Animal DigestionAnimal Digestion

Chapter #2Chapter #2

What are What are NutrientsNutrients??

parts of food which provide for growth, parts of food which provide for growth, maintenance, body functionsmaintenance, body functions

Carbohydrates (CHO)Carbohydrates (CHO) FatsFats ProteinsProteins VitaminsVitamins MineralsMinerals WaterWater

What is a What is a RuminantRuminant??

Animals with more than one stomachAnimals with more than one stomach Chew their cud (re-chew food)Chew their cud (re-chew food) Cows, sheep, goatsCows, sheep, goats Cows have four stomachsCows have four stomachs Alf has eight stomachsAlf has eight stomachs

Why don’t cattle need as much B Why don’t cattle need as much B vitamins?vitamins?

Microorganisms in the stomach of the cow Microorganisms in the stomach of the cow make their own B vitaminsmake their own B vitamins

Can also make some proteins if given the Can also make some proteins if given the right kind of Nitrogenright kind of Nitrogen

NonRuminantsNonRuminants

Foragers: Horse, rabbitForagers: Horse, rabbit NonForagers: pig, poultryNonForagers: pig, poultry

How much to feed?How much to feed?

Depends on function of animalDepends on function of animal Pregnant, Lactating, Working, GrowingPregnant, Lactating, Working, Growing How often to feedHow often to feed

Depends on stomach size & rate of Depends on stomach size & rate of metabolismmetabolism

Stomach size is relavant to amount of Stomach size is relavant to amount of feed fedfeed fed

Mink = 4-6 times/day, Cows = 1-2 /dayMink = 4-6 times/day, Cows = 1-2 /day

What foods give energy?What foods give energy?

Carbohydrates (starch & cellulose) & FatsCarbohydrates (starch & cellulose) & Fats Fat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHOFat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHO Energy is major part of a feed rationEnergy is major part of a feed ration Up to 90% of a ration for a steerUp to 90% of a ration for a steer Measured in Kilocalories or TDN (Total Measured in Kilocalories or TDN (Total

Digestible Nutrients)Digestible Nutrients)

What are What are ProteinsProteins??

Used to build muscle, body tissueUsed to build muscle, body tissue Made of amino acidsMade of amino acids Ruminants can make some proteinsRuminants can make some proteins Simple Stomachs need specific amino acidsSimple Stomachs need specific amino acids

What are What are MineralsMinerals??

Natural elements which regulate certain Natural elements which regulate certain body functionsbody functions

Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, I, CoI, Co

Most are trace mineralsMost are trace minerals

What are What are vitaminsvitamins??

Compounds responsible for certain Compounds responsible for certain functionsfunctions

Fat Soluable = A, D, E, KFat Soluable = A, D, E, K Water Soluable = B, CWater Soluable = B, C

Feed AdditivesFeed Additives

Pharmaceutical or nutritional substances Pharmaceutical or nutritional substances that are not natural feedstuffs are added to that are not natural feedstuffs are added to made-up and stored feeds for various made-up and stored feeds for various purposes, chiefly to control infectious purposes, chiefly to control infectious disease or to promote growth. Improper use disease or to promote growth. Improper use may cause poisoning in the subject animals may cause poisoning in the subject animals or undesirable residues in food for human or undesirable residues in food for human consumption produced by the animals. consumption produced by the animals.

What are What are additives foradditives for??

Antibiotics: disease preventionAntibiotics: disease prevention Coccidiostats: control parasitesCoccidiostats: control parasites Xanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellowXanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellow Hormones: increase growthHormones: increase growth Tranquilizers: calm nerves (cattle, turkeys)Tranquilizers: calm nerves (cattle, turkeys) Antioxidants: prevent feed from getting rancidAntioxidants: prevent feed from getting rancid Pellet Binders: keep in pellet formPellet Binders: keep in pellet form Flavoring Agents: make taste betterFlavoring Agents: make taste better

Livestock FeedingLivestock Feeding

Roughage = high fiber, low energyRoughage = high fiber, low energy Concentrate = low fiber, high energyConcentrate = low fiber, high energy

How is a ration balanced?How is a ration balanced?

Pearson square: balance a ration using any Pearson square: balance a ration using any two ingredients for one nutrienttwo ingredients for one nutrient

How much Soybean Meal (44% Protein) How much Soybean Meal (44% Protein) should be mixed with Barley (13% Protein) should be mixed with Barley (13% Protein) to get a mixture that is 16% protein?to get a mixture that is 16% protein?

Pearson SquarePearson Square

SoybeanMeal 44%

Barley 13%

16%

SBM = 3 parts

Barley = 28 parts

Total Parts = 31

Pearson SquarePearson Square

Soybean Meal = 3 partsSoybean Meal = 3 parts Barley = 28 partsBarley = 28 parts Total Parts = 31Total Parts = 31 Soybean Meal = 3/31 or 10%Soybean Meal = 3/31 or 10% Barley = 28/31 or 90%Barley = 28/31 or 90% If mixing a ton (2000#) SBM = 200#, If mixing a ton (2000#) SBM = 200#,

Barley = 1800#Barley = 1800#