animal communities in temperate america - as illustrated in the chicago region - 1937 shelford
TRANSCRIPT
THIS BOOK
IS
FROM
THE LIBRARY OF
Richard Haven Backus
?^^^^^^^^^^^^
1930
Gift ofRichard H. BackusMay, 1988
m
ANIMAL COMMUNITIES IN TEMPERATE AMERICA
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO, ILLINOISTHE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANYNEW YORK
THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDON
THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHATOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAI
THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITEDSHANGHAI
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115, 119. !20, 126, 135; least, 84, 119; rainbow, 95, 97, 119, 120.*
Duck, wood, 181, 190, Dunes, moving, 229.Earthworms,;
191.
20, 190, 262, 269.
Ecological agreement:
Day andwith, 30.
night,
responses
associated
of communities, 305 of individuals, plants, and animals, 304-8; of species, 315.
Deep-water communities of Lake Michigan, 80.
Deer, 14, 201, 238, 245, 269.
Ecological equivalence, 34. Ecology: content of, 32, 299-318; genetic, 113, 137, 247-52, 308-15;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS355
Ecology
Continued:
natalis, 156.
organization of, 23, 25, 32, ^; physiological, 299-308; relation to biology, 315-18; relation to geography, 318-20; relation to sociology, 318.
Economic problems: 9-1 1; preservationof breeding, grounds of fishes, 126.Eel, 84.
Amia Anguilla 156. Aphredoderus sayanus, 120. Aplodinotus grunniens, Argyrosomus:calva, rostrata, 84.
nebulosus, 156.
85.
artedi, 82, 84.
Egg-laying, of aquatic insects, 107, 108.Electricity, 161.
hoyi, 81, 82, 85. nigripinnis, 81, 82.
prognathic, 79, 80, 82, 85.
Elk, 14, 201, 269.
Boleosoma nigrum, 84, 91, 95, 105, 115,gall of,
Elm: American, 190; coxcomb192.
England: bird protection made nature in, 11.
in,
8;
man-
119, 120, 135. Campostoma anomalum, 119, 120. Carpi 85. Catostomus:odes,
catostomus, 84.106, 115, 119, 120. nigricans, 84, 119. Chaenobryttus gulosus, 142, 156. Chrosomus erythrogaster, 91, in, 115, 119.,
Entomostraca, 20, 69, 70, 71, 76, 133, 152, Cladocerans, {see 176, 179, 204; Copepods, and Ostracods); the foodof
commersonii, 84, 91, 92,
young
fishes, 76.
Environment:299;
42-56, 58-67, 157-66; factor of, 42-44; relation to,of aquatic communities, illustrating, land of 70;
22-33.Equilibration:
diagram
communities, 166-69;trating, 167.
diagram
illus-
Coregonus clupeiformis Crislivomer namaycush, Cyprinus 120. Erimyzon 115, 119, 142, Esox:carpio,sucetta,
82, 85. 79, 82, 85.
15-
Erosion, important on clay bluffs, 209,210.
lucins, 85, 115, 120, 140.
Etheostoma:zonale,
vermiculatus, 105, 115, 142, 156.
Ethology, 32.
coeruleum, 95, 97, 119.flabellare, 95, 97, 119.
upon Evaporation: effect 162-65; animals, 162-63; expression of conditions, 162; of different habitats, 164; in forest stages, 248-49; reactions to, and death by, 163.
95, 97, Eucalia inconstans, Eupomotis gibbosus, 84, 156. Fundulus:85.
119, 120.
Evaporimeter:162.
Piche, 164; porous cup,
diaphanus menona, 84, 123.
Factors in distribution, 299.
Hadropterus aspro, 95, 97, 120. Hiodon:alosoides, 85.
dispar, 120, 132, 135. notatus, 119.
Fairy shrimp, 177-79, 185, 278-79. Field study: legal aspects, 56; methods, 321-24.Fish:
breeding of, 126; destroyed by lampreys, 219; feeding, 130; longitudinal distribution in streams, 109,
Hybopsis kentuckiensis, 119. Labidesthes 130, 135. Lepisosteus Lepomis:sicculus, 85, osseus, 85.
tergisus, 85.
no, 115, 119, 120; traps, 80.Fish, Abramis, 65:names:scientific
protection, 56, 57;
Acipenser rubicundus, Ambloplites Ameiurus:lacustris, 85.
crysoleucas, 102, 115, 119, 120, 142, 143, 156.85. rupestris, 85, 99, 119.
Lota maculosa, Microperca punctulata. Micropterus:82, 85.
cyanellus, 102, 119, 120, 128, 156. megalotis, 99, 119. pallidus, 84, 99, 115, 119, 120, 156.84, 119.
Moxostoma:
dolomieu, 85, 99, 119, 120. salmoides, 85, 115, 120, 128, 156.
melas, 102, 119, 120, 149, 156.
aureolum, 84, 115, 119, 140. breviceps, 120.
356
ANIMAL COMMUNITIESContinued:
Notropis:
Fish
Noturus Perca 156. Percopsis Phenacobius Pimephales: Pomoxis:
atherinoides, 84. blennius, 84, 119, 127, 135. cayuga, 115, 119, 140. cornutus, 115, 119, 120, 140. hudsonius, 84. rnbrifrons, 119. umbratilis, 119, 120.flavus, 119. flavescens, 85, 99, 119, 120, 126,guttatus, 84. mirabilis, 119.
Coenomyia ferruginea, Coenosia Cynomyiaspinosa, cadaverina, 270. Dolichopodidae, 284, Drosophila amoena, Drosophilidae, 284. tenax, 298. Exoprospa, 223, Hetobia hybrid 224. 277. 272, Helophilus conostoma, Loxocera Mesogramma, 292. 208.285.Dasyllis,
271, 277.
186.
297. 207.
.Era*, 224. Eristalis
214, 270, 272, 293, 297,
a,
285.
pectoralis,
notatus, 84, 91, 115, 119, 120. promelas, 115.
geminata, 297. marginata, 188, 205.
USSchilbeodes:
annularis, 115, 140. sparoides, 120. Rhinichthys atronasus, 91, 93, 106,
in,
exilis, 95.
Umbra, 65:
gyrinus, 85, 105, 119, Semotilus atromaculatus, 115, 119, 120. Stizostedion vitreum, Triglopsis thompsoni,
142.
91, 106,
in,
85. 81.
/??;*, 84, 119, 120, 142, 143, 149, 156. Fisher, 196. Flat worms: brown cigar-shaped, 174; green, 176, 179; vernal planarians, 176.
Planaria:
-Dendrocoelum,
Flatworms,
scientific
names:
118, 172. Mesostoma, 174, 185.
dorotocephala, 118, 172.
maculata, 135.
velata, 176, 185, 278.
Anthomyidae, 284. Asilus, 285.
Vortex, 176, 179: viridis, 185, 278. Flesh-flies, 119. Flicker, 274, 275. Flies, or diptera, scientific
Milesia 292. 259 271, 272. Muscidae, 219. Mycetophilidae, 217, 247. Osinidae, 284. Pachyrhina ferruginea, 256, 277, 285. Paragus angustifrons, 285. Pipunculus fuscus, 280.222, 224. Promachus Psilidae, 208.sipho, 270. Psilopodinus Sapromyza philadelphica, 239, 257. Sarcophaga, 186. Sarcophagidae, Sciara, 217. 219. Sciomyzidae, 204, 284. 279: Sepedon 280. 204. Sparnopolius Spilogaster, 281. 285. Spilomyia longicornis 261. Spogostylum 229, 230, 234, 252. longipcnnis, 272, 277. Syritta pipiens, 285. Syrphus:virginiensis,vertebratus,
polita,
Scoliocentra,helvola,
pusillus,
flavins,
,
anale,
-Straussia
40,
americanus, 202.
names:
Tabanidae, Tabanus Tetanocera,
ribesii, 214.
170.
lineola, 281.
Bibio albipennis, 266, 268. Bombylius major, 232.
170, 188, 279: combinata, 188. plumosa, 188, 197, 284.
Cecidomyia:
saratogensis, 188.
verrucicola, 192.viticola, 191.
186.
191. Chlorops sidphurea, 284. Chrysomyia macellaria, Chrysops:
vitis-pomum,
umbrarum, 188, 280, 284, 297. Tipulidae, 206. Tritoxa flexa 285, 297.105; insects in, 203; mammals 202; mixing of communities by, 105; upstream migration during, 106, 107.
Flood-plain communities, 197-204.Floods:in,
aestuans, 188. callidus, 188.
INDEX OF SUBJECTSFly larvae, names: Ceratopogon, Chironomidae, 103,155. Chironomus, 93, 96,187, 116, 117, 142. Corethra, 125. Dixa, 118. Metriocnemis, Pedicia 114. Simulium, Stratiomyia, 123. 105, 114, 116, Tabanus, 116.scientific
357long-horned,227;
148,
Grasshoppers: 167, maritime, 223-25.118,
191.
Grebe, pied-billed, 132.
99,
123, 134,
Green snake, 289.Grossbeak, pine, 229.
93,
Ground
beetles, 180.
83, 84.
Grouse, ruffed, 196, 227.118.
albivitta,
87, 88, 93,
Guide to Chicago region,
50.
Tanypus,196, 244.
93, 118, 14S, 155.
Habitat: preference, 31; selection, 34.
Flycatcher: Traill's, 190; great crested,
Hair-worm
{Gordius), 101.
Hare, varying, 15, 191, 195.
Food: factor in distribution, 299; emphasized by paleontologists, 299; of
Harvestmen, Liobunum:
scientific
names:
young
fishes, 76, 142, 144; relations: aquatic, 65-72, terrestrial, 166-68.
dorsatum, 202, 205, 208. grande, 204, 298.
Forest communities: 189-261; clay, 21017; dry, 209-33; flood-plain, 197-203; mesophytic, 233-47; rock, 217-18; swamp, 189-93; sand, 218-33; summary of, 250-51; tamarack, 193-97; wet, 189-200. Forest margin communities, 262-75.
nigropalpi, 244, 253. ventricosiim, 202, 208. Oligolophus pictus, 244, 261.
Hawk: marsh,
167; night, 167, 289; redshouldered, 242; red-tailed, 242; sharpshinned, 274, 275; sparrow, 274, 275.scientific
Form, relation to function,Formations, defined, 38.ties.
22.
See
Communi-
Fox: gray,237, 245.
15, 237, 245;
red, 201, 236,
France:
bird protection in, 11;
Phyl-
loxera in, 191.
Frog: 173; bull, 171; common, 156, 169,195, 296; cricket, 135, 169, 296; green, 169, 171, 195; swamp tree, 195, 206, 283, 296; tree, 205, 234; tree (Pickering's), 194, 195, 196, 207, 234, 244, 253; wood, 195, 206, 207, 243, 244.
Belo stoma, 131. americana, Belostomidae, 148. 151. Benacus, 131. 65, 148. Buenoa, 132: platycnemis, 135, 148, 155. Corixa, 104, 117, 123, 155. Notonecta, 117, 132:65,griseus,
Hemiptera (true bugs), aquatic, names:
undulata, 135, 148, 155.
Function, relation to form, 22.Gallflies,
40, 191, 272, 277.
Notonectidae,123, 135, 148, 155. 151. Pelocoris femoratus, 104, 123. Plea, 132: 155. Ranatra, 148,131, 151.striola,
variabilis,
Gallinule, Florida, 171.
Gar, long-nosed, 85.Garter-snake, 167.
Z8.
65, fusca, 104, 123, 155. kirkaldyi, 155.
ait ha, 65.
fluminea, 104, 116, 123, 135, 148, 155,185.
Gas-bubble disease of fishes, 60. Geology, surface in young stream,Gland,silk, 95.
Glen wood beach, 46.Goldfinch, 268, 274; American, 199, 274. Gopher, pocket, 167, 288.
Gordius, 101.
Grape:
apple gall of, 191; free from Phylloxera in wet soil, 190; tube gallof, 191;
292, 297. 266, 4-punctata, Agallia Alydus conspersus, 292, 297. Amphiscepa 292. Aphrophora, 202:276, 298.bivittata,
Hemiptera, terrestrial, scientific names: Acanthocephala terminalis, 241, 257. Acholla multispinosa, 199, 208. Adelphocoris rapidus, 188, 214, 264,
188,
199,
208,
wart
gall of, 191.
4-notata, 267.
358
ANIMAL COMMUNITIES
Continued: Athysanus:Hemipterastriolus, 297, 298.
Banasa calm,297. Campylcnchia 261. 292, 297. curvata, Cercopidae, 204, 261. Ceresa:borealis, 206.
parallelus,
A/zm 292, 297. Neidesdolobrata, 263, 276. muticus, Neuroctenus simplex, 231, 269. Nezara 199, 208, 257. 191. Ormenis pruinosa,259. Otiocerus Parabolocratus Pelogonus americanus, 188. 204. Pemphigus:hilaris,
degeeri,
viridis,
Chariesterus antennator, 259.Chlorotetlix:
bubalus, 265, 276, 284, 292.
imbricator, 244, 245. po pulicaulis , 225, 258.
spatulata, 298.tergata, 297.
Cicada Cicadula:
unicolor, 297.linnet,
260
Pentagramma Pentatomidae, Philaronia Phlepsius Phylloxera,293,_
vagabundus, 225, 258.vittatifrons, 204.
261.
bilineata, 187. irroratus, 259.
Clastoptera:
6-notata, 283, 297. variata, 206.
190, 243, 273: caryae-caulis 260.,
Colo p ha ulmicola, 192. Corynocoris Corythuca arcuata, 233.276. Cosmopepla camifex, 187, 188, 298. Cymus angustatus Diedrocephala 188. 277. Diplodus luridus, Draeculacephala mollipes, 188, 283, 297. Empoasca malt, 298. 274. Enchenopa Euschistus:distinctus,,
obtusa, 261. proteus, 277.
Phymata erosa 297. Physatochila plexa, Plagiognathus:fuscosus, 208.politus,
vastratrix, 191, 273.
fasciata, 187, 264, 276,
188.
coccinea, 228.
188, binotata,
298. Platymeiopius acutus, 298. Podisus maculiventris, 257, 277. Poecilocapsus 206, 270, 276, 277. Protenor 276. Reduviolus:lineatus,belfragei,
272,
annulatus, 208, 260, 202, 239.
/enw, 187, 283.subcoleoptratus, 217.coriacea, 296
fissilis,
Eutettix straminea, 298. Garganus fusiformis, 298. Gargaphia 244, 261. 180, 185, 186. Gypona:tiliae,
264, 276. tristigmus, 205, 241, 260, 264. variolarius, 259, 298, 306.
humilis, 180. Saldidae, 180, Scaphoideus: 219.auronitens, 239, 260.
Gelastocoris oculatus,
octolineata, 206, 261.
Halticus 206. 292, 298. Helochara communis, 297. Horcias:striata,
uhleri,
schnodemus f 188. Jassus 261. Lepyronia quadrangularis Lygus:I
goniphorus, 292. marginalis, 298. Hyaliodes vitripennis, 41, 234, 235, 260. Idiocerus snowi, 208. Ilnacora stalii, 277.aliens,olitarius,
immistus, Schizoneura, 206. 273. Scolops Stictocephala 263, 265, 276. 297. Stiphrosoma 276. Telemona querci (monticola), 259, 234. Teratocoris 297. Thyreocoris:sulcipes,lutea,
stygica,
233,
discolor,
,
204, 208.
Thyreocoris 187. 187. Trigonotylus 298. Triphleps insidiosus, 259, 306. Typhlocyba querci 233, 259.unicolor,ruficornis,bijasciata,
pulicaria, 298. unicolor,
Macrosiphum granaria, 290. Megamelus marginatus, 277.
plagiatns, 206. pratensis, 198, 292, 306.
Heron, green, 181, 192.208, 257, 263,
266,
Herring: lake, 82, 84; toothed, 85. Hibernation groups: of beetles, 192-93; of snails, 192; of flood-plain animals,
INDEX OF SUBJECTSHistory:of Chicago geological, 45-48.
359
region,
13-15;
Hog-nosed snake, 231.Hornet, white-faced, hibernationHorntails, 217.of, 192.
Humus
in soil, 158.
Hydra, 107, 131.
A gaposte mo n:
Hymenoptera:
scientific
names:
Anomoglossus Anoplius:
splendens, 232, 259. viridiilus, 297. Ammophila. 231: nigricans, 285. procera, 231. Andrenidae, 224, 255. Andricus seminator, 234, 260.pusillus, 188.
Plesia rupta, 255. 241, 266: Pteronus 276, 297. 667. Scelipron cementarius, 285. 255. Specodes dichroa, 231, 252. Tachytes texanus, 255. Thalessa 261. Trogus 261. Tiphia vulpinus, 286, 289, 290. Vespa maculata, 192, 202, 256. Xiphydria maculata, 207.inter Polistes,
variatus,
ventralis,
Scoliidae,
atrata,
vulgaris,
Ice-sheet: retreat,46.
Wisconsin, 45; advance and drainage from, 45, 43-46;
Indians, 13.Insects: carriers of disease, 21; of, 9, 10; human food, 21.
divisus, 222, 252.
enemies
marginatus, 255. Apidae, 224. 214. Apis Augochlora:mellifera,
Inter-mores physiology, 34, 35.Inter-physiology, 34, 35.Isle
Bombus:
confusa, 187, 252. pura, 239, 256. Bembex spinolae, 222, 223, 252.
Royale, 195.See Sowbugs.
Isopods.
Ceropalidae, 255. 277. Chloralictus Cimbex americana, 208, 267. Coeloixys Crabro interruptulus, 231, 255. 277. Dielis plumipes, 222, 252. Epeolus:cressoni,rufitarsus,
americanorum, 214. separatus, 290, 297
Lacebugs, 232. Lake: Chicago, 45-47; Geneva, 62-63; Michigan, area, 73, bottom communities, 78-81, communities, 73-85, conditions, 58-65, light, 63, pressure, 64, temperature, 62, species, 83-85; Ontario, 78;
Pine, 67; Turkey, 67.
Lake communities, 73-85, 124-36; sum-
maryLake
concerning, large lake, 81, small
Eumenes jraternus, 266, 276. Eumenidae, 255. Halictus nelumbonis, 255. Ichneumon: Microbembex, 223: monodonta, 222, 223, 252. Mutilla 222, 252. Nematinae, 205. Odynerus:ornativentris,
cress onii, 285. pusillus, 231, 253.
lake, 128, 131.
herring, 77.in,
Lakes: circulation from ponds, 124.
60;
distinguished
extrematatus, 192. galenus, 192, 297. mendax, 191, 192. zebratus, 285. Ichneumonidae, 261. Larridae, 255.
Lampreys, 219. Larch or tamarack: sawfly, 195; lappet moth, 195; woolly aphid, 195.Lark:289; 286.
bunting, 286, 289;
horned, 167,shore,
meadow,
167,
283, 289;
Larvae: lepidopterous, 167; sawfly, 167.
Laws:
minimum, 68; toleration, 302; limit of range, 304; distribution area, 304.85.
anormis, 231, 255.
Lawyer, 82,
Paniscus gemminatus, 285. 254. Pelopoeus cementarius, 214, Pimpla:conquisiwr, 214.inquisitor, 191.
tigris, 276.
Leaf-beetles, long-horned 123, 135, i5i-
aquatic,
65,
Leaf -bugs, hibernating, 202.Leeches:84;in in
lakes
Lake Michigan, 77, 80, and ponds, 129;
8^, in
streams, 101, 103.
3 6
ANIMAL COMMUNITIESLight: intensity, 159-60; necessity for food supply, 66; penetration in water, 63; reactions to, 29, 251.
Clepsine, 84. 153. Dina fervida, Erpobdclla punctata, 153. Glossiphonia:fusca, 123, 153. heteroclita, 153.
Leeches, scientific names:
Limnetic communities, 74-7 7, 103, 125,140.
Living substance, 22.Lizard, six-lined, 227.Localities studied, 52-56.
Eaemopis:
stagnalis, 83.
Placobdella:
grand is, 103, 121, 153. marmoratis, 153. Macrobdella decora, 135, 151, 153.parasitica, 135, 148, 150, 153. rugosa, 117, 153.
Locust: lesser, 227; long-horned, 227; mottled sand, 227; lubbery, 262; narrow- winged, 227; sand, 227.
Logs:
lake, 131; streams, 101.
in
ponds,
150;
in
Long- jaw,
79, 80, 82, 85.
Acronycta 188, Agrotis ypsilon, 285. 267. Alypia octomaculata, 273. 268. Ampelophagus myron, 260. 241, Anisota genutia, 257. Anthocharis Apantesis 285. Basilarchia archippus, 251. Cerura, 232, 259, 279. Datana, 199: angusii, 260. Diacrisia 285. Estigmena acraea, 284, 285. Evetria comstockiana, 228, 229, 258. Geometridae, 205. Halisidota, 238, 260. Hemileuca maia, 188, 268, 276. Heterocampa Hydria undidata, 260. 259. /sia 285. Leucania unipuncta, 285. Nadata Noctuinae, 204. 231, 233, 259. Papilio:oblinita,
Lepidoptera, scientific names:
Maggots, 219.Mallard, 171.
senatoria,
phalterta,
289. Bison brevicauda, 201. Blarina 286. Camsbison,latrans,Citellus:
Mammalia, 2. Mammals, economic value of, Mammals, scientific names:
9, 10.
virginica,
guttivitta,
Isabella,
255, Fiber 156. Geomys bursarius, 288. Hominidae, Homo sapiens, 319. Lepus americanus, 191, 195. Lutra canadensis, 195, 199. Lynx rufus, 242. Marmota monax, 215, 253.zibethicus,2.
franklini, 269. 13-lineatus, 228,
286.
2,
Maries:
gibbosa,
Psychomorpha epimensis, 273. Pyrameis:hunter a, 270.
ajax, 244. cresphontes, 268, 276. troilus, 244. Pieris protodice, 220, 222. Prionoxystus robiniac, 267.
Mephitis mesomelas Microtus:ochrogaster, 289.
americana, 196. pennanti, 196.
avia, 269.
Mustela:
pennsylvanicus, 282.noveboracensis, 201. vison lutreocephala, 191.
Samia cecropia, 199. Scepsis 268. 170, 284, 297. Schizura, 199: Symmerista,fulvicollis,
cardui, 270.
Odocoileus virginianus, 238. Peromyscus:bairdii, 286.
Primates, Sorex personatns, 189, 201, 275,2.
leucopus noveboracensis, 201, 236.269.
albifrons, 200, 260.
Tamias
striatus griseus, 269.
Licenses to collect animals, 57.Liebig's law ofLife histories:
minimum,
68.
physiological, 33;
repre-
Taxidea Urocyon cinereoargentens, Vulpes fulvus, Zapus hudsonius,taxus, 288.
237.
236. 269.
sented as
circles, 71.
Man,
relation to animals, 5-20.
INDEX OF SUBJECTSMaps: evaporation,guide, (facing) 52;tion, 51.
361
50; frontispiece,list of,
ii;
48; vegeta-
Mosquito: eaten by fishes, 132; fringelegged, 174; marsh, 174, 176; smoky,178, 180.
Marsh communities, 169-73.Marten, pine, 196.Materials157.for
Mosquitoes, scientific names: Aedes fusca, 178.punctipennis 176.,
abode, of land animals,
Anopheles, 114:
May-flies, 65, 170.
May-flies names: Baetis, or Ephemerida, Caenis, 114, 123, 155. Callibaetis, 104, 123, 130, 135, 155. Chirotenetes 117. Ephemerella excrucians, 135. Ephemeridae, 118. Heptagenia, 96, 105, 114. Heptageninae, 103, 107, 117, 123. Hexagenia, 39, Siphlurus, 96, 142, 155:scientific
Culex canadensis, Wyeomyia
193, 206. Culicidae, 185, 191. smithii, 193, 204.
93.
Mourning dove, 269, 274, 275. Mouse: Cooper's lemming, 195;
siccus,
78.
93,
deer, 167; field, 167, 289; food of marten, 196, of skunk, 269, of shrews, 269; meadow, 282; white-footed wood, 201, 237; jumping, 269, 274.
Mud
puppy, 130.14,
Muskrat,171.
130,
156,
140,
143,
151,
alternatus, 98, 116.
May-fly nymphs, 88.Metallic wood-borers, 191.
Methane,
59, 60.
130;
Mussels: 70; stunted on humus, 129. Mussels, scientific names: Alasmidonta calceola, 99, 100, 116, 121. Anodonta:grandis, 83, 103, 104, 126, 153. grandis footiana, 143, 153. marginata, 83, 126, 135, 140, 153.39, 99, 100, 108, 117,
Midge
larvae: aerobic, 133.
69,
80,
129,
an-
See Fly larvae.126.
Midges, 170.
Anodontoides:127.
thumb, Mimicry, 25.Miller's
ferussacianus,in
Mineral matter:93; necessary to
excessivelife,
springs
58.
Lampsilis:
ferussacianus subcylindraceus , 100.ellipsiformis , 117, 121. iris, 117.
Mink,
15, 171, 191.
Minnow:
blackfin,
119,
120;
black-
blunt-nosed, 79, 84, 115, 119, 120, 126; Cayuga, 115, 119, 140; mud, 65, 84, 119, 120, 143, 149, 156; ruby faced, 119; shiner, 84; strawcolored, 79, 84, 126, 127, 135; sucker-
head, 115;
Quadrula:
ligamentina, 99, 117, 123. luteola, 99, 103, 117, 121, 122, 123, 126, 129, 135, 140, 153. ventricosa, 99, 117, 122.
mouthed, 119.Mites, aquatic, egg-layingscientificof, 129.
Mites, aquatic, Hydrachna, 177, 185. names: Limnochares aquations, 130, 144. Mites, names: Trombidium, 190:terrestrial, scientific
rubiginosa, 103, 117, 122, 123. undulata, 103, 117, 121, 122, 123. -TJnio gibbosus, 103, 117, 122, 123. Unionidae, 146, 153
Symphynota:complanata, 122.costata, 122.
Myriopods,Myriopoda,re-
viii,
215.
sericeum, 207.
Moisture:
equivalent of
soil,
158;
lation to wilting coefficient, 158.
Mole
cricket, 181.
Moles: 167, 238; star-nosed, 282. Mollusca, 80, 106, 144. See Snails; Mussels; Sphaeridae.
Moon,
influence of,
on plankton,
67.
names: Fontaria 215, 236, 237, 253, 254. Geophilus, 200, 254. rubens, Lithobius, 217, 239, 243, 253. 254. 187, 234, Lysiopetalum lactarium, 239, 239, 217, 254. Polydesmidae, 215.scientific
corrugate,
243,
191,
253
Moon-eye, 85.Mores, defined, 32.
Polydesmus,
191, 205, 206, 234.
Scytonotus granulatus, 206.
3 62
:
ANIMAL COMMUNITIES
Myriopoda Continued: Spirobolus marginatus,243, 2 53-
Melanoplus:201, 236, 237,
Mysis rdicta,
80, 81, 85.25.
Natural selection,
Chauliodes, 123. Chrysopa: 145, 148, 150, 155.rastricornis,
Nature: 5, 6; man and, 8-20; manmade, 8; state of, 7; struggle in, 7. Neuroptcra, scientific names:
Nemobius:
angustipennis, 227, 252. atlanis, 225, 228, 252. bivittatus, 198, 218, 276, 285, 297. dijferentialis, 266, 276. femur-rubrum, 187, 214, 218, 223, 276, 285, 296. punctulatus, 194, 195, 205. viridipes, 297.
Cryptoleon nebulosurn, 283. Mantispa brunnea, 273, 274. 121.Sialis,
albicornis, 297. oculata, 214, 291. rujialbris, 261. Corydalis cornuta, 116, 121.
maculatus, Neotettix hancocki, Oecanthus:
fasciatus vittatus, 298. 263, 297. 190.
Orchelimum:vulgare,
angustipennis, 241, 260, 272. fasciatus, 232, 257, 272, 276. nivens, 272.
glaberrimum, 204, 208.indianense, 276.298. Orphulella 292, 296, 297. Paratettix 181, Paroxya 204. Psinidia 223, Schistocerca rubiginosa, 232, 257. Scudderia, 214, 217:speciosa, cucullatus, hoosieri,
Newt, 121, 149,Nitrates, 66.
156.
186.
Nitrogen:
59, 60; cause of gas-bubble disease, 60; in lakes, 125; in spring
fenestralis,
225, 252.
water, 93.
Numberof
of individuals, relation to area
optimum, 303.
Onion- fly, 293.
Optimum, rangeOriole:274.
of,
300-305.274,
orchard,
Baltimore,
275;
furcata, 241, 266, 267, 276. texensis, 232, 259, 266, 277, 293, 297, 298. Sparagemon wyomingianum, 228, 252. -Sienobothrus, 170: curtipennis, 188, 204, 266, 285, 296, 298.
Orthoptera, 243, 272, 285, 292, 306.
Amblycorypha, 205:
Orthoptera, scientific names: Acrididae, 187, 204. Ageneotettix arenosus, 227, 252.oblongifolia, 208, 266, 267, 276. rotundifolia, 272.
obscura, 190. Trimerotropis maritima, 223, 252. Xiphidium, 70Tettix1
Tettigidea: armata, 181. parvipennis, 181, 282. pennata, 236, 282.
Apterygida 194, 205. Atlanticus pachymerus, 239, 260. Ceuthophilus, 205, 237, 239, 243. conspersa, 232, 259. Conocephalus:aculeata,Chloealtisensiger, 232, 259, 298.
uhleri, 241. Apilhes agitator, 268.
brevipenne, 188, 208, 263, 266 ensiferum, 215. fasciatum, 39, 188, 263, 264, 284, 285, 296. nigropleura, 263, 276. strictum, 232, 259, 292, 293, 298.
Osprey, 226.Ostracods, 129.
nebrascensis 264, 276. robustus, 265. Cyrtophillus perspicillatus, 241, 260. Diapheromera femorata, 187, 235, 241, 257. Dissosteira Carolina, 198, 214, 218, 254. Gryllus pennsylvanicus, 218. Hippiscus tuberculatus , 255. Ischnoptera: inaequalis, 218. major, 218.,
Ostracods or Ostracoda, Cypria vidua, Cypridopsis Cypris Cyproisfuscata, marginata,Ostracoda, 144.
scientific
names:
exsculpta, 152.
130, 152. 185.
177, 179, Notodromas monacha, 144. 185.
Potamocypris smaragdina,Otter, 195, 199.
134.
Oven-bird, 244.
INDEX OF SUBJECTSOwl, screech, 229. Oxygen: anaerobic animals, 133; burrowing dragon-fly nymphs, 142; circulation of, 61; correlated with age of ponds, 68-70; in lakes, 125, 133; inpools, 91; in springs, 93; in streams, 103; intermittent quantities, 90; necessary in water, 59; not added by certain plants, 65; reduced by sewage, 17.
36;
228, Monarda,255. 232. Opuntia, Pamassia caroliniana, Pinus banksiana, 228.Sagittaria, 175. Tilia, 257.
182.
Plover, piping, 180.
Panther, 15, 238, 242.Partridge, 196.
Fredericella sultana, Paludicella Pectinatclla magnifica, 128, 130, Plumatella, 84, 103, 121, 131:84. ehrenbergii, 84.
Polyzoa, scientific names:
135.
Perch: pirate, 120; yellow or American,85, 99, 119, 120, 126, 130, 156; troutperch, 84.
polymorpha, 135. Polyzoan, gelatin-secreting, 128, 129. Pond animals in streams, 102, 103.
Pond communities: 136-57; temporary,173-80.
Pest species,
number
of,
on different
forest trees, 166.
Ponds, vernal or temporary:
forest, 179;
Pewee, wood, 242, 244.Phalangids, 167.Physiological agreement of communities: 34; life histories, $^; proportionality in organisms, 26.
snails of, 192; influence of rainfall on,
177-79; vegetation choked, 174; young, with bare bottom, 173. Porcupine, Canada, 196.Prairie chicken, 167, 289.
Physiological
equilibrium: 26; distributed by changes in the organism, 30, by external conditions, 30; in relation to habitat, 31.
Prairie communities, 278-98.
Pressure of water, 64.
Protected situation of large lake, communities of, 80.Protection of wild animals: 8-1 1; protected species, 56, 57; wardens, 57.Proteid, foodstuffs, 66.
Pickerel, grass, 105, 115, 142, 156.
Pike: 85, 115, 120, 140; wall-eyed, 85.Pintail, 171.
pike-perch, 85;
Planarians, in
Lake Michigan, 77. Plankton: in arctic seas, 66; proportion to denitrification, 66; relation to temperature, 66, to C0 2 67, 68, to oxygen,,
Protozoa:20.
anaerobic, 129, 130; 133; as animal food, 20; producers of disease,
Protozoa, scientific names:
Actinophrys
67, 68, to carbonates, 67, 68, to rate of flow, 67, to seasons, 67, to age of ponds, 68, to moon, 67.
Plants, aquatic: in sandy riffles, 99; sluggish streams, 104; value of, animals, 65, 142; watercress, 93.scientific
in to
Peridinium tabulatum,Psocus, 234.
sol, 75. Difflugia: globulosa, 75. pyriformis, 132.
75.
names: Plants, aquatic, Chara, 142, 145, 148. Cladophora, 64, Elodea, 65, 129. Equisetum, 151. Myriophyllicm, 65, 129, 130, 131, 145. Nostoc, Potamogeton, 145. Proserpinaca, 151. names: Plants, Arabis 228. Citrus, 257. Gossypium, 257. Hibiscus, 189. J uncus 173.64, 65, 74, 74. 65,74.terrestrial, scientific
Pulmonateof, 129.
snails,
aquatic
respiration
Pumpkin-seed, 84, 156.Puss caterpillar, behaviorQuantity:of, 232.
of larger animals, 69;
of
life
on land, 166; of plankton: causes
of
lyrata,
fluctuations in, 72; in different bodies of water, 67; in ponds of different ages, 69; in polar regions, 66; seasonal variation in, 67.
Rabbit:
196;
cottontail, 269, 275.
balticus,
Raccoon: 199, 202; eats crayfishes, 90.
3 64
:
ANIMAL COMMUNITIESSediment, in water, relation to light penetration, 63.
Rail: king, 171; sora, 171; Virginia, 171.
Rapids: communities of intermittent, 87; formation of, 94-99.Rattlesnake, 167.
Seeds, as animal food, 167.
Segregation of species, vertical in Lake
Reactions:
positive defined, 26; negative, 26; to current, 34, 9 1 101, 106, 107.
and,
Michigan, 82.Seines, illegal, 57.
95,
Red-legged locust, 266.Redstart, 274, 275.
Selection of habitat: 300-305; toleration in, 302-5.Sessile animals, food of:
law
of
Regulation in behavior, 29.
97; in sea, 309; motile animals compared with, 309.17;of: upon stream animals, upon oxygen content, 17; upon
Rejuvenation of streams, 108.Relations of communities, 308-15. Reptiles: economic value of, 10, 21; in timber and prairie, 15.Reptiles, scientific names: Cnemidophorus 6-lineatus, 227, 252. Coluber constrictor, 255. Crotalus durissus, 237. Heterodon platirhinos, 255. Liopeltis vernalis, 289, 299. Sistrurus catenatus, 204, 289.
Sewage, effect
plankton, 17.
Sheepshead, 85.Shiner:79, 84; common, 115, 119, 120, 140; golden, 65, 102, 115, 119, 120, 142, 143, 156.
Thamnophis, 150: radix, 283, Tropidonotus 288, 296. 283. grahamii,Rheotaxis: Allee on, 327;
Shore-bugs, 180.Shores, sandy: of large lakes, small lakes, 125, 126.269, 274; short-tailed, 201.78;
of
Shrew: common, 189, 191, 196, 201, 262,Shrike, loggerhead, 275.
Responses, to day and night, to weather, to seasonal changes, 31.on, 101; of fishes, 34, 91, 92, 95, 101 ; of isopods, 92; of mollusks, 106, 107; of stream animals, 91, 101.
Lyon
Shrimps, Eubranchipus, names: 178, 279. Palaemonetes paludosus,scientific
177,
179, 278:
serratus, 185,
126, 130, 135,
152.Silversides, 85, 130, 135.
Rivers,
drowned and
sluggish, 102, 103.
Skunk,
12, 15, 169, 199, 262, 274.
Roadsides, 13, 275. Rotifers: 65; diurnal migration of, 77; of Lake Michigan, 75-77; sessile, 131.
Slug caterpillar, 233.
Notops:^
Rotifers, scientific names: Dinocharis tekactis, 84.
names: Slugs, Agriolimax campestris, 236. 205, 256. Pallifera dorCaroline Philomycusscientificsalts,
199,
200,
202,
nsis, 206, 215, 240,
241, 243, 247, 253, 254.77.
pelagicus, 76.
pygmaeus,
Smeared dagger-moth, larva
of, 190.
Rotifer elongatus, 84.
Roundworms,Salamanders:
in
Lake Michigan,
77.
Snails: aquatic, 90; in lakes, 130; reactions of, to light, 29; reactions of, to
water current, 34.
four-toed, 237; spotted, 149, 278, 282, 296; sticky, 181, 183, 207; red-backed, 197, 243, 255.
Amnicola,
Snails, aquatic, scientific
names:
Sandpiper, spotted, 180, 181.Scorpion- flies, 202. ScorpionBittacus, 202: Panorpa, 40,208. 191flies,
scientific
names:
80, 148: cincinnatiensis, 117, 154. emarginata, 83. limosa, 83, 99, 117, 121, 145, 146, 154. limosa parva, 154. limosa porata, 83.lustrica, 83.
strigosus,
Ancylus, 130:
walkeri, 84.
venosa, 200, 208.
Seasons: Relation of animals to, 31; succession with, 36, 278; quantity of
plankton
in, 67.
Aplexa hypnorum, 192.
fuscus, 135. rivularis, 121. tardus, 121.
.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS365
Campeloma, 99, 103, 104, 106:integrum, 107, 108, 117, 123.subsoliduni, 100, Goniobasis, 103:126, 135. Lymnaea, 84, 104,
Snails
Continued:
oppressa, 243, 256.palliata, 243, 256.
117.
pennsylvanica, 236, 237. profunda, 200, 202, 215, 236, 237.thyroides,
livescens, 95, 98, 103, 116, 121, 123,
234, Pyramidida,
200, 252, 254.
202,
208,
213,
215,
214, 215, 243:
131, 145:
exigua, 173, 185. lanceata, 85. modicella, 114, 121,186, 187. obrussa, 154.
alternata, 192, 200, 236, 237, 243, 247, 253, 254. perspectiva, 256.
154,
174,
181,
Succinea:
soHtaria, 236, 237, 243, 256. striatella, 190.
reflexa, 147, 149, 154, 174, i75i 185,
189. reflexa exilis, 154. stagnalis, 83.woodruffi. 79, 80, 84.
Physa,
1 45-151:
Planorbis,
gyrina, 93, 114, 118, 121, 131, 135, 154, 173, 185. heterostropha, 154, 173. integra, 104, 117, 131.
avara, 187, 199, 202, 208, 282. ovalis, 208, 263, 264. retusa, 169, 187, 189, 199, 202, 204, 208. Vitrea indentata, 205. Zonitoides, 215: arboreus, 190, 206, 234, 236, 243, 247, 253, 306.
Snakes, food of skunks, 269.Soil:
157-59;factor
effect of,
on organisms301,
173, 185. bicarinatus, 39, 83, 99, 104, 117, 121, 123, 154. campanulatus 114, 131, 135, 147, 149, 154. deflectus, 154. exacuosus, 154. exacutus, 83. hirsutus, 148, 149, 154. parvus, 116, 131, 135, 148, 149, 154, 204.,
159;
in
distribution,
humus, 158-59. Sowbugs or Isopoda, aquatic, scientific names: Asellus communis, 90, 98, 114, 121,154, 174, 185, 206.
Cylisticus convexus, 239, 253.Sparrow: chipping, 274, 275;
Mancasellus danielsi, 135, 154, 174. Sowbugs, terrestrial, scientific names:Porcellio rathkei, 200, 240, 254, 253.field, 274, 275; grasshopper, 167, 289; lark, 275; song, 262, 268, 275; vesper, 167.
Pleurocera, 99,
trivohis, 16, 149, 150, 152, 154.
103:
elevatum, 106, 107, 108, 121, 123. elevatum lewisii, 117.subulate, 39, 126, 127, 135. subulate internum, 121. Pleuroceridae, 84. Segmentina armigera, 131, 135, 154. Valvata, 80: bicarinata perdepressa, 83.s nicer a, 83.
Sparrow-hawk, 274.Species, animal: 1; number of, 1; plant, 1; use in ecology, 3.
Sphaeridae, names: Calyculina transversa, 83. Musculium, 118, 179, 189.scientific
tricarinata, 83. Vivipara contectoides , 126, 128, 152.
Pisidium, 81:
partumeium, 147, 153. secure, 147, 153, 185. truncatum, 121, 147, 153.
Snails, hibernation of, 192.
Circinaria concava, 200, 204, Omphalina fuliginosa, 53 Polygyra:253.2
Snails, terrestrial, scientific
names:206, 237.
compression, 83. idahoense, 83, 133.
albolabris, 197, 207, 215, 237, 243, 254.
clausa, 200.
fraudulenta, 243, 256.inflecta, 234, 256.
Sphaerium, 108:,
punctatum, 83. scutellatum, 83. variabile, 83. ventricosum, 83. Sphaeridae, 69, 80, 83, 100, 103, 147, I5 1 153-
stamincum, 107, 116, 121.
monodon, 190, 213, 215, 254, 263.multilineata, 206, 234.
vermontanum,
striatininn, 80, 83, 116. 79, 84.
3 66Spherid, anaerobic, 133.Spiders, 167.Spiders, Acrosomalscientific
ANIMAL COMMUNITIESpodagrosus, 204, 293, 298.rufus, 298.
names:
Philodromus:alaskensis, 223, 228, 257. ornatus, 205.
gracilis, 238, 240, 260.
218, 296. Agelena naevia, 207, 260.254, conspersa, Anyphaena Argiope:Attus palustris,aurantia, 263, 264, 276, 296. trifasciata, 204, 205, 208, 232, 259, 263, 293, 296, 298.milberti,
spinea, 238, 240, 260.
Pirata:
pemix, 259.
insularis, 187.
montana, 204.
276. Atypus 277. Castianeira cingulata, 197, 207. Chiracanthium inclusa, 187, 205. Clubiona Dendryphantes: 277.obesa,militaris, 205, 206.
Pisauridae, 204 Pisaurina, 198: undata, 206, 208, 277. Plectana 204. Runcinia 214, 296. Tetragnatha:204,stellata,
piratica, 206.
aleatoria, 204,
277, 293,
5i;?ga variabilis, 276.grallator, 205, 206.
Dictyna:
octavus, 204, 205, 206, 228, 258.
Dictynidae, 257. Dolomedes:
foliacea, 206, 208, 228, 232, 257, 276. sublata, 187, 204, 207.
Theridium:
169, 284, 285, 296. Theridiidae, 257.
laboriosa,
187,
208,
263,
276,
frondenm, 191, 202, 206, 208, 240,257, 258.spirale, 228, 258.
-Lycosidae. 261. Maevia niger, 260, 277, 298. 260. Mangora maculata, 206, 285, 296. Misumena 214, 264, Misumessus:vatia,
sexpunctatus, 146, 169, 187, 283, 296. tenebrosus, 243. Epeira, 198, 232: domicilorum, 240, 257, 306. foliata, 187, 204, 206. gigas, 194, 205, 206, 208, 240, 257, 272. ocellata, 206. prompta, 204. trifolium, 205, 276, 277, 296. trivittata, 188, 205, 214, 276, 284, 293, 296. Epeiridae, 208, 257, 260. Eucta caudata, 187. Eugnatha straminea, 204, 296. Gayenna celer, 260. Geolycosa pikei, 220, 227, 230, 250, 252. Habrocestum pidex, 206. Hypselistes florens, 207. Leucauge hortorum, 202, 208. Linyphia phrygiana, 260.
Thiodina puerpera, 204. Thomisidae, 257. 187, 204. Trochosa 222, 252. PFa/a mitrata, 261. Xysticus formosus, 228, Zygoballus 206.Tibellus didtoni, cinerea,bettini,
258.
Spittle insects, habits of, 202.
Meyenia:
Sponge, abundant in stream, 97. Sponges, scientific names: Heteromeyenia argyros perma, 153.crateriformis, 153.
Spongilla, 116, 131:fragilis, 153.
fluviatilis, 153.
Spontaneous movement,Springtails, 180.
26.
Squirrels:
Franklin fox, 245; 233; ground, 269, 274; gray, 192, 202, 245; ground, 167, 227, 286; red, 245. Stations of study, 50, 51-56.Statoblast, 129.
Notionella Ozyptila conspurcata,261. 296. Pardosa, 215: lapidicina, 213, 214, 215. 254. Phidippus:inter pres,
asperatus, 231, 232, 257, 293. oblongns, 207.
Stickleback, 85.
Stimulus, defined, 26.
Stinkbugs, hibernating, 202.Stonecat: 119; slender, 95.Stone-fly Perla, nymphs,121. 116,78,scientific
name:
audax, 207, 264.borealis, 297.
Stone-roller, 119, 120.
INDEX OF SUBJECTSStones: in water, 78, 88, 95-97; currents about, 61.Strata: denned, 37; in aquatic vegetation, 105; in rapids, 94-96; on land, 165.
367
Toleration, law of, 302-5.
Tolleston beach, 47.
Top minnow,
84, 120, 123, 132, 135.
Stream communities:level,
78, 86-123; baseintermittent, 102-5; 87-92; longitudinal arrangement of, 108-23; sandy, 101-2; sluggish, 102-5; springfed, 93; swift, 93-99.
Toxic substances, in soil, 159; in water, 331 (114, 114a). Transparent animals, 77.Tree-fauna,differs
with
surrounding
conditions, 16, 251.
Struggle for existence, 5-6.
Sturgeon, 85.Succession: autoproductive, 308; causes, denned, 36; ecological, 308; 36; forest, 247-50; geological, 36; lake, pond, 152; seasonal, 35, 36, 135; 278; stream, 1 10-13.
Trespass laws, 56. Tropism, 26, 27.Trout,
Mackinaw14.
or Lake, 59, 78, 79,
80, 82, 85.
Turkey, wild,
Sucker: carp, 85;
chub, 115, 119, 142, 156; common, 84, 91, 92, 106, 115, 119, 120; long-nosed, 84; hog or stoneroller, 84, 119; red-horse, 84, 115, 119, 140; short-headed red-horse, 120.
Turtles: geographic, 130, 135, 156; habits of, 130; musk, 126, 130, 135, 142, 156, breeding of, 130; painted. 132, 156, 227; protected by law, 57; snapping, 132; soft-shelled, 130; transportation of animals by, 173.Turtles, names: Aromochelys odorata, 126, Aspidonedes spmifer, 130. Chrysemys marginata, 132,scientific
Sunfish: bluegill, 84, 99, 115, 119, 120, 126, 156, 141; blue-spotted or green, 102, 119, 120, 126, 128, 156, 141; long-eared, 99, 119; pumpkin-seed, 126, 156, 141.
135,
142,
Graptemys geographicus,Upstream migration:mollusks, 106.
156, 227 130, 135, 156.
Swallow: bank, 222;
tree, 225.
Swamp
communities, 169-73, 189-97.
of fishes, 106; of
TadpoleTanager,
catfish, 85, 105, 119, 142.
Tamarack swamp communities, 193-97.scarlet, 244.
Valparaiso Moraine, 46.Variation of behavior and habits relatedto conditions, 34.
Taxis, 26, 27.
Temperature: of soil, 158-59; habitat compared, 159; control of distribution,199-304.
Varying hare,Vegetation:
15, 191, 195.
aquatic,
65
(See
Plants);
climatic, 49, 50, 51, 174.
Temporary ponds, 173-80.Tension lines between land and water,169-88.
Vernal fauna, 173-80.Vertebrata, 2.
Vertebrates, products from, 21.Vireo, red-eyed, 196, 244.
Terminology of ecology, 36-38.Termites, 220-22. Termites, scientific name:
Termes
Warbler: black, 241; blackbumian, 196;black-throated, 229; green, 229; pine, 229; prothonotory, 190, 191; yellow, 196, 241, 274, 275.
flavipes, 220, 252.
Tern, black, 170.Terrestrial conditions, 169-88, 247-50.
Thicket communities, 262-75.
Water Water
in
soil,
157-58.
Thrush: hermit, 195; wood, 241, 244.Thysanoptera, 306.Tiger-beetles, 180, 216; larvae, 210, 214, 216.
180-83; communities: shrub-covered, sedge-covered, 181; 181; terrigenous, of large lakes, 180, of ponds, 180, of rivers, 181.beetles, 65.
margin
Water scavengeri55.
Toad: 167,222.
187, 283, 296;
daily habits,
Water- scorpions, 65, 104, 123, 131, 151,Water- striders: 90; hibernationof, 201.
Toadbug,
180.
;
368Water-striders, Gerridae, 185. Gerris:scientific
ANIMAL COMMUNITIESnames:
Wind:
influence on circulation in lakes, 61; relation to light penetration, 63, to evaporation, 160, 162, 163.
RhagoveliaWeasel, 201.
marginatus, 155. rufoscutellatus, 155. Mesovelia bisignata, 155.collar is > 98, 117.
Wolf, 15, 167, 201, 236, 238, 245.
Wood Woodanimals
pewee, 196, 244.thrush, 241.236.
Weeds,
avoided
by
aquatic
Woodchuck, 215, 233, Woodcock, 189, 191.
during flood, 105.Weevils, 167.
Wheel animalcules.
See Rotifers.
Wood-frog, 244. Woodpeckers: 196, 274; downy, 229; in beach drift, 219; red-headed, 242.
Whitefish: 76, 77, 82, 85; blackfin, 81, 82; Hoy's, 81, 82, 85; long-jaw, 79,80. 82, 85.
Worms:Wren:
flat,
20; round, 20.
long-billed marsh, billed marsh, 181.
171;
short-
Willow
blossoms, visited gathering insects, 224-25.large, 267;
by
pollen-
Yellowlegs, 181.spotted, 267.
Willow sawfly:Wildcat, 242.
Yellowthroat, northern, 189, 262, 275.
Wilting coefficient of
soil,
158.
Zonation in forest edge, 263.
FprintedIU_IN
USA J
Bl