Animal Contributions to Human Needs

What animals are used for production purposes?

SCIENCE

a process through which nature is STUDIED, DISCOVERED, and UNDERSTOOD.

Animal Science

The PROCESS through which LIVESTOCK ANIMALS are STUDIED and UNDERSTOOD.

Animal Science Involves BREEDING, feeding, care

and MANAGEMENT of animals; MARKETING and PROCESSING of animals and their PRODUCTS based on knowledge gained through practical EXPERIENCE and RESEARCH.

Domestication

To adapt an animal for human use

Five requirements for domestication

1.The animal is VALUED and there are clear PURPOSES for which it is kept.

2.The animal’s BREEDING is subject to human control.

3.The animal’s SURVIVAL depends upon humans.

Five requirements for domestication

4.The animal’s BEHAVIOR (psychology) is changed in domestication.

5.Morphological (STRUCTURAL) characteristics have appeared which occur rarely if at all in the wild.

Wild animal

not GENETICALLY altered by artificial selection for use by humans

Example

Tame wild animal

a wild animal that, through intervention of man, has adapted BEHAVIORALLY so as to be useful to humans.

Example

Exotic animal

a wild animal belonging to a species whose historic native range lies totally outside NORTH AMERICA

Example

Domestic animal

an animal that has been genetically altered from the original wild species for use by humans through ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

Example

Feral animal

a DOMESTIC animal that lives in the WILD with no human assistance

Example

Feral population

a REPRODUCING group of FERAL animals

Example

Species

a group of closely related animals that can INTERBREED and produce FERTILE offspring

Example

Breed

animals of common ORIGIN with characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same SPECIES

Example

Type

animals of the same SPECIES that are grouped together based on the PRODUCTS they produce

Example

Scientific Names of Domesticated Livestock

Animals

Genus species

European Cattle

Bos taurus

Indian Cattle

Bos indicus

Sheep

Ovis aries

Goats

Capra hircus

Swine

Sus scrofa domesticus

Horse

Equus caballus

Donkey

Equus asinus

Rabbit

Oryctolagus cuniculus

Llama

Llama glama

Alpaca

Llama pacos

Dog

Canis familiaris

Cat

Felis catus

Chicken

Gallus domesticus

Turkey

Meleagris gallopavo

Duck

Anas platyrhyncha

Goose

Anser anser

Terms of Domesticated Animals

Cattle Terminology

Species Bovine

Cattle Terminology

Group Herd

Cattle Terminology

Adult MaleBull

Cattle Terminology

Adult Female Cow

Cattle Terminology

Young Male Bull Calf

Cattle Terminology

Young Female Heifer Calf

Cattle Terminology

Newborn Calf

Cattle Terminology

Castrated Male Bullock or Steer

Cattle Terminology

Offspring w/Dam Calf at Foot or Suckling

Cattle Terminology

Birthing Calving

Cattle Terminology

Mating Serving

Sheep Terminology

Species Ovine

Sheep Terminology

GroupFlock

Sheep Terminology

Adult MaleRam, Buck, or Tup

Sheep Terminology

Adult Female Ewe

Sheep Terminology

Young Male Ram Lamb or Buck Lamb

Sheep Terminology

Young Female Ewe Lamb

Sheep Terminology

NewbornLamb

Sheep Terminology

Castrated Male Wether

Sheep Terminology

Offspring w/Dam Suckling

Sheep Terminology

Birthing Lambing

Sheep Terminology

MatingTupping

Goats Terminology

Species Caprine

Goats Terminology

GroupFlock or Band

Goats Terminology

Adult MaleBuck or Billy

Goats Terminology

Adult Female Doe or Nanny

Goats Terminology

Young Male Buckling

Goats Terminology

Young Female Goatling

Goats Terminology

NewbornKid

Goats Terminology

Castrated Male Wether

Goats Terminology

Offspring w/Dam Suckling

Goats Terminology

BirthingKidding

Goats Terminology

MatingServing

Swine Terminology

Species Swine or Sus

Swine Terminology

GroupDrove

Swine Terminology

Adult MaleBoar

Swine Terminology

Adult Female Sow

Swine Terminology

Young Male Boar Pig or Boarling

Swine Terminology

Young Female Gilt

Swine Terminology

NewbornPig, Piglet, Pigling

Swine Terminology

Castrated Male Barrow, Stag, Hog

Swine Terminology

Offspring w/Dam Suckling

Swine Terminology

BirthingFarrowing

Swine Terminology

MatingCoupling

Poultry Terminology

Species Gallus

Poultry Terminology

GroupFlock

Poultry Terminology

Adult MaleRooster, Cock

Poultry Terminology

Adult Female Hen

Poultry Terminology

Young Male Cockerel

Poultry Terminology

Young Female Pullet

Poultry Terminology

NewbornChick

Poultry Terminology

Castrated Male Capon

Poultry Terminology

Offspring w/Dam Clutch, Brood

Poultry Terminology

BirthingHatching

Poultry Terminology

Mating?????

Horse Terminology

Species Equine

Horse Terminology

GroupHerd, Band, etc.

Horse Terminology

Adult MaleStallion

Horse Terminology

Adult Female Mare

Horse Terminology

Young Male Colt

Horse Terminology

Young Female Filly

Horse Terminology

NewbornFoal

Horse Terminology

Castrated Male Gelding

Horse Terminology

Offspring w/Dam Suckling or Foal at Side

Horse Terminology

BirthingFoaling

Horse Terminology

MatingServing

Functions of Livestock

Product- an actual material provided by an animal that can be bought, sold, or used

Service- a work provided by an animal

Functions of Livestock

Food Clothing Power Recreation

Food

Meat Eggs Milk Honey

Clothing

Wool Leather Hair/Fur Feathers

Power

Horses Mules, Donkeys, Burros Llamas, Alpacas Oxen, Water buffalo, reindeer, yak,

camels

Recreation

Pleasure Horses Purebred Herds and Flocks Livestock Exhibitions, Shows, Rodeos Horse Racing

Mainstream Domestic Animals

Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Sheep (Wool, Meat, Dairy) Swine Goats (Mohair, Milk, Meat, Cashmere) Horses, Mules, Donkeys, etc Poultry

Non-Traditional Domestic Animals

Ostrich & Emu Deer and Elk Bison Aquaculture Llamas and Alpacas Alligators Rare Breeds of Domestic Animals

Types of Livestock

Cattle

Beef Type Dairy Type Dual Purpose Multi-Purpose

Sheep Wool type

Fine Medium Long Colored

Meat or Mutton type Dual Purpose Dairy Type

Swine

Lard Type Bacon Type Meat Type

Horses

Draft Type Racing Ranch Work/Stock Horse Trotting Pacers

Poultry

Eggs (Layers) Meat (Broilers) Ornamental Cock Fighting

Why Farmers Use Livestock

Converts feed to meat; feed generally brings more money when marketed through livestock

Utilizes labor the year around Allows for greater production capacity and

increases opportunity for making profits Helps maintain fertility of the land

Why Farmers Use Livestock

May more fully utilize capital, machinery and wasteland (range).

Utilizes roughage that can’t readily be sold (poor hay, corn stalks, straw, etc.)

Diversifies that farm and/or ranch Personal satisfaction of working with

domesticated animals

Animal Protein

Animal proteins are superior to vegetable proteins for humans

Animal proteins have improved amino acid balance over vegetable protein

Producing animals for meat, mike, eggs, etc. is not as efficient as compared to cereal grains produced for humans alone

Ruminants

Have a four compartment stomach Can digest roughages Manufacture essential amino acids and

energy Examples include:

Cattle Sheep Goats

Non-ruminants (Monogastric)

Have a single compartment stomach Need supplementary sources of amino

acids and vitamins Examples include:

Swine Poultry Horses

Contributions to Food Needs

Vegetarianism -- started in India, due to long-term population pressure and scarcity of feed and forage for animals -- also religious concerns; all life is sacred.

Rising Population Pressures -- particularly in developing regions force people to consume foods of plant origin

Contributions to food Needs

Classification:% Animal

Dietary Energy

% Animal Protein of

Total Protein

Developed Countries 25 55Developing Countries 7 21

Contributions to Food Needs

Meat -- is important in diet; excellent balance of amino acids, vitamins and especially Vitamin B12

Milk -- approximately 90% of milk for human consumption in the world comes from cattle

Over 85% of the world population desires food of animal origin

1. Vegan

2. Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian

3. Vegetarian

4. Lacto Vegetarian

5. Ovo Vegetarian

6. Raw Vegan

7. Pescatarian

8. Flexitarian

9. Pollo Vegetarians

1. Vegan: No animal products at all2. Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian: no meat, milk,

eggs3. Vegetarian: no meat4. Lacto Vegetarian: no meat or milk5. Ovo Vegetarian: no meat or eggs6. Raw Vegan: only raw, uncooked

vegetables and fruits7. Pescatarian: Will eat fish, no other

meat8. Flexitarian: Occasionally eats meat9. Pollo Vegetarians: Eats poultry, no

other meat

Calories of cultural or Fossil Fuel expended per calorie of food

Hunting Game .1-.2 Soybeans .2-.5 Range Lamb .3-.4 Corn .4-.5 Range Beef .5-.6

Coastal Fishing .9-1.1 Poultry 1.5-2.0 Hogs 2.5-3.2 Farm Forage Beef 3.0-4.0 Feedlot Beef 10.5-12.0

Feed Conversion Values

For each 1lb of gain, each animal eats Sheep 5-7 lbs Cattle 7-8 lbs Swine 3.0-3.5 lbs Turkeys 3.0-3.5 lbs Chicken 2

Livestock Feed Consumption

Range/Pasture34% Processed Feed 7% Feed Grain 26% Hay 32% Wheat 1%

Range/Pasture

Hay

Feed Grains

Wheat

ProcessedFeeds

US Livestock Producers- 1996

Beef 55.4% 909,100 Swine 11.9% 182,700 Chickens 10.9% 179,200 Dairy 8.5% 140,100 Horses 5.4% 88,400 Ducks/Geese 2.4% 39,600 Goats (milk) .9% 15,400 Goats (angora) .3% 5,400

Top States in Beef Production

1. Texas 2. Kansas 3. Nebraska 4. Oklahoma 5. California Utah’s Rank 28th

Top States in Dairy Production

1. California 2. Wisconsin 3. New York 4. Pennsylvania 5. Michigan Utah’s Rank 25th

Top States in Sheep Production

1. Texas 2. California 3. Wyoming 4. Colorado 5. South Dakota Utah’s Rank 7th

Top States in Goat Production

1. Texas 2. New Mexico 3. Arizona 4. Oklahoma 5. California Utah’s Rank ?

Top States in Swine Production

1. Iowa 2. North Carolina 3. Michigan 4. Illinois 5. Indiana Utah’s Rank 20th

Top States in Layers Production

1. California 2. Ohio 3. Indiana 4. Pennsylvania 5. Iowa Utah’s Rank 33rd

Top States in Broiler Production

1. Arkansas 2. Georgia 3. Alabama 4. North Carolina 5. Mississippi Utah’s Rank ??

Top States in Turkey Production

1. North Carolina 2. Minnesota 3. Arkansas 4. Missouri 5. California Utah’s Rank 14th

Number of Farms and Ranches

1. Texas 2. Missouri 3. Iowa 4. Kentucky 5. Minnesota Utah’s Rank 36th

Land in Farms and Ranches

1. Texas 2. Montana 3. Kansas 4. Nebraska 5. New Mexico Utah’s Rank 28th

Utah’s Rank in Other Areas

Mink Production 2nd Trout Production 6th Honey Production 24th