
mlichbei
,
Serono
Serono
Testosteronen
antat
TestovironDep
otj
250mg/Amp.
Hyp
ogonad
ismus,F
Schering,Jenap
harm
Testosteronundekan
oat
Andriolj
Tabl.a40
mg
Hyp
ogonad
ismus,F
Organ
on
Testosteronundekan
oat
Neb
ido
j10
00mg/Amp.
Hyp
ogonad
ismus,F
Jenap
harm
Testosteron-Pflaster
Androderm
2,5mg/Pflaster
Hyp
ogonad
ismus,F
AstraZen
eca/Promed
Testosteron-Gel
Androtop
j,Testogel
j25
und50
mg/Btl.
Hyp
ogonad
ismus,F
Solvay/Jen
apharm
Ostradiol
Estrifam
j,Estrifam
fortej
1mgund2mg/Tbl.
Hyp
ogonad
ismus,,
Novo
Nordisk
Ostradiol-valerat
Progyn
ova
(mite)
j(1
und)2mg/Tbl.
Hyp
ogonad
ismus,,
Schering
Gestagen
,z.B.MPA
Clin
ofem
jTb
l.a2,5,
5und10
mg
Ovarialinsuffizienz
Pharmacia/Pfizer
Kombinationspraparat
Estrad
iolvalerat/M
PA
Sisare
j2mgund2mg+10
mg
Ovarialinsuffizienz
Organ
on
8 · Anhang207 8
.Ta
belle
A2.
(Fortsetzung)
Praparat
Han
delsnam
eDarreichungsform
Indikation
Hersteller
Nebennierenrinden-Hormon
e
Kortisol
Kortisonacetat
Prednison/Prednisolon
DHEA
9aFluorHyd
rocortison
Hyd
rocortison
j
CortisonCIBA
j
Decortin
j,Decortin
Hj
DHEA
-Natrol
Astonin
Hj
Tbl.a10
mg
Tbl.a25
mg
Tbl.a5,
10,2
0und50
mg
Tbl.a50
mg
Tbl.a0,1mg
NNR-Insuffizienz
NNR-Insuffizienz
NNR-Insuffizienz
NNR-Insuffizienz,(,)
NNR-Insuffizienz
AventisundJenap
harm
Novartis
Merck
Natrol,Bezugau
sdem
Auslan
d
Merck
L-Th
yroxin
L-Th
yroxinHen
ning
j
Euthyroxj
300lg
Tbl.a25
–20
0lg
Tbl.a30
0lg
Hyp
othyreo
se
Hyp
othyreo
se
Hen
ning-San
ofi
Merck
Carbam
azep
inTegretalj
Tbl.a20
0mg
PartiellerDiabetes
insipidus
Novartis
208 Kapitel 8 � Anhang
8
.Ta
belle
A3.
Med
ikam
ente
zurBeh
andlungder
hyp
othalam
isch-hyp
ophysaren
Horm
onmeh
rsekretion
Praparat
Han
delsnam
eMen
ge
Applika-
tionsart
Ublicher
Dosierungsbereich
Indikation
Hersteller
Dop
aminag
onisten
Bromocriptin
Pravidel
jTb
l.a2,5mgund5mg
p.o.
1,25
–10
mg/Tag
Hyp
erprolaktinam
ie/
Prolaktinom,Akromeg
alie
Novartis
Bromocriptin
Kirim
jTb
l.a2,5mgund5mg
p.o.
1,25
–10
mg/Tag
Hyp
erprolaktinam
ie/
Prolaktinom
Horm
osan
Lisurid
Dopergin
jTb
l.a0,2mg
p.o.
2-bis3-mal
0,2–0,4mg/Tag
Hyp
erprolaktinam
ie/
Prolaktinom,Akromeg
alie
Schering
Quinag
olid
Norprolacj
Tbl.a75
–15
0lg
p.o.
1-mal
75lgbis60
0lg/Tag
Hyp
erprolaktinam
ie/
Prolaktinom,Akromeg
alie
Novartis
Cab
ergolin
Dostinex
joder
Cab
aserilj
0,5mg(Dostinex
j)und
1mg(Cab
aserilj)
p.o.
0,5mg/W
ochebis
1mg/Tag
Hyp
erprolaktinam
ie/
Prolaktinom,Akromeg
alie
Pharmacia/
Pfizer
Metergolin
Liserdolj
Tbl.a4mg
p.o.
4–16
mg/Tag
Maß
igau
sgep
ragte
Hyp
er-
prolaktinam
ie
Wyeth
Pergolid
(Parko
tilj)undDihyd
roergocryp
tin(Alm
irid
j)sindin
Deu
tschlandnurzurTh
erap
iedes
MorbusParkinsonzugelassen
Somatostatinan
alog
a
Octreotid
Sandostatin
j50
lg,10
0lgund
500lg/Amp.
s.c.
3-mal
50–50
0lg/Tag
Akromeg
alie,GEP
-Tumoren,
TSH-produzieren
der
Tumor
Novartis
Octreotid
Sandostatin-
LARj
10mg,20
mgund
30mg/Amp
i.m.
10–30
mg/M
onat
Akromeg
alie,GEP
-Tumoren,
TSH-produzieren
der
Tumor
Novartis
Lanreotid
Somatulin
ej30
mg/Amp.undals
Autogel
60,90und12
0mg
i.m.
unds.c.
(Autogel)
30mgalle
7–14
Tageoder
120mgalle
6Wochen
Akromeg
alie,GEP
-Tumoren,
TSH-produzieren
der
Tumor
Ibsena
Wachstum
shormon
antago
nist
Peg
visoman
tSo
mavertj
10mg,15
mgund
20mg/Amp.
s.c.
Startdosis:80
mg
Gefolgtvo
n10
–30
mg/Tag
Therap
ieresisten
teAkrome-
galie
Pharmacia/
Pfizer
8 · Anhang209 8
.Ta
belle
A3.
(Fortsetzung)
Praparat
Han
delsnam
eMen
ge
Applika-
tionsart
Ublicher
Dosierungsbereich
Indikation
Hersteller
Adrenolytika
Ketoconazol
Metyrap
on
Aminoglute-
thim
id
Mitotan
Nizoralj
Metopiron
j
Orimeten
j
Lysodren
j
Tbl.a20
0mg
Tbl.a75
0mg
Tbl.a25
0mg
Tbl.a50
0mg
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
2-bis3-mal
200mg/Tag
4-mal
750mg/Tag
2-bis3-mal
250mg/Tag
0,5–9,0g/Tag
Therap
ieresisten
tes
Cushing-Syn
drom
Therap
ieresisten
tes
Cushing-Syn
drom
Therap
ieresisten
tes
Cushing-Syn
drom,
NNR-Karzinom
Jansen-Cilag
Novartisa
Novartis
Bristol-Myers-
Squibba
GnRH
-Ago
nisten
Goserelin
Zoladex
j3,6mg/Amp.
i.m.
1-mal/M
onat
Pubertaspraecoxvera
Astra
Zen
eca
Leuprorelin
Enan
tonej
3,57
mg/Amp.
i.m.
1-mal/M
onat
Pubertaspraecoxvera
Takeda
Triptorelin
Decap
eptylj
3,75
mg/Amp.
i.m.
1-mal/M
onat
Pubertaspraecoxvera
Ferring
Andere
Pharmaka
Valproinsaure
Orfirilj
150mg�6
00mg/Tbl.
p.o.
3-mal
300mg/Tag
Cushing-Syn
drom
Desitin
Dem
eclocyclin
Ledermycin
j15
0mgund30
0mg/Tbl.
p.o.
2-mal
300mg/Tag
SIADH
Lederle
a
Cyp
roteron
Androcurj
10mgund50
mg/Tbl.,
300mg/Amp.
p.o.,i.m.
10–50
mg/Tag
,30
0mg/
Monat
PubertaspraecoxF
Schering
TRIAC
Teatrois
j0,35
mg/Tbl.
p.o.
1Tb
l./Tag
Zen
traleSD
-Horm
on-
resisten
z
Lab.DB
Pharmaa
aNurau
sdem
Auslan
dbeziehbar.
210 Kapitel 8 � Anhang
8
. B Datenbanken und sonstige Informationsquellen Stand: Herbst 2004
Name Anschriften/Internet-Adressen
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Endokrinologie
(DGE)
Geschaftstelle: Burkle de la Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum
Tel.: 02 34-9 78 89 30, Fax: 02 34-9 78 89 31
www.endokrinologie.net
European Neuroendocrine Association
(ENEA)
President: Prof. Ashley Grossman
St. Bartholomew’s Hosp. West Smittfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Hypophyse der DGE c/o Prof. Dr. med. H.-J. Quabbe, Auguststr. 18, D-12209 Berlin
European Federation of Endocrine Societes
(EFES)
Regus Park Atrium, 11 Rue des Colonies, B-1000 Bruxelles, Belgique
Tel.: 00 32-2 517 71 07, Fax: 00 32-2 517 65 00
The Endocrine Society 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-5817,
USA
Tel.: 001-301-941-0200, Fax: 001-301-941-0259
www.endo-society.org
British Society for Endocrinology www.endocrinology.org
Netzwerk fur Hypohysen- und Neben-
nierenerkrankungen e. V.
Waldstraße 34, D-91054 Erlangen Tel.: 0 91 31-81 50 46,
Fax: 0 91 31-81 50 47
www.glandula-online.de
Internationale Selbsthilfegruppen
Pituitary Network Association (USA)
(PNA)
PO Box 1958, Thousand Oaks, CA 91358, USA, Tel.: 001-805-499-9973
www.pituitary.org
Die Druse (Osterreich) Jakob Wurmback, Eichenstraße 1, A-2521 Trumau
Schweizer Selbsthilfegruppe fur Krank-
heiten der Hypophyse
Wegweiser (Schweiz)
Arnold Forter, Postfach 529, CH-3004 Bern
Morbus Addison Foreningen I Danmark
(Danemark)
Jette Kristensen, Grenaavej 664 G, DK-8541 Skoedstrup
www.addison.dk
Nederlandse Vereniging voor Addison
en Cushing Patienten
(NVACP) (Niederlande)
Postbus 52137, NL-2505 CC Den Haag
www.nvacp.nl
Hypophysis (Schweden) Sandhult PL 801, S-28040 Skanes Fagerhult
www.come.to/hypophysis
8 · Anhang211 8
Literatur
9
Hypothalamus und Hypophyse
Bucher oder BuchkapitelBesser GM, Thorner MO (eds) (2002) Comprehensive
clinical endocrinology. Mosby, Elsevier Science,Edinburgh
Grossman A (ed) (1998) Clinical endocrinology, 2ndedn. Blackwell, Oxford
Hafferl A (1957) Lehrbuch der topographischen Anato-mie. Zweite Auflage. Springer, Berlin Gottingen Hei-delberg
Imura H (ed) (1994) The pituitary gland. In: Martini L(ed) Comprehensive endocrinology, 2nd edn. Raven,New York
Jockenhovel F, Gerhards S (Hrsg) (2002) Erkankungenvon Hypothalamus und Hypophyse. Uni-Med, Bre-men London Boston
Landolt AM, Vance ML, Reilly PS (eds) (1996) Pituitaryadenomas. Churchill-Livingstone, New York LondonSan Francisco Tokyo
Martini L (2004) Encyclopedia of endocrine diseases.Academic Press, San Diego
Melmed S (ed) (2002) The pituitary. Blackwell, OxfordMotta M (1991) Brain endocrinology. In: Martini L (ed)
Comprehensive endocrinology, 2nd edn. Raven, NewYork
Powell M, Lightman SL (eds) (1996) The management ofpituitary tumours. Churchill-Livingstone, New YorkLondon San Francisco Tokyo
Sheaves R, Jenkins PJ, Wass JAH (eds) (1997) Clinicalendocrine oncology. Blackwell Science, Oxford
Werder K von, Strasburger CJ, Scriba PC (2001) Hypo-thalamus und Hypophyse. In: Siegenthaler W(Hrsg) Klinische Pathophysiologie (8. Aufl). Thieme,Stuttgart, S 240 – 271
Werder K von, Fahlbusch R (eds) (1996) Pituitaryadenomas. From basic research to diagnosis andtherapy. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York (ICSNo. 1126)
Physiologie, Pathophysiologieund Diagnostik
Alba-Roth J, Muller OA, Schopohl J, Werder K von(1988) Arginine stimulates growth hormone secreti-on by suppressing endogenous Somatostatin secre-tion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67: 1186 – 1189
Amselem S, Duquesnoy Ph, Attree O, Novelli G, Bous-nina S, Postel-Vinay M-C, Goossens M (1989) Larondwarfism and mutations of the growth hormone-re-ceptor gene. New Engl J Med 321: 989 – 995
Arvat E, Giordano R, Grottoli S, Ghigo E (2002) Benzo-diazepines and anterior pituitary function. J Endo-crinol Invest 25: 735 – 747
Bartter FC, Schwartz WB (1967) The syndrome of inap-propriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am JMed 42: 790
Beck-Peccoz P, Amr S, Menezes-Ferreira MM, Faglia F,Weintraub BD (1985) Decreased receptor bindingof biologically inactive Thyrotropin in central hypo-thyroidism. N Engl J Med 312: 1085
Bick D, Franco B, Sherins RJ (1992) Brief report: intrage-nic deletion of the Kalig-I gene in Kallmann’s syn-drome. New Engl J Med 326: 1752 – 1755
Branson R, Potoczna N, Kral JG, Lentes K-U, Hoe-he MR, Horber FF (2003) Binge eating as a majorphenotype of melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutati-ons. N Engl J Med 348: 1096 – 1103
Chrousos GP (1995) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adre-nal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. NewEngl J Med 332: 1351 – 1362
Corpas E, Harman SM, Blackman MR (1993) Humangrowth hormone and human aging. Endocr Rev 14:20 – 39
Elmlinger MW, Dengler T, Weinstock Ch, Kuehnel W(2003) Endocrine alterations in the aging male.Clin Chem Lab Med 41 (7): 934 – 941
Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G et al. (1999) Effects ofrecombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenitalleptin deficiency. N Engl J Med 341: 879 – 884
Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Yeo GSH, Lank EJ, Cheetham T,O’Rahilly S (2003) Clinical spectrum of obesity andmutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. NEngl J Med 348: 1085 – 1095
Greenwood FC, Landon J, Stamp TCB (1966) The plas-ma sugar, free fatty acid, cortisol, and growth hormo-ne response to insulin in control subjects. J Clin In-vest 45: 429 – 436
Guillemin R, Brazeau P, Bohlen P et al. (1984) Somato-crinin, the growth hormone releasing factor. RecProgr Horm Res 40: 233
Hayes FJ, Pitteloud N, DeCruz S, Crowley WF, Boepple -PA (2001) Importance of inhibin B in the regulationof FSH secretion in the humanmale. J Clin Endocrin-ol Metab 86 (11): 5541 – 5546
Hileman SM, Pierroz DD, Flier JS (2000) Leptin, nutri-tion, and reproduction: Timing is everything. J ClinEndocrinol Metab 85: 804 – 807
Ishikawa S, Schrier RW (2003) Pathophysiological rolesof arginine vasopressin and aquaporin-2 in impairedwater excretion. Clin Endocrinol 58: 1 – 17
Knobil E, Plant TM, Wildt L, Belcher PE, Marshall G(1980) Control of the rhesus monkey menstrual cy-cle: permissive role of the hypothalamic gonadotro-pin in releasing hormone. Science 207: 137
Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H,Kangawa K (1999) Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-re-leasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402(6762): 656 – 660
Krude H, Biebermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G,Gruters A (1998) Severe early-onset obesity, adrenalinsufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused byPOMC mutations in humans. Nature Genetics 19:155– 157
Lisset CA, Shalet SM (2003) The insulin-like growth fac-tor-I generation test: Peripheral responsiveness to
214 Kapitel 9 � Literatur
9
growth hormone is not decreased with ageing. ClinEndocrinol 58: 238 – 245
Molitch ME, Russel EJ (1990) The pituitary »inciden-taloma«. Ann. Med 112: 925–931
Muller EE, Locatelli V, Cocchi D (1999) Neuroendocrinecontrol of growth hormone secretion. Physiol Rev 79(2)
Nachtigall LB, Boepple PA, Pralong FP, Crowley WF(1997) Adult-onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hy-pogonadism � a treatable form of male infertility.New Engl J Med 336: 141 – 145
Reincke M, Allolio B, Saeger W, Menzel J, Winkel-mann W (1990) The »incidentaloma« of the pituitarygland. JAMA 263: 2772 – 2776
Renner U, Brockmeier S, Strasburger CJ, Lange M,Schopohl J, Muller OA, Werder K von, Stalla GK(1994) Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide sti-mulation of GH release from human somatotrophadenoma cells: Interaction with GH releasing hormo-ne, thyrotropin releasing hormone, and octreotide. JClin Endocrinol Metab 78: 1090 – 1096
Renner U, Schaaf L, Stalla GK (2001) Hypothalamischeund hypophysare Erkrankungen. In: Ganten D,Ruckpaul K (Hrsg) Endokrinopathien. Springer, Ber-lin Heidelberg New York, S 11 – 44
Rivier J, Spiess J, Thorner M, Vale W (1982) Characteri-zation of a growth hormone-releasing factor from ahuman pancreatic islet tumor. Nature 300: 276 – 278
Rosenbloom AL, Guevara Aguirre J, Rosenfeld RG, Fiel-der PJ (1990) The little women of Loja� growth hor-mone-receptor deficiency in an inbred population ofsouthern Ecuador. New Engl J Med 323: 1367 – 1373
Salomon F, Cuneo RC, Hesp R, Sonksen PH (1989) Theeffects of treatment with recombinant human growthhormone on body composition and metabolism inadults with growth hormone deficiency. N Engl JMed 321: 1797 – 1803
Schopohl J, Mehltretter G, Zumbusch R von, Evers-mann T, Werder K von (1991) Comparison of gona-dotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin ther-apy in male patients with idiopathic hypothalamichypogonadism. Fertil Steril 56: 1143 – 1150
Shintani M, Ogawa Y, Ebihara K et al. (2001) Ghrelin,an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is anovel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin ac-tion through the activation of hypothalamic neuro-peptide Y/Y1 receptor pathway. Diabetes 50 (2):227 – 232
Strasburger CJ, Wu Z, Pflaum C-D, Dressendorffer RA(1996) Immunofunctional assay of human growthhormone (hGH) in serum: A possible consensusfor quantitative hGH measurement. J Clin Endocrin-ol Metab 1: 2613 – 2620
Tong S, Wallace EM, Burger HG (2003) Inhibins and ac-tivins: Clinical advances in reproductive medicine.Clin Endocrinol 58: 115 – 127
Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML (2000) Ghrelin indu-ces adiposity in rodents. Nature 407 (6806): 908 –913
Veldhuis JD, Rogol AD, Johnson ML, Dufau ML (1983)Endogenous opiates modulate the pulsatile secretionof biologically active luteinizing hormone in man. JClin Invest 72: 2031
Vettor R, Fabris R, Pagano C, Federspil G (2002) Neuro-endocrine regulation of eating behavior. J Endocrin-ol Invest 25: 836 – 854
Vokes T, Robertson GL (1985) Physiology of secretion ofvasopressin. Front Horm Res 13: 127
Weinstein LS, Shenker A, Gejman PV, Merino MJ,Friedman E, Spiegel AM (1991) Activating mutationsof the stimulatory G protein in the McCune-Albrightsyndrome. New Engl J Med 325: 1688 – 1695
Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J, Murphy R, Smith P, DePaoliAM, Karalis A, Mantzoros CS (2004) Recombinanthuman leptin in women with hypothalamic amenor-rhea. New Engl J Med 351: 987–997
Werder K von (1986) The biological role of hypothala-mic hypophysiotropic neuropeptides. Adv TechStand Neurosurg 14: 73 – 134
Hypothalamisch/hypophysare Insuffizienz/Hypophysare Raumforderungen
Arafah BM (1986) Reversible hypopituitarism in pa-tients with large non-functioning pituitary adeno-mas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62: 1173 – 1179
Barkan AL, Kelch RP, Marshall JC (1985) Isolated gona-dotrope failure in the polyglandular autoimmunesyndrome. New Engl J Med 312: 1535
Baumann ML, Hogan GR (1973) Laurence-Moon-Biedlsyndrome. Am J Dis Child 126: 119
Baumann G, Shaw MA, Winter RJ (1987) Absence of theplasma growth hormone binding protein in Laron-type dwarfism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65: 814
Bjerre P, Lindholm J, Videbaek H (1986) Spontaneouscourse of pituitary adenomas and occurrence ofan empty sella in untreated acromegaly. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 63: 287 – 291
Bradley KJ, Wass JAH, Turner HE (2003) Non-functio-ning pituitary adenomas with positive immunoreac-tivity for ACTH behave more aggressively thanACTH immunonegative tumours but do not recurmore frequently. Clin Endocrinol 58: 59 – 64
Cheung CC, Ezzat S, Smyth HS, Asa SL (2001) The spec-trum and significance of primary hypophysitis. J ClinEndocrinol Metab 86: 1048 – 1053
Clarren SK, Smith DW (1977) The Prader-Willi syndro-me. Am J Dis Child 131: 798
Cohen LE, Radovick S (2002) Molecular basis of combi-ned pituitary hormone deficiencies. Endocrin Rev 23:431 – 442
Constine LS, Woolf PD, Cann D, Mick G, McCormick K,Raubertas RF, Rubin Ph (1993) Hypothalamic-pitui-tary dysfunction after radiation for brain tumors.New Engl J Med 328: 87 – 94
9 · Literatur215 9
Fery F, Plat L, Born P van de, Cogan E, Mockel J (1999)Impaired counterregulation of glucose in a patientwith hypothalamic sarcoidosis. New Engl J Med340: 852 – 856
Imura H, Nakao K et al. (1993) Lymphocytic infundibu-loneurohypophysitis as a cause of central diabetesinsipidus. New Engl J Med 329: 683
Janmohamed S, Grossman AB, Metcalfe K et al. (2002)Suprassellar germ cell tumours: specific problemsand the evolution of optimal management with acombined chemoradiotherapy regimen. Clin Endo-crinol 57: 487 – 500
Jensen MD, Handwerger BS, Scheithauer BW et al.(1986) Lymphocytic hypophysitis with isolated corti-cotropin deficiency. Ann Intern Med 105: 200 – 203
Kallmann F, Schonfeld WA, Barrera WS (1944) Geneticaspects of primary eunuchoidism. Am J Ment De-fic 48: 203
Kaltsas GA, Grossman AB (1998)Malignant pituitary tu-mours. Pituitary 1: 69 – 81
Kofoed EM, Hwa V, Little B et al. (2003) Growth hormo-ne insensitivity associated with a STAT5b mutation.N Engl J Med 349: 1139 – 1147
Komninos J, Vlassopoulou V, Protopapa D, Korfias S,Kontogeorgos G, Sakas DE, Thalassinos NC (2004)Tumors metastatic to the pituitary gland: Case reportand literature review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:574 – 580
Kowarski AA, Schneider J, Ben-Galim E et al. (1978)Growth failure with normal serum RIA-GH andlow somatomedin activity: somatomedin restorationand growth acceleration after exogenous GH. J ClinEndocrinol Metab 47: 461
Lieberman SA, Oberoi AL, Gilkison CR, Masel BE, Ur-ban RJ (2001) Prevalence of neuroendocrine dys-function in patients recovering from traumatic braininjury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 2752 – 2756
Merke DP, Tajima T, Baron J, Cutler GB (1999) Hypogo-nadotropic hypogonadism in a female caused by anx-linked recessive mutation in the DAX1 gene. N EnglJ Med 340: 1248 – 1252
Merimee TJ, Zapf J, Froesch ER (1982) Insulin-likegrowth factors (IGFs) in pygmies and subjectswith the pygmy trait. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:1082
Murialdo G, Tamagno G (2002) Endocrine aspects ofneurosarcoidosis. J Endocrinol Invest 25: 650 – 662
Oelkers W (1989) Hyponatremia and inappropriate se-cretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in pa-tients with hypopituitarism. New Engl J Med 321:492 – 496
Regal M, Paramo C, Sierra JM, Garcia-Mayor RV (2001)Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in anadult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain.Clin Endocrinol 55: 735 – 740
Schneider HJ, Schneider M, Rosen F von, Stalla GK(2004) Hypophyseninsuffizienz nach Schadel-Hirn-Trauma. Deutsch Arzteblatt 101: 586 – 589
Wichers-Rother M, Hoven S, Kristof RA, Bliesener N,Stoffel Wagner B (2004) Non-functioning pituitaryadenomas: Endocrinological and clinical outcomeafter transsphenoidal and transcranial surgery. ExpClin Endocrinol Diabetes 112: 323 – 327
Hyperprolaktinamie/Prolaktinome
Barkan AL, Chandler WF (1998) Giant pituitary prolac-tinoma with falsely low serum prolactin: the pitfall ofthe »high-dose Hook effect«: Case report. Neurosur-gery 42: 913 – 916
Bevan JS, Webster J, Burke CW, Scanlon MF (1992) Do-pamine agonists and tumour shrinkage. EndocrRev 13: 220 – 240
Colao A, Di Sarno A, Cappabianca P, Di Somma C, Pi-vonello R, Lombardi G (2003) Withdrawal of long-term cabergoline therapy for tumoral and nontumo-ral hyperprolactinemia. New Engl J Med 349: 2023 –2033
Erdheim J, Stumme D (1909) Uber die Schwanger-schaftsveranderung in der Hypophyse. Beitr PatholAnat Allg Pathol 46: 1 – 132
Fluckiger E, Pozo E del, Werder K von (1982) Prolactin,physiology, pharmacology and clinical findings. Mo-nographs on endocrinology, vol 23. Springer, BerlinHeidelberg New York
Franks S, Nabarro JDN, Jacobs JS (1977) Prevalence andpresentation of hyperprolactinemia in patients with»functionless« pituitary tumors. Lancet 1: 778 – 780
Garcia MM, Kapcala LP (1995) Growth of a microprolac-tinoma to a macroprolactinoma during estrogentherapy. J Endocrinol Invest 18: 450 – 455
Gemzell C, Wang CF (1979) Outcome of pregnancy inwomen with pituitary adenoma. Fertil Steril 31:363 – 372
George LD, Nicolau N, Scanlon MF, Davies JS (2000)Recovery of growth hormone secretion following ca-bergoline treatment of macroprolactinomas. ClinEndocrinol 53: 595 – 599
Hattori N, Ikebuko K, Ishihara T, Moridera K, Hino M,Kurahachi H (1992) A normal ovulatory woman withhyperprolactinemia: presence of anti-prolactin auto-antibody and the regulation of prolactin secretion.Acta Endocr 126: 497 – 500
Hershon KS, Kelly WA, Shaw CM, Schwartz R, Bier-mann EL (1983) Prolactinomas as part of themultipleendocrine neoplastic syndrome type I. Am J Med 74:713 – 720
Kleinberg DL, Noel GL, Frantz AG (1977) Galactorrhea:study of 235 cases including 48 with pituitary tumors.N Engl J Med 296: 589 – 600
Klibanski A, Neer RM, Beitisn JZ, Ridgway EC, Zer-vas NT, McArthur JW (1980) Decreased bone densityin hyperprolactinemic women. N Engl J Med 303:1511 – 1514
Krupp P, Monka C (1987) Bromocriptine in pregnancy:safety aspects. Klin Wochenschr 65: 823 – 827
216 Kapitel 9 � Literatur
9
Martin NA, Hales M, Wilson CB (1981) Cerebellar meta-stasis from a prolactinoma during treatment withbromocriptine. J Neurosurg 55: 615 – 619
Raber W, Gessl A, Nowotny P, Vierhapper H (2003) Hy-perprolactinemia in hypothyroidism: clinical signifi-cance and impact of TSH normalization. Clin Endo-crinol 58: 185 – 191
Rjosk H-K, Fahlbusch R, Werder K von (1982) Sponta-neous development of hyperprolactinemia. Acta En-docrinol (Copenh) 100: 333 – 336
Scanlon MF, Rodriguez-Arnao MD, McGregor AM et al.(1981) Altered dopaminergic regulation of thyrotro-pin release in patients with prolactinomas; compari-son with other tests of hypothalamic-pituitary func-tion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 14: 133 – 143
Scheithauer BW, Horvath E, Kovacs K et al. (1999) Pro-lactin-producing pituitary adenoma and carcinomawith neuronal components – a metastatic lesion.Pituitary 1: 97 – 206
Schlechte JA (2003) Prolactinoma. New Engl J Med 349:2035 – 2041
Suginami H, Hamad K, Yano K, Kuroda G, Matsuura S(1986) Ovulation induction with bromocriptine innormoprolactinemic anovulatory women. J Clin En-docrinol Metab 62: 899 – 903
Thorner MO, Martin WH, Rogol AD et al. (1980) Rapidregression of pituitary prolactinomas during bromo-criptine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 438 –445
Thorner MO, Perryman RL, Rogol AD et al. (1981) Rapidchanges of prolactinoma volume after withdrawaland reinstitution of bromocriptine. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 53: 480 – 483
Valette-Kasic S, Morange-Ramos I, Selim A et al. (2002)Macroprolactinemia revisited: A study on 106 pa-tients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 581 – 588
Van’t Verlaat JW, Croughs RJM (1991) Withdrawal ofbromocriptine after long-term therapy of macropro-lactinomas: effect on plasma prolactin and tumoursize. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 34: 175
Wallaschofksi H, Donne M, Eigenthaler M et al. (2001)PRL as a novel potent cofactor for platelet aggrega-tion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 5912 – 5919
Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, Ferrari CI, Ismail I, Scan-lon MF (1994) A comparison of cabergoline and bro-mocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemicamenorrhea. N Engl J Med 331: 904 – 909
Werder K von, Muller OA, Fink U, Graf K (1994) Dia-gnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. In:Imura H (ed) The pituitary, 2nd edn. Raven, NewYork, pp 453 – 489
Hypophyse und Schwangerschaft
Blackhurst G, Strachan MW, Collie D, Gregor A, Sta-tham PFX, Seckl JER (2002) The treatment of a thy-rotropin-secreting pituitary macroadenoma with oc-
treotide in twin pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol 56:401 – 404
Elster AD, Sanders TG, Vines FS, Chen MYM (1991) Sizeand shape of the pituitary gland during pregnancyand post partum: Measurement with MR imaging.Radiology 181: 531 – 535
Fassnacht M, Capeller B, Arlt W, Steck T, Allolio B(2001) Octreotide LARj treatment throughout preg-nancy in an acromegalic woman. Clin Endocrinol 55:411 – 415
Feigenbaum SL, Martin MC et al. (1991) Lymphocyticadenohypophysitis: a pituitary mass lesion occurringin pregnancy. Proposal for medical treatment. Am JObstet Gynecol 164: 1549
Frohman LA (2001) Pituitary tumors in pregnancy. En-docrinologist 11: 399 – 406
Herman-Bonert V, Seliverstov M, Melmed S (1998)Pregnancy in acromegaly: Successful therapeuticoutcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 727 – 731
Ikeda H, Okudaira Y (1987) Spontaneous regression ofpituitary mass in temporal association with pregnan-cy. Neuroradiology 29: 488 – 492
Magyar DM, Marshall JR (1978) Pituitary tumors andpregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132: 739 – 751
McGrail KM, Beyerl BD, Black PM et al. (1987) Lympho-cytic adenohypophysitis of pregnancy with completerecovery. Neurosurgery 20: 791 – 793
Miki Y, Asato R, Okumura R, Togashi K, Kimura I, Ka-wakami S, Konishi J (1993) Anterior pituitary glandin pregnancy: Hyperintensity at MR. Radiology187: 229 – 231
Mornex R, Hugues B (1991) Remission of hyperprolacti-nemia after pregnancy. N Engl J Med 324: 60
Neal JM (2000) Successful pregnancy in a woman withacromegaly treated with octreotide. Endocr Pract 6:148 – 150
Rjosk H-K, Fahlbusch R, Werder K von (1982) Influenceof pregnancies on prolactinomas. Acta endocrinol(Copenh) 100: 331–346
Akromegalie
MonographienHarris AG (1996) Acromegaly and its management. Lip-
pincott-Raven, Philadelphia New YorkQuabbe HJ (ed) (2004) Interdisziplinares Vorgehen bei
Akromegalie und Gigantismus. Uni-Med, BremenLondon Boston
Schaffert S, Werder K von (2001) Akromegalie � VomSymptom zu Diagnose und Therapie. Springer, Ber-lin Heidelberg New York
Wass JAH (ed) (1994) Treating acromegaly. British So-ciety of Endocrinology, Bristol/UK
Wass JAH (ed) (2001) Handbook of acromegaly. BioScientifia, Bristol/UK
9 · Literatur217 9
BeitrageAbs R, Verhelst J, Maiter D et al. (1998) Cabergoline in
the treatment of acromegaly: A study in 64 patients. JClin Endocr Metab 83: 374 – 378
Ahmed S, Elsheikh M, Stratton IM, Page RCL,Adams CBT, Wass JAH (1999) Outcome of transphe-noidal surgery for acromegaly and its relationship tosurgical experience. Clin Endocrinol 50: 561 – 567
Alexander L, Appleton D, Hall R, Ross WM, Wilkin-son R (1980) Epidemiology of acromegaly in theNewcastle region. Clin Endocrinol 12: 71 – 79
Barkan AL, Shenker Y, Grekin RJ, Vale WW (1988)Acromegaly from ectopic growth hormone-releasinghormone secretion by a malignant carcinoid tumor.Successful treatment with long-acting somatostatinanalogue SMS 201 – 995. Cancer 61: 221 – 226
Bengtsson B, Eden S, Ernest I, Oden A, Sjogren B (1988)Epidemiology and long-term survival in acromegaly.A study of 166 cases diagnosed between 1955 and1984. Acta Medica Scandinavia 223: 327 – 335
Buchfelder M, Brockmeier S, Fahlbusch R et al. (1991)Recurrence following transsphenoidal surgery foracromegaly. Horm Res 35: 113 – 118
Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Schott W, Honegger J (1991)Long-term follow-up results in hormonally activepituitary adenomas after primary successful trans-sphenoidal surgery. Acta Neurochir Suppl 53: 72 – 76
Chiodini PG, Liuzzi A, Botalla L, Oppizzi G, Muller EE,Silvestrini F (1975) Stable reduction of plasma growthhormone (hGH) levels during chronic administrati-on of 2 Br-alfa-ergocryptine (CB 154) in acromegalicpatients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40: 705
Calao A, Balzano A, Ferone D et al. (1997) Increasedprevalence of colonic polyps and altered lymphocytesubset pattern in the colonic lamina propria in acro-megaly. Clin Endocrinol 47: 23 – 28
Davidoff LM (1926) Studies in acromegaly. III. Theanamnesis and symptomatology in one hundred ca-ses. Endocrinol 10: 461 – 483
Daughaday WH (1977) Extreme gigantism. New Engl JMed 297: 1267 – 1269
Eversmann T, Ludeke U, Fahlbusch R, Werder K von(1986) TRH-stimulierte Wachstumshormonsekreti-on bei Akromegalie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 111:1091 – 1096
Extabe J, Gaztambide S, Latorre P, Vazquez J (1993)Acromegaly: an epidemiological study. J EndocrinolInvest 16: 181 – 187
Ezzat S, Melmed S (1991) Review: Are patients with acro-megaly at increased risk for neoplasia? J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 72: 245 – 249
Ezzat S, Forster MJ, Berchtold P, Redelmeier D, Boer-lin V, Harris AG (1994) Acromegaly: clinical and bio-chemical features in 500 patients. Medicine 73: 233 –240
Faglia G, Beck-Peccoz P, Travaglini P et al. (1973) Eleva-tions in plasma growth hormone concentration afterluteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) in
patients with active acromegaly. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 37: 338 – 340
Faglia G, Arosio M, Ambrosi B (1994) Recent advancesin diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly. In:Imura H (ed) The pituitary gland, 2nd edn. Raven,New York, pp 411 – 451
Fahlbusch R, Honegger J, Buchfelder M (1992) Surgicalmanagement of acromegaly. Endocrinol MetabClin North America 21: 669 – 692
Freda PU, Post KD, Powell JS, Wardlaw SL (1998) Eva-luation of disease status with sensitive measures ofgrowth hormone secretion in 60 postoperative pa-tients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3808 – 3816
Freda PU, Nuruzzaman AT, Reyes CM, Sundeen RE,Post KD (2004) Significance of »abnormal« nadirgrowth hormone levels after oral glucose in postope-rative patients with acromegaly in remission withnormal insulin-like growth factor-I levels. J Clin En-docrinol Metab 89: 495 – 500
Guistina A, Barkan A, Casanueva FF et al. (2000) Crite-ria for cure of acromegaly: A consensus statement. JClin Endocrinol Metab 85: 526 – 529
Guistina A, Casanueva FF, Cavagnini F et al. (2003) Dia-gnosis and treatment of acromegaly complications. JEndocrinol Invest 26: 1242 – 1247
Gutt B, Hatzack C, Morrison K, Pollinger B, Schopohl J(2001) Conventional pituitary irradiation is effectivein normalizing plasma IGF-1 in patients with acro-megaly. Eur J Endocrinol 144: 109 – 116
Herrmann BL, Baumann H, Janssen OE, Gorges R,Schmid KW, Mann K (2004) Impact of disease activ-ity on thyroid diseases in patients with acromegaly:Basal evaluation and follow-up. Exp Clin EndocrinolDiabetes 112: 225 – 230
Hoek J van der, Herder WW de, Feelders RA et al.(2004) A single-dose comparison of the acute effectsbetween the new somatostatin analog SOM230 andoctreotide in acromegalic patients. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 89: 638 – 645
Holdaway IM, Rajasoorya RC, Gamble GD (2004) Fac-tors influencing mortality in acromegaly. J Clin En-docrinol Metab 89: 667 – 674
Jenkins PJ, Akker S, Chew SL, Besser GM, Monson JP,Grossman AB (2000) Optimal dosage interval for de-pot somatostatin analogue therapy in acromegaly re-quires individual titration. Clin Endocrinol 53: 719 –724
Jenkins PJ,Fairclough PD, Richards T et al. (1997) Acro-megaly, colonic polyps and carcinoma. Clin Endo-crinol 47: 17 – 22
Joint Consensus Conference of The Growth HormoneResearch Society and The Pituitary Society (2004)Biochemical assessment and long-term monitoringin patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab89: 3099–3102
Kopchick JJ, Parkinson C, Stevens EC, Trainer PJ (2002)Growth hormone receptor antagonists: Discovery,
218 Kapitel 9 � Literatur
9
development, and use in patients with acromegaly.Endocrin Rev 23: 623 – 646
Lamberts SWJ, Lely A-J van der, Herder WW, Hof-land LJ (1996) Octreotide. N Engl J Med 334:246 – 254
Landis CA, Masters SB, Spada A et al. (1989) GTPase in-hibiting mutations activate the alpha chain of Gs andstimulate adenyl cyclase in human pituitary tumors.Nature 340: 692 – 696
Leavitt J, Klein I, Kendrichs F, Galaver J, Theil DH van(1983) Skin tags: a cutaneous marker for colonic po-lyps. Ann Intern Med 98: 928 – 930
Lely AJ van der, Muller AF, Jansen JA, Davis RJ, Zib KA,Scarlett JA, Lamberts SWJ (2001) Control of tumorsize and disease activity during cotreatment with oc-treotide and the growth hormone receptor antago-nist pegvisomant in an acromegalic patient. J ClinEndocr Metab 86: 478 – 481
Losa M, Werder K von (1997) Pathophysiology and cli-nical aspects of the ectopic GH-releasing hormonesyndrome. Review. Clin Endocrinol 47: 123 – 135
Losa M, Oeckler R, Schopohl J, Muller OA, Alba-Lo-pez J, Werder K von (1989) Evaluation of selectivetranssphenoidal adenomectomy by endocrinologicaltesting and somatomedin-C measurement in acro-megaly. J Neurosurg 70: 561
Losa M, Wolfram G, Mojto J et al. (1990) Presence ofgrowth hormone-releasing hormone-like immuno-reactivity in human tumors: characterization of im-munological and biological properties. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 70: 62 – 67
Melmed S (1990) Acromegaly. N Engl J Med 322: 966 –977
Melmed S, Ezrin C, Kovacs K, Goodman RS, Frohman -LA (1985) Acromegaly due to secretion of growthhormone by an ectopic pancreatic islet-cell tumor.N Engl J Med 312: 9 – 17
Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Cavagnini F et al. (2002) Gui-delines for acromegaly management. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 87: 4054 – 4058
Molitch M (1992) Clinical manifestations of acromegaly.Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 21: 597 – 614
Muller AF, Kopchick JJ, Flyvbjerg, Lely AJ van der(2004) Growth hormone receptor antagonists. JClin Endocrinol Metab 89: 1503 – 1511
Nabarro JDN (1987) Acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol 26:481 – 521
Newman CB, Melmed S, George A (1998) Octreotide asprimary therapy for acromegaly. J Clin Endocr Me-tab 83: 3034 – 3049
Orme SM, McNally RJ, Cartwright RA, Belchetz PE(1998) Mortality and cancer incidence in acromegaly:a retrospective cohort study. United Kingdom Acro-megaly Study Group. J Clin Endocr Metab 83: 2730 –2734
Parkinson C, Trainer PJ (1999) Growth hormone recep-tor antagonist therapy for acromegaly. Bailliere’sClin Endocr Metab 13: 419 – 430
Peacey SR, Toogood AA, Veldhuis JD, Thorner MO,Shalet SM (2001) The relationship between 24-hourgrowth hormone secretion and insulin-like growthfactor I in patients with successfully treated acrome-galy: Impact of surgery or radiotherapy. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 86: 259 – 266
Rajasoorya C, Holdaway IM, Wrightson P, Scott DJ, Ib-bertson HK (1994) Determinants of clinical outcomeand survival in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol 41: 95 –102
Richert S, Strauss A, Fahlbusch R, Oeckler R, Wer-der K von (1987) Psychopathologische Symptomatikund Personlichkeitszuge bei Patienten mit floriderAkromegalie. Schweiz Arch Neur Psych 138: 61 – 86
Ritchie CM, Arkinson AB, Kennedy AL et al. (1990) As-certainment and natural history of treated acrome-galy in Nothern Ireland. Ulster Med J 59: 55 – 62
Sacca L, Cittadini A, Fazio S (1994) Growth hormoneand the heart. Endocrine Rev 15: 555 – 573
Sheppard MC (2003) Primary medical therapy for acro-megaly. Clin Endocrinol 58: 387 – 399
Swearingen B, Barker II FG, Katznelson L et al. (1998)Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgeryand adjunctive therapy for acromegaly. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 83: 3419 – 3426
Trainer PJ, Drake WM, Katznelson L, Freda PU et al.(2000) Treatment of acromegaly with the growthhormone-receptor antagonist pegvisomant. N EnglJ Med 342: 1171 – 1177
Werder K von (2002) Acromegaly and thyroid. J Endo-crinol Invest 25: 930 – 931
Cushing-Syndrom
Ambrosi B, Faglia G and the Multicenter Pituitary Tu-mor Study Group, Lombardia Region (1991) Epide-miology of pituitary tumors. In: Faglia G, Beck-Pec-coz P, Ambrosi B, Travaglini P, Spada A (eds) Pitui-tary adenomas: new trends in basic and clinical re-search. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 159 – 168
Antonini SRR, Latronico AC, Elias LLK et al. (2002)Glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms inACTH-secreting pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrin-ol 57: 657 – 662
Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB et al. (2003) Diagno-sis and complications of Cushing’s syndrome: A con-sensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5593 – 5602
Bakiri F, Tatai S, Aouali R, Semrouni M, Derome P, Chi-tour F, Benmiloud M (1996) Treatment of Cushing’sdisease by transsphenoidal, pituitary microsurgery:prognosis factors and long-term follow-up. J Endo-crinol Invest 19: 572 – 580
Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M and the EuropeanCushing’s Disease Study Group (1995) Factors in-fluencing the immediate and late outcome of Cus-hing’s disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery:A retrospective study by the European Cushing’s
9 · Literatur219 9
Disease Survey Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3114 – 3120
Burke CW, Adams CBT, Esiri MM, Morris C, Bevan JS(1990) Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s dis-ease: does what is removed determine the endocrineoutcome? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 33: 525 – 537
Cannavo S, Ambrosi B, Chiodini I et al. (2004) Baselineand CRH-stimulated ACTH and cortisol levels afteradministration of the peroxisome proliferator-acti-vated receptor-c ligand, rosiglitazone, in Cushing’sdisease. J Endocrinol Invest 27: RC8�RC11
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital(2002) N Engl J Med 346: 1152 – 1158
Colombo P, Passini E, Re T, Faglia G, Ambrosi B (1997)Effect of desmopressin on ACTH and cortisol secre-tion in states of ACTH excess. Clinical Endocrinolo-gy 46: 661 – 668
Cushing H (1932) The basophil adenomas of the pituita-ry body and their clinical manifestations (pituitarybasophilism). Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 50: 137 – 195
Extabe J, Vazquez JA (1994) Morbidity and mortality inCushing’s disease: an epidemiological approach. ClinEndocrinol (Oxf) 40: 479 – 484
Fahlbusch R, Buchfelder M, Muller OA (1986) Trans-sphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. J R SocMed 79: 252 – 259
Guilhaume B, Bertagna X, Thomsen M et al. (1988)Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery for the treatmentof Cushing’s disease: results in 64 patients and long-term follow up studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:1056 – 1064
Heany AP, Fernando M, Melmed S (2003) PPAR-c re-ceptor ligands: Novel therapy for pituitary adeno-mas. J Clin Invest 111: 1381 – 1388
Herder WW de, Krenning EP, Mak-Ichoff CD et al.(1994) Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: its valuein tumour localization in patients with Cushing’ssyndrome caused by ectopic corticotropin or corti-cotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Am J Med305 – 312
Herman V, Fagin J, Gonsky R, Kovacs K, Melmed S(1990) Clonal origin of pituitary adenomas. J ClinMetab 71: 1427 – 1433
Hermus ARMM, Pieters GFFM, Pesman GJ, Smals AGH,Benraad TJ, Kloppenborg PWC (1986) The cortico-tropin-releasing-hormone test versus the high-dosedexamethasone test in the differential diagnosis ofCushing’s syndrome. Lancet II: 540 – 544
Howlett TA, Price J, Hale AC, Doniach L, Rees HL,Wass JAH, Besser GM (1985) Pituitary ACTH-depen-dent Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic productionof bombesin-like peptide by a medullary carcinomaof the thyroid. Clin Endocrinol 22: 91 – 107
Howlett TA, Plowman PN, Wass JAH, Rees LH, Jones -AE, Besser M (1989) Megavoltage pituitary irradiati-on in the management of Cushing’s disease and Nel-son’s syndrome: longterm follow up. Clin Endocrin-ol 31: 309 – 323
Ikeda H, Yoshimoto T, Ogawa Y, Mizoi K, Murakami O(1997) Clinico-pathological study of Cushing’s dis-ease with large pituitary adenoma. Clin Endocrin-ol 46: 669 – 679
Lacroix A, Bolte E, Tremblay J et al. (1992) Gastric inhi-bitory polypeptide-dependent cortisol hypersecreti-on � a new cause of Cushing’s syndrome. N EnglJ Med 327: 974
Lamberts SWJ, Lange SA de, Stefanko SZ (1982) Adre-nocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas origi-nate from the anterior or intermediate lobe in Cus-hing’s disease: difference in the regulation of hormo-ne secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 286
Lormeau B, Miossec P, Sibony M, Valensi P, Attali J-R(1997) Adrenocorticotropin-producing pituitary car-cinoma with liver metastasis. J Endocrinol Invest 20:230 – 236
Mampalam TJ, Tyrrel JB, Wilson CB (1988) Transsphe-noidal microsurgery for Cushing’s disease: a reportof 216 cases. Ann Intern Med 109: 487 – 493
McCane DR, Besser M, Brew Atkinson A (1996) Assess-ment of cure after transsphenoidal surgery for Cus-hing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol 44: 1 – 6
Magiakou MA, Chrousos GP (2002) Cushing’s syndro-me in children and adolescents: Current diagnosticand therapeutic strategies. J Endocrinol Invest 25:181 – 194
Newell-Price J, Perry L, Medbak S, Monson J, Savage M,Besser M, Grossman A (1997) A combined test usingdesmopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormonein the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 176 – 191
Newell-Price JD, Trainer PJ, Besser GM, Grossman A(1998) The diagnosis and differential diagnosis ofCushing’s syndrome and pseudo-Cushing’s states.Endocrine Rev 19: 647 – 672
Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK et al. (1991) Pe-trosal sinus sampling with and without corticotro-pin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosisof cushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 325: 897 – 905
Orth DN (1995) Cushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 332:791 – 803
Paez-Pereda M, Kovalovsky D, Hopfner U et al. (2001)Retinoic acid prevents experimental Cushing’s syn-drome. J Clin Invest 108: 1123 – 1131
Ram Z, Nieman LK, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP, Dopp-man JL, Oldfield EH (1994) Early repeat surgery forpersistent Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 80: 37 – 45
Reznik Y, Allali-Zerah V, Chayvialle JA (1992) Food-de-pendent Cushing’s syndrome mediated by aberrantadrenal sensitivity to gastric inhibitory polypeptide.N Engl J Med 327: 981
Schrell U, Fahlbusch R, Buchfelder M, Riedl S, Stal-la GK, Muller OA (1987) Corticotropin-releasinghormone stimulation test before and after transsphe-noidal selective microadenomectoma in 30 patientswith Cushing’s diseas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:1150 – 1159
220 Kapitel 9 � Literatur
9
Stalla GK, Stalla J, Huber M, Offer J-P, Holt V, Wer-der K von, Muller OA (1988) Ketoconazole inhibitscorticotropic cell function in vitro. Endocrinology122: 618 – 623
Stewart PM, Walkter BR, Holder G, O’Halloran D,Shackleton CHL (1995) 11-b-hydroxysteroid dehy-drogenase activity in Cushing’s syndrome: explai-ning the mineralocorticoid excess state of the ectopicadrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 80: 3617 – 3620
Sturrok NDC, Morgan C, Jeffcoate WJ (1995) Autono-mous nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex: ter-tiary hypercortisolism? Clinical Endocrinology 43:753 – 758
Trainer PJ, Lawrie HS, Verheist J et al. (1993) Trans-sphenoidal resection in Cushing’s disease: undetec-table serum cortisol as the definition of successfultreatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39: 73 – 78
Van Cauter E, Refetoff S (1985) Evidence for two subty-pes of Cushing’s disease based on the analysis of epi-sodic cortisol secretion. N Engl J Med 312: 1343
Werder K von, Muller OA (1993) The role of corticotro-pin releasing factor in the investigation of endocrinediseases. In: Corticotropin releasing factor, CibaFoundation Symposium 172. J Wiley & Sons, Chiche-ster, pp 317 – 333
Werder K von, Muller OA (1998) Cushing’s syndrome.In: Grossman A (ed) Clinical endocrinology. Black-well, Oxford
Wajchenberg BL, Mendonca BB, Liberman B, Alberg-aria Preiera MA, Campos Carneiro P, Wakamatsu A,Kirschner MA (1994) Ectopic adrenocorticotropichormone syndrome. Endocr Rev 15: 752 – 787
Young J, Deneux C, Grino M, Oliver C, Chanson P,Schaison G (1998) Pitfall of petrosal sinus samplingin a Cushing’s syndrome secondary to ectopic adre-nocorticotropin � Corticotropin releasing hormone(ACTH-CRH) secretion. J Clin Endocr Metab 83:305 – 308
Young WF, Carney JA, Byron UM, Wulffraat NM,Lens JW, Drexhage HA (1989) Familial Cushing’ssyndrome due to primary pigmented nodular adre-nocortical disease. N Engl J Med 321: 1659 – 1666
TSH-, Gonadotropin-, a-Subunit-produzierende Tumoren
Ambrosi B, Bassetti M, Ferrario R, Medri G, Giannatta-sio G, Faglia G (1990) Precocious puberty in a boywith a PRL-, LH-, and FSH-secreting pituitary tumor;hormonal and immunocytochemical studies. ActaEndocrinol (Copenh) 122: 569
Beck-Peccoz P, Brucker-Davis F, Persani L, Small-ridge RC, Weintraub BD (1996 a) Thyrotropin-secre-ting pituitary tumors. Endoc Rev 17: 610 – 638
Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L, Mantovani S, Cortelazzi D,Asteria C (1996 b) Thyrotropin-secreting Pituitaryadenomas. Metabolism 45: 75 – 79
Brucker-Davis F, Oldfield EH, Skarulis MC, Dopp-man JL, Weintraub BD (1999) Thyrotropin-secretingpituitary tumors: Diagnostic criteria, thyroid hormo-ne sensitivity, and treatment outcome in 25 patientsfollowed at the National Institutes of Health. Clin En-docrinol Metab 84: 476 – 486
Cooper DS, Wenig BM (1996) Hyperthyroidism causedby an ectopic TSH-secreting pituitary tumor. Thyro-id 6: 337 – 343
Daneshdoost L, Gennarelli TA, Bashey HM, Savino PJ,Sergott RC, Bosley TM, Snyder PJ (1991) Recognitionof gonadotroph adenomas in women. N Engl J Med324: 589 – 594
Dhillon KS, Cohan P, Kelly DF, Darwin CH, Iyer KV,Chopra IJ (2004) Treatment of hyperthyroidism as-sociated with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adeno-mas with iopanoic acid. J Clin Endocr Metab 89:708 – 711
Gesundheit N, Petrick P, Nissim M et al. (1989) Thyro-tropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: clinical andbiochemical heterogeneity. Ann Intern Med 111:827 – 835
Gouriotis L, Skarulis M, Brucker-Davis F, Oldfield E,Sarlis N (2001) Effectiveness of long-acting octreoti-de in suppressing hormonogenesis and tumorgrowth in thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas:Report of two cases. Pituitary 4: 135 – 143
Horn K, Erhardt F, Fahlbusch R, Pickardt CR, Wer-der K von, Scriba PC (1976) Recurrent goiter, hyper-thyreoidism, galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea due toa thyrotropin and prolactin-producing pituitary tu-mor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 137 – 143
Ishibashi M, Yamaji T, Takaku F, Teramoto A, Fukushi-ma T (1987) Secretion of glycoprotein hormonealpha-subunit by pituitary tumors. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 64: 1187 – 1193
Jameson JL, Klibansky A, Black PM, Zervas NT, Lin-dell CM, Husu DW, Snyder PJ (1987) Glycoproteinhormone genes are expressed in clinically non-func-tioning pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Me-tab 80: 1472
Katznelson L, Alexander JM, Bikkal HA, Jameson JL,Husu DW, Klibanski A (1992) Imbalanced follicle-stimulating hormone b-subunit hormone biosynthe-sis in human pituitary adenomas. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 74: 1343
Koch CA, Skarulis MC, Patronas NJ, Sarlis NJ (2000)TSH-sezernierendes Hypophysenadenom: 16 JahreFollow-up (TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma).Med Klinik 95: 49 – 50
Kwekkeboom DJ, De Jong FH, Lamberts SWJ (1989) Go-nadotropin release by clinically non-functioning andgonadotroph pituitary adenomas in vivo and in vi-tro; relation to sex and effects of thyrotropin-releas-ing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone andbromocriptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68: 1128
Losa M, Giovanelli M, Persani L, Mortini P, Faglia G,Beck-Peccoz P (1996) Criteria of cure and follow-up of central hyperthyroidism due to thyrotropin-se-
9 · Literatur221 9
creting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Me-tab 81: 3084 – 3090
McCutcheon IA, Weintraub BE, Oldfield EH (1990) Sur-gical treatment of thyrotropin secreting pituitaryadenomas. J Neurosurg 73: 674 – 683
Molitch ME (1991) Gonadotroph-cell pituitary adeno-mas. N Engl J Med 324: 626 – 627
Reschke K, Rohrer T, Kopf D, Klose S, Hey O, Pernecz-ky A, Lehnert H (1997) Hyperthyreose bei TSH-pro-duzierendem Hypophysenadenom. Dtsch Med Wo-chenschr 122: 150 – 155
Saccomanno K, Bassetti M, Lania A, Losa M, Faglia G,Spada A (1997) Immunodetection of glycoproteinhormone subunits in non-functioning and glycopro-tein hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Endo-crinol Invest 20: 59 – 64
Snyder PJ (1995) Gonadotroph adenomas. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 80: 1059
Warnet A, Harris AG, Renard E, Martin D, James-Dei-dier A, Chaumet-Riffaud P and the French Multicen-ter Octreotide Study Group (1997) A prospectivemulticenter trial of octreotide in 24 patients with vi-sual field defects caused by non-functioning and go-nadotropin-secreting adenomas. Neurosurgery 41:786 – 797
Ektope Hypothalamus-/Hypophysen-Hormon-Syndrome
Arioglu E, Doppman J, Gomes M, Kleiner D, Mauro D,Barlow C, Papanicolaou DA (1998) Cushing’s syn-drome caused by corticotropin secretion by pulmo-nary tumorlets. N Engl J Med 339: 883 – 886
Baylis PH (1998) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiure-tic hormone secretion. In: Sheaves R, Jenkins PJ,Wass JAH (eds) Clinical endocrine oncology. Lon-don, Blackwell, pp 479 – 483
Bethge H, Arlt W, Zimmermann U, Klingelhoffer G,Wittenberg G, Saeger W, Allolio B (1999) Cushing’ssyndrome due to an ectopic ACTH-secreting pituita-ry tumour mimicking occult paraneoplastic ectopicACTH production. Clin Endocrinol 51: 809 – 814
Beuschlein F, Strasburger CJ, Siegerstetter V et al.(2000) Acromegaly caused by secretion of growthhormone by a non-hodgkin’s lymphoma. NewEngl J Med: 342
Hirshberg B, Conn PM, Uwaifo GI, Blauer KL,Clark BD, Nieman LK (2003) Ectopic luteinizing hor-mone secretion and anovulation. New Engl J Med348: 312 – 317
Kulke MH, Mayer RJ (1999) Carcinoid tumors. NewEngl J Med 340: 858 – 868
Losa M, Werder K von (1997) Pathophysiology and cli-nical aspects of the ectopic GH-releasing hormonesyndrome. Clin Endocrinol 47: 123 – 135
Losa M, Wolfram G, Mojto J et al. (1990) Presence ofgrowth hormone-releasing hormone-like immuno-reactivity in human tumors: Characterization of im-munological and biological properties. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 70: 62 – 68
Meador CK, Liddle GW, Island DP, Nicholson WE, Lu-cas CP, Nuckton JG, Luetscher JA (1962) Cause ofCushing’s syndrome in patients with tumours arisingfrom »nonendocrine« tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Me-tab 22: 693
Melmed S, Ezrin C, Kovacs K, Goodman RS, Frohman -LA (1985) Acromegaly due to secretion of growthhormone by an ectopic pancreatic islet-cell tumor.N Engl J Med 312: 9 – 17
Phillips LS, Robertson DG (1993) Insulin-like growthfactors and non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia. Me-tabolism 42: 1093 – 1101
Schwartz WB, Bennett W, Curelop S, Bartter FC (1957)A syndrome of renal sodium loss and hyponatremiaprobably resulting from inappropriate secretion ofantidiuretic hormone. Am J Med 23: 529
Ulick S, Wang JZ, Blumenfeld JD, Pickering TG (1992)Cortisol inactivation overload: A mechanism of mi-neralocorticoid hypertension in the ectopic adreno-corticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:963 – 967
Wajchenberg BL, Mendonca BB, Liberman B, Alberg-aria Pereira MA, Campos Carneiro P, Wakamatsu A,Kirschner MA (1994) Ectopic adrenocorticotropichormone syndrome. Endocrine Review 15: 752 – 787
Zapf J, Futto E, Peter M, Froesch ER (1992) Can ,big‘ in-sulin-like growth factor II in serum of tumor patientsaccount for the development of exrapancreatic tu-mor hypoglycemia? J Clin Invest 90: 2574 – 2584
Weitere Literaturstellen sind unter Akromegalie undCushing-Syndrom aufgefuhrt, insbesondere die Dif-ferenzialdiagnose zwischen eutoper und ektoperHormonproduktion betreffend.
222 Kapitel 9 � Literatur
9
Sachverzeichnis
10
5-Hydroxytryptamin 2011-b-Hydroxysteroid-Dehydrogena-se 164
Aa-Fetoprotein 81a-MSH 22, 36, 200a-Subunit (a-SU) 38, 40, 136, 182
Bestimmung 55Spiegel 184f/TSH-Quotient 182f
Abstillen 49Acanthosis nigricans 142AcCholin 23, 26Acid labile subunit (ALS) 46ACTH 36, 38, 55
Bestimmung 55Kortisol-Sekretion 39Mangel 96, 98Resistenz 35Rezeptor 35Sekretion 25, 30, 44, 162Sekretion, ektope 163f, 180Spiegel 21, 31, 35, 57, 96f, 168f, 176f,202
Suppression 21Syndrom, ektopes 104, 166, 169ff,172f, 193
Syndrom, ektopes, CRH-Stimula-tionstest 170
Test 57, 59Adenom 72
ACTH-sezernierendes 34, 102, 159,162ff, 166, 168ff, 173, 176f, 179, 181,190, 192
ACTH-sezernierendes, transspeh-noidale Operation 175
adrenales 174chromophobes 72FSH-produzierendes 186Glykoproteidhormon-produzie-rendes 181f
gonadotrophes 190Gonadotropin-produzie-rendes 186
Gonadotropin-sezernierendes 102Gsp-negatives 139Gsp-positives 139kortikotrophes 190LH-produzierendes 186Makro- 76, 102, 109Makro-, GH-produzierendes 134Mikro- 102, 109, 158Nicht aktives (NFA) 190somatomammotrophes 136, 144somatotrophes 135, 139, 190TSH-produzierendes 182, 190TSH-sezernierendes 181a-Subunit-produzierendes 181
Adenomresektion 129Adenomzelle 106Adenylatzyklase (siehe Adenylzy-klase)
Adenylzyklase 18f, 40, 139Adenylzyklase, konstitutionelle Sti-mulation 138
ADH 27, 33Bestimmung 56
Resistenz 98fRezeptor 33Sekretion 62Sekretion, ektope 195Sekretion, Regulation 34Spiegel 34Wirkung 34
Adrenalektomie 192bilaterale 174, 176, 180unilaterale 179
Adrenokortikotropes Hormon (sieheACTH)
Adrenolytika 192, 210Adrenolytisches Medikament 176,190, 192, 210
Adrenolytische Therapie 179fAgouti-Protein 22f, 31Akrenvergroßerung 142Akromegalie (siehe auch Gigantis-mus) 2, 26, 28, 102ff, 134ff, 139, 141,142, 146, 148f, 152, 155ff, 182, 190, 192,194, 209endokrinologische Funktions-diagnostik 145
familiare 134Inzidenz 135kardiale Manifestation 143Pravalenz 135Symptomatik 142Therapie 157Todesursache 144transsphenoidale Operation 136transsphenoidale Operation,Remissionsraten 147
TRH-Test 137Akromegalis-Hyperprolaktamie 159Akromikrie 90Aktivin 41
A 40AB 40B 40
Albright-Syndrom 199Alkohol, endokrine Effekte 202Amenorrho 28, 108f, 126, 142, 165, 186
primare 114sekundare 114Galaktorrho-Syndrom 185
Amnionflussigkeit 48Amnion-PRL 48Amphetamin 25Androgensubstitution 95Angiotensin 33Anorexia nervosa 200Anovulation 194
ektope LH-Bildung 194hyperprolaktinamische 51postpartale 49
Anovulatorische Zyklen 108Antidepressiva 202Antidiuretisches Hormon (sieheADH)
Aquaporin 33Aquaporin-2 99Arachnoidalzyste 76, 187Arginin 24
Infusionstest 60Vasopressin (AVP) 28, 33, 62, 98,100
Arthropathie 142
Atrialer natriuretischer Faktor(ANF) 33
Auslassversuch, DA-Therapie 131Azoospermie 181
Bb-Endorphin 31, 35ffb-hCG 80f, 104b-hCG-Serumspiegel 43b-Lipotropin (siehe b-LPH)b-LPH 31, 35f, 36b-Rezeptorenblokade 23Basaltemperatur 41Begleithyperprolaktinamie (sieheauch Pseudoprolaktinom) 111, 136,144f
Benzodiazepin 25, 202Bestrahlung 127, 130, 146, 157
externe 133Bromocriptin 111, 117ff, 121ff, 126f,130, 132, 149, 182, 185, 191, 209Behandlung 148Intoleranz 119Nebenwirkung 120Therapie 148fUnvertraglichkeit 120
Bulbus olfactorius 93
CCabergolin 117ff, 121, 123f, 132, 149,159, 191, 209Nebenwirkung 120
Cafe-au-lait-Flecken 72, 134Carbamazepin 101Carney-Komplex 73, 84, 134, 162, 174Carter-Robbins-Test 62fChiasma opticum 9, 70, 74
Syndrom 107, 139, 181Chlorpromazin 23Chordom 80ffChoriongonadotropin 40, 104Chorionkarzinom 81, 194Chorionsomatomammotropin 43
humanes (hCS) 47Circulus arteriosus Wilisii 190CLIP 38Clomifen 57
Test 60Clonidin 136, 202
Test 60Computertomographie 63Corpora lutea 41Corpus-luteum-Insuffizienz 108Corticotropin Releasing Faktor(CRF) 4
CREB 18fCRH 27, 30
Plazenta 30Schwangerschaft 30ACTH-NNR-Achse 20Halbwertszeit 30Mangel 96Mehrsekretion 163Plasmaspiegel 30Sekretion, ektope 164, 180Stimulationstest 169, 175, 177Stimulationstest, ektopes ACTH-Syndrom 170
224 Kapitel 10 � Sachverzeichnis
10
Syndrom, ektopes 171Test 97, 172, 192
Cushing 2f, 103Cushing-Syndrom 103, 159ff, 165ff,171, 174, 179f, 193f, 210ACTH-Spiegel 169adrenolytische Behandlung 180Alkohol-induziertes 202Diagnostik 167fmedikamentose Therapie 176paraneoplastisches (siehe ACTH-Sekretion, ektope)
Striae rubrae 166Symptome 165therapeutische Strategie 179Therapie 174Ursachen 161
Cyproheptadin 24fCytochrom P 450 35
DD2-Rezeptor 121DA 26ff, 40, 49f, 106DA-Agonist 28, 45, 50, 108, 117, 120f,123, 126f, 129f, 148, 156f, 178, 183f,190ff, 209Aquivalenzdosis 118Behandlung 123, 131Nebenwirkung 119Resistenz 130, 132Therapie 5, 23, 109, 111f, 124, 129,150
DA-Antagonist 23, 26, 104, 116, 202Darmhormon-Peptid YY 23Dawn-Phanomen 45DAX1-Gen 91DDAVP 34, 170, 207
Minirin 100Test 60
Dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA) 86,96
Depression, endogene 165Desmopressin (siehe DDAVP)Dexamethason 35, 57, 181, 206Dexamethasonhemmtest 168, 180Dexamethasonkurztest 167Dexamethasonsuppression 162, 172Dexamethasonsuppressionstest(DST) 165
Diabetes insipidus 4, 33, 60, 62, 70,80, 82, 86f, 98ff, 190, 198, 203dipsogener 98renaler 99zentraler 99f
Diabetes mellitus 45Diagnostik, ophthalmologische 64Diaphragma sellae 8Diathese, hamorrhagische 165Dihydrotestosteron (DHT) 43Dimerisierung 19Dopamin (siehe DA)Doppelgoldfarbung 11Durstversuch 60, 62, 100Durstzentrum 99f, 198Dysgerminom 80, 112, 187Dyshormonogenese 69
EElektrolytstorung 84Eminentia mediana 9ff, 18, 29ff, 81Empty-Sella-Syndrom 78fEndokrinologische Funktionsdia-gnostik 56
Endorphin 21, 33, 35Endothelin 12Enkephalin 21, 33, 35Ependymom 80Epidermoidzyste 80Erkankung, zerebrovaskulare 146
kardiovaskulare 146Estradiol 43
Spiegel 41Expansion, klonale 73
FFeedback, negativer 20
positiver 42Fertiler Eunuch 91Fettsucht, stammbetonte 165Follicular stellate cells 12Follikelphase 40fFollikelstimulierendes Hormon(siehe FSH)
Foramen-Monroi-Blockade 107fFSH 36
Bestimmung 55Spiegel 42, 57
Gc-MSH 35G-Protein 17ff, 69Gs-Protein 21, 101, 138Gs-Proteinmutation 105Gain of function 19, 69, 84Galaktorrho 80, 103, 108, 114ff, 130,142, 187
Galaktorrho-Amenorrho-Syndrom 2
Gamma knife 147f, 189Gammaaminobuttersaure(GABA) 21, 24
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide(GIP) 162
Gelenkerkrankung, akromegale 143Gesichtfeld 129Gesichtsfeldausfall 80, 107, 115, 139,142
Gesichtsfelddefekt 70, 74, 76, 82, 155Gesichtsfeldeinschrankung 108, 125GH 23, 37, 43, 48, 154
Bestimmung 56biosynthetisches 86plazentares 47Antagonist 47, 152f, 155, 157, 190IGF-1-Achse 89, 202Immunoreaktivitat 43Insensitivitatssyndrom 89Mangel 74, 80, 82, 88f, 90PRL-Zytokin-Rezeptorfamilie 47Resistenz 200Rezeptor 18Rezeptordefekt 88Sekretion 32, 44fSerumspiegel 45
Spiegel 43, 57, 89, 135, 137, 139, 147f,156
Spiegel, postoperativer 146Spiegel, praoperativer 146Syndrom, ektopes 134Wirkung 45
Ghrelin 5, 22f, 31, 45f, 199GHR-Dimerisierung 155GHRH 24, 26, 31, 43, 45
Bestimmung 145Mangel 88Produktion, ektope 135, 154Produktion, eutope 135Rezeptor 31Sekretion 47Sekretion, ektope 152Sekretion, endogene 136Syndrom, ektopes 31, 134, 151, 193Syndrom, eutopes 134Syndrom, ektopes 145Test 136f
GHS 31, 45, 91Peptid 46
Gigantismus (siehe auch Akromega-lie) 103, 134, 198
Glucagon 33Glukokortikoid 202f
Langzeittherapie 203Glukosebelastung, orale 44, 57, 60,145
Glukosetoleranz 141Glykoproteidhormon 36, 181fGnRH 4, 26, 28ff, 42
Agonist 210Analoga 28, 187assoziiertes Peptid (GAP) 30, 32Freisetzung, pulsatile 187Pulsatilitat 25, 33, 115Substitution 95Therapie 92, 126, 128Therapie, pulsatile 93f
Gonadotropin 40, 207Meopausen- 42Releasinghormon (siehe GnRH)behandlung 94mangel, Erwachsenenalter 93mangel, Kindesalter 91Sekretion 21, 25Spiegel 41, 55Substitution 95
Granula, sekretorische 72Granulom 112
eosinophiles 82Granulomatose Erkrankung 82Graviditat 45Growth factors 16, 18Growth hormone (siehe GH)
binding protein (GHBP) 18, 43, 47deficiency (GHD) (siehe GH-Mangel)
Releasinghormon (siehe GHRH)Sekretagoga (siehe GHS)
gsp-Onkogen 72Guanosindiphosphat (GDP) 17Guanosintriphosphat-(GTP-)Kom-plex 17f
Gynakomastie 93f, 103, 115, 194, 199
10 · Sachverzeichnis225 10
HHalbwertszeit 43Hamartom 80, 82
hypothalamisches 187Hamochromatose 83Hande, fleischig und teigig 142Hashimoto-Thyreoiditis 78hCG-Test 60Hemianopsie, bitemporale 107Hexarelin 31HHL-Hormon 34HHL-Insuffizienz 79High-dose-hook-Effekt 111fHirsutismus 165fHistiozytose 99
X 82HIV-Infektion 83hMG 42Hodentumor (Teratom) 42Hodenvolumen 92Hodgkin-Erkrankung 99, 112Hormon, gastrointestinales 33
hypophysiotropes 26ff, 69neurohypophysares 27somatotropes (STH) 43antikorper 54bestimmungen 54rezeptor 16, 18spiegel 57substitution, Ostrogen-Gestagen-Praparate 94
syndrom, ektopes 103, 193fHoussay-Phanomen 2, 45Human placental lactogen (hPL) 47Hungerhormon (siehe Ghrelin)HVL, hypothalamische Steuerung 4
Adenom, TSH-produzie-rendes 192
Hormonausfall, Pravalenz 74Hormonexzess, Basis-diagnostik 65
Hormonsekretion 23Insuffizienz 69f, 73, 80, 84, 181Insuffizienz, komplette 97
Hydrocephalus 107Hydrokortison 86Hyperhidrosis 142Hyperinsulinismus 46Hyperkortisolismus 97, 160, 162, 166,174, 202Remission 175
Hypernatriamie 100Hyperpigmentation 96Hyperplasie 73
laktotrophe 48makronodulare 160, 173mikronodulare 160
Hyperprolaktinamie 28, 70, 76f, 80,82, 102, 104, 107, 110, 112ff, 120, 122f,134, 142, 187, 191f, 198, 209Behandlung 121Diagnostik 116Medikamente 113physiologische 104
Hyperprolaktinamische Sterilitat 125Hyperthyreose 103
zentrale 102, 192Hypertrichosis 140, 142Hypoglykamie 196
Insulin-induzierte 44Hypogonadismus 28, 73f, 80, 84, 87,90, 93, 102, 142, 165, 181, 194, 198fErwachsene 93hyperprolaktinamischer 113f, 116,132, 159
hypogonadotroper 91Kinder 91primarer 42
Hyponatriamie 84, 190, 194fHypophysares Koma (siehe Hypo-physeninsuffizienz, akute)
Hypophyse 46, 99Adeno- 10Neuro- 10, 12, 18Rachendach- 13
Hypophysenadenom 72f, 76f, 88,101f, 105, 172, 187, 189ACTH-produzierendes 159Autopsie 188endokrin aktives 101FSH-produzierendes 181Glykoproteid-Hormon produzie-rendes (siehe Thyrotropin)
Gonadotropin-produzie-rendes 181
hormoninaktives 72LH-produzierendes 181PRL-produzierendes 185Therapieverfahren, Zusammen-fassung 189
thyrotrophes, Schrumpfung 184transsphenoidaler Eingriff 189TSH-produzierendes 184f
Hypophysenapoplexie 84, 109, 125,129, 191
Hypophysenbestrahlung 147, 176,189
Hypophysenerkrankung, Diagnose 5Hypophysenhinterlappenhormon 33Hypophysenhormone, Bestim-mung 55f
Hypophysenhormonausfalle, Dia-gnostik 65
Hypophysenhypoplasie 13Hypophyseninsuffizienz 83
akute, Therapie 88Therapie 86
Hypophyseninzidentalom 102, 187Hypophysenkarzinom 74ff, 102
Metastase 75Hypohysennekrose, postpartale(siehe auch Morbus Sheehan) 83
Hypophysenoperation 179, 191ftranssphenoidale 145
Hypophysenstiel 8f, 13, 16, 69, 76, 79Hypophysenstielabriss 83Hypophysenstieldurchtrennung 112Hypophysentumor 2, 5, 70, 135, 139
ACTH-produzierender 155Operation 5Schwangerschaft 191TSH-produzierender 183Apoplexie 78
Hypophysenvolumen 8, 48, 193Hypophysenvorderlappen-hormon 34
Hypophysenvorderlappeninsuffizi-enz 85, 148
Hypophysitis 77f, 82, 84, 96, 98postpartale 85
Hypothalamische Adipositas 198Hypothalamische Raumforde-rung 71, 79
Hypothalamischer Prozess 198Hypothalamischer Tumor 70Hypothalamisch-hypophysareEinheit 9Erkrankung, Diagnostik 206Hypothalamisch-hypophysare In-suffizienz 69
Hypothalamisch-hypophysarer Min-derwuchs 83
Hypothalamisch-hypophysaresTumorsyndrom 70
Hypothalamus 2, 10f, 14, 18, 20f, 26,30, 33, 42, 46, 50, 99, 101, 112, 202Hypophysen-Achse (HHA) 23Hypophysen-Achse, Immunsys-tem 23
Hypophysen-Funktion 202Hypophysen-NNR-Achse 203
Hypothyreose 43, 45, 74, 78, 87, 104,184, 194primare 114sekundare 74, 84, 96
IIGF-1 46
Bestimmung 56, 145, 156Produktion 155Rezeptor 47Spiegel 47, 57, 88ff, 139, 141, 144,147, 153, 157, 200
Spiegel, Korrelation zu glukose-supprimierten GH-Spiegel 147
IGF-2 196IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) 46IGFBP-3 46
Bestimmung 56Spiegel 90
Immunhistologie 11Immunoassay (IA) 55fImmunofunktionelle Methode 54Immunometrischer Assay (IMA) 55Inappropriate Sekretion vonantidiuretischem Hormon (sieheSIADH)
Inhibin-A 40ffInhibin-B 40ffInhibinspiegel 41Inhibitinghormon 4Inositolphosphat 29Insulin like growth factor (IGF) 18Insulin like growth factor 1 (sieheIGF-1)
Insulinhypoglykamie 57, 136Test (IHT) 58fTest, Kontraindikation 58
Insulinresistenz 46Interleukin 12, 20fInterstitial cell stimulating hormone(ICSH) 37, 43
Inzidentalom 170, 187f
JJanuskinase 2 18f
226 Kapitel 10 � Sachverzeichnis
10
KKalig-I-Gen 91Kallmann-Syndrom 91, 93Kardiomyopathie 141
akromegale 143Karpaltunnelsyndrom 140, 142Karzinoid 135, 152, 172, 179Karzinom, adrenales 174Kasein 48Keimzelltumor 80
nichtgerminomatoser(NGGCT) 81
Kernspintomographie 5, 63, 108, 116f,123, 127, 172, 187, 192
Kleinwuchs 43, 88ff, 199Klinefelter-Syndrom 199Knochendichte 89fKnochenmassenverlust 116Kokain- und Amphetamin-reguliertes Transkript (CART) 22
Kolonpolyp 141Kopfschmerz 140, 142Kortikotrophinom 159, 162f, 171, 181,184
Kortikotropin-Releasinghormon(siehe CRH)
Kortisol, freies, 24-h-Urin 167Mitternachts- 167Urin 39
Kortisolmehrsekretion,autonome 168
Kortisol-Spiegel 21, 30, 57, 96erhohter 165
Kortison 86Kowarski-Syndrom 88Kraniopharyngeom 79ff, 88, 104, 113,187
LLaktation 51Laktomedin 48Lanreotid 150, 209Laron-Syndrom 88fLaurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl-Syndrom 91, 198f
Leere-Sella-Syndrom (siehe Empty-Sella-Syndrom)
Leptin 21fMangel 199Rezeptor 200
Leukamische Infiltration 82Leydig-Zwischenzellen 41f, 81LH 37
Bestimmung 55Peak, Zyklusmitte 42Sekretion 42Spiegel 42, 57, 92
Libidostorung 108, 142Libidoverlust 116Linac 148Lipotropin (siehe b-LPH)Liquor cerebrospinalis 16Liquorfistel 191Lisurid 117f, 120f, 191, 209
Intoleranz 119Loss of function 19, 69, 84Low-T3-Syndrom 200Lutealphase 41
Luteinisierungshormon (siehe LH)Lymphom 82Lysodren 177
MMakroglossie 142Makroprolaktinom (siehe Prolak-tinom, Makro-)
Makroprolaktinamie 48, 116fMC4R-(MC4-Rezeptor) 22, 200MC4R-Mutation 199McCune-Albright-Syndrom 72, 84,134, 187
Melanozytenstimulierendes Hormon(siehe a-MSH und b-MSH)
MSH-Rezeptor 35MEN-1 73, 84, 123, 134, 141
Gen 72Syndrom 105
Meningeom 80Meningitis 191Metergolin 118, 209Metoclopramid (MCP) 112, 116
Test 60Metopiron 57, 59Minderwuchs 45, 80, 89fMinirin 100Mitternachtskortisol 167Morbus Cushing (siehe Adenom,ACTH-sezernierendes)
Morbus Hodgkin 82Morbus Sheehan 83Mukozele 76f
NNebennierenrinde (siehe NNR)Nelson-Syndrom 164, 184Nelson-Tumor 76, 163, 176Nerve growth factor (NGF) 47, 121fNeurohormon 16f, 26Neurohormon, hypophysio-tropes 18, 33hypothalamisches 28, 103
Neurohypophysitis 78Neuron, magnozellulares 14
neurosekretorisches 10parvozellulares 14tuberoinfundibulares 50
Neuroleptika 202Neuropeptid NPY 23, 31Neuropeptid Y 22Neurophysin 1 33Neurophysin 2 33Neurosarkoidose 79, 82Neurotransmitter 21, 26, 33, 42, 46Neurotransmitterkontrolle 23, 25fNN-Adenom 173NNR 160
Adenom 177, 180Hyperplasie, makronodulare 160,162, 174
Hyperplasie, mikronodulare 162Insuffizienz 22, 35, 74, 85, 87, 96ff,100, 163, 179, 199, 202, 208
Insuffizienz, akute 74Insuffizienz, partielle 203Insuffizienz, sekundare 175, 177Karzinom 166, 176f, 180, 210
Tumor 169Noradrenalin 20ffNucleus arcuatus 21Nucleus paraventricularis 18, 30, 70Nucleus supraopticus 14, 18, 70Nullzelladenom 72, 102
Oo’p’-DDD 177Octreoscan 28, 63, 151, 170, 173Octreotid 132, 150ff, 177, 179f, 184, 193,209Langzeitbehandlung 150Therapie 154
OGTT 144Oligomenorrho 108, 159Operation 127, 145, 191Operation, transfrontal 157
transkranielle 191transsphenoidale 156f, 158f, 175f,180, 184, 191
Operationsmikroskop 5Opiat 202
endogenes 23Rezeptor 25
Organwachstum 139Osmorezeptor 34Osteopenie 116Osteoporose 166
Kortikoid-induzierte 203Ostradiolspiegel 42Ostrogen-Rezeptor 12fOvarial-Insuffizienz, primare (Kli-makterium praecox) 93
Ovulation 41Oxytocin (OT) 27, 33
Bestimmung 56Spiegel 34, 49
PPACAP 12Palisadenzone, außere 10f
innere 11, 18Panhypopituitarismus 81Parlodel LAR 119Pasqualini-Syndrom 91Pegvisomant 5, 47, 153, 155f, 192Peptid, ACTH-abhangiges 35
POMC-abhangiges 35vasoaktives intestinales (VIP) 21
Pergolid 118, 209Peroxisom-Proliferator aktivierterRezeptor-c (PPAR-c) 176ff
Pharmakologische Effekte 202Pharmakotherapie hypophysarerMehrsekretionszustande 5
Phentolamin 23Phosphatspiegel, erhoht bei Akro-megalie 141
Photophobie 141Phylogenese 16Pit-1 12f, 39, 43, 47, 96
Defekt 83Pituitary adenylate cyclase activatingpolypeptide (siehe PACAP)
Pituitary tumour transforming gen(PTTG) 73
Plazentares Lactogen (PL2) 37
10 · Sachverzeichnis227 10
Polydaktylie 199Polydipsie 99
primare 98psychogene 99
Polyphagie 198Polyurie 99fPOMC 11, 13, 22, 30, 35, 38, 72, 177,199fAbkommling 36
Portalgefaßsystem 4, 11, 16Portalsystem 18, 50Positronenemissionstomographie(PET) 63f
Postmenopause 42Post-partum-Nekrose 4Potenzstorung 108, 142Potenzverlust 116Prader-Labhart-Willi-Syndrom 199Praproenkephalin A 38Praproenkephalin B 38Prednisolon 86PRL 26, 37, 47, 50
Makro- 48, 116fphosphoryliertes 48Bestimmung 55Gen 47Nonresponder 138Responder 138Rezeptor 48Sekretion 26, 29, 33Sekretionsgranula 48Spiegel 49, 51, 57, 109ff, 125, 127f,133, 137
Spiegel, basaler 108Progesteron-Spiegel 41Prolaktin (siehe PRL)
Inhibiting-Factor (PIF) 30Inhibitinghormon (PIH) 26f, 32Releasing-Faktor (PRF) 26, 32
Prolaktinom 104f, 109, 120, 148, 152,188, 190f, 209Behandlung 130Makro- 104f, 107f, 110ff, 115, 120,123ff, 126f, 130, 132f, 191
malignes 105, 121, 130Mikro- 104ff, 110, 122, 128, 191operative Therapie 128Schwangerschaft 108, 110PRL-Spiegel 132schrumpfung 125
Proopiomelanocortin (siehe POMC)Genexpression 35Spaltprodukte 35
Prop-1 12, 39, 96Defekt 83
Proteinkinase C 19Pseudo-Cushing, alkohol-induzier-ter 165
Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus 199Pseudoprolaktinom 104f, 110, 112, 136Pubertas praecox 28, 70, 80, 186f, 210Pubertat 47Pygmaen 89
QQuinagolid 117ff, 121f, 124, 127, 132,149, 209
RRadiatio 192
fokussierte 133Radiochirurgie (siehe gamma knife)Radioimmunoassay 56Radiotherapie 81, 129, 131, 147, 176,179f, 190fokussierte 74, 133konventionelle 74Remission 148
Rathke-Tasche 12fRathke-Zyste 76Regelmechanismen 20Releasinghormon 4, 101, 206
Produktion, ektope 104Test 61
Resistenz 120Rezeptor 18
GHRH/TSH 19G-Protein-gekoppelter 29, 32, 35,40
Insulin/IGF-1 19Leptin- 22Melanokortin-4- 22transmembranoser 19Tyrosinkinase- 19Zytokin/GH/PRL 19bindungsstelle 154defekt (siehe auch loss offunction) 69
dimerisierung 47expression, ektope 168
Rhythmus, endogener 44zirkadianer 35, 39
Riesenwuchs 2, 45Riesenzelltumor 82
SSalidiuretika 101Sandostatin LAR 150f, 156, 159, 209Sarkoidose 98f, 104Saugreiz 51Schwangerschaftsadenom 106Schilddrusenhormon 29
Resistenz 183fSchlafapnoe 142Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus 198Schwangerschaft 49f, 104, 108ff, 131f,191, 193PRL-Spiegel 111
Schwangerschaftsadenome 106Schwartz-Bartter-Syndrom 103, 194Seborrho 116Sekretion, autokrine 16
parakrine 16Sella turcica 8, 10, 79, 93, 107, 110Sellavergroßerung 142Serotonin 23f, 26Sertolizelle 42Serumosmolalitat 100SHBG-Spiegel 185Sheehan-Syndrom 4, 78, 83f, 93SIADH 190, 194f, 202f, 210Signaltransducers und Aktivator furTranskription (STAT) 18f
Signaltransduktion 19, 154Signalubertragung 16Sinus cavernosus 8f, 132, 159
SOM-230 150Somatomedin C 46Somatopause 47, 89Somatostatin GHRIH (GH-release-Inhibiting-hormon) 4, 24, 27f, 32,40, 45f
Somatostatin, Mini- 32Somatostatinanaloga 5, 149ff, 156,177, 183, 189f, 192f, 209
Somatostatinom 103Somatostatin-Rezeptor 150f, 170, 177
Liganden (SRL) 150, 157Szintigraphie (siehe Octreoscan)
Somatotropin (siehe GH)Spermatogenese 41Spermiogenese 42Standardhormonpraparation 54STAT-Protein 19, 89Sterilitat, weibliche 191Sterilitatsbehandlung 126, 193Steroidbiosynthese 35Stillen 50Stillzeit 49Stimulationstest 57Strahlentherapie 5, 193
fokussierte 76Stress 45Striae rubrae 165fStruma nodosa 141Subarachnoidalblutung 83, 125, 191Substitutionstherapie 5, 97Suppresionstest 57, 60Supraorbitale Wulste 142Synacthen 59, 206
Test 96, 180Syndrom der inappropiaten ADH-Sekretion (siehe SIADH)
Synlaktin 48
TTagesrhythmus 44, 55, 202Tagesschwankungen 51Tag-Nacht-Rhythmus 55Tanizyten 10, 16Tannenbaum-Phanomen 166Ternarer Komplex (ternaryKomplex) 46
Temperaturregulationsstorung 199Teratom 42Tergurid 118fTestosteron (T) 42f, 92, 207
Gel 95Spiegel 57
Testosteronenanthat 95Testosteron-Membran-Pflaster 95Testosteronundekanoat 95, 207Therapie, medikamentose 148Thyreoglobulin 40Thyreoidea-stimulierendes Hormon(siehe TSH)
Thyrotropin (siehe TSH)Releasinghormon (siehe TRH)
Thyroxin-Spiegel 57TIDA-Neuron 105TNFa 21Tractus supraoptico-hypophysia-lis 10, 14, 18
Tractus tubero-infundibularis 10
228 Kapitel 10 � Sachverzeichnis
10
Transforming growth factor(TGF) 47
Transsexualitat 107Transskriptionsfaktor 12ffTRH 4, 27
Mangel, endogener 96Test 137
TRIAC 183, 210TSH 36, 38, 102
Bestimmung 55Mangel (siehe auch sekundareHypothyreose) 96
Neugeborenen-Screening 40Sekretion 21, 26, 29, 32fSekretion, TRH-stimulierte 25, 40Spiegel 29, 40, 57b-Kette 39
Tuberkulose 79, 82Tuberoinfundibulares dopaminergesNeuron (TIDA) 26, 32
Tumor, Gsp-negativer 139Gsp-positiver 136, 138monoklonaler 73somatomammotropher 145TSH-produzierender 185, 209Wachstumsfaktor 73
genese 73hypoglykamie, Nicht-Inselzell-assoziierte 194f
metastasen 70nekrosefaktor 20schrumpfung 123, 127, 151
Turkensattel (siehe Sella turcica)Tyrosinkinase 18f
UUberfunktion (siehe auch gain offunction) 69
Untersuchung, elektronenmikrosko-pische 11
VVasopressin (siehe ADH)VIP 29, 32f, 50Viszeromegalie 141f
WWachstumshormon (siehe GH)Weltgesundheitsorganisation(WHO) 54
Wegener’sche Granulomatose 79, 82
Weichteilschwellung 143WHI-(women health initiative-)Studie 93
Wolf-Chaikoff-Effekt 184
ZZelle, azidophile 11
basophile 11chromophobe 11gonadotrophe 11, 13, 187kortikotrophe 13, 97f, 163, 177laktotrophe 11ff, 48, 50, 105, 108laktotrophe, densely granu-lated 106
somatomammotrophe 11fsomatotrophe 11ff, 43, 48thyrotrophe 11ff
Zellmembran 46Zona glomerulosa 97
fasciculata 96reticularis 96
Zyklusstorung 74Zystizerkose 79, 82Zytokine 16, 18, 21Zytokin-PRL-Wachstumshormonre-zeptor-Superfamilie 18f, 48
10 · Sachverzeichnis229 10