animal health assessment (including zoonoses) in smallholder pig value chains
DESCRIPTION
Presented by Fred Unger at the inception workshop for the 'Reducing Disease Risks and Improving Food Safety in Smallholder Pig Value Chains in Vietnam' project, Hanoi, August 14, 2012.TRANSCRIPT
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Animal health assessment (including zoonoses)in smallholder pig value chains
Fred Unger International Livestock Research Institute
Project Inception Workshop: Reducing Disease Risk and Improving Food Safety in Smallholder Pig Value Chains in Vietnam
August 14, 2012, Melia Hotel, 44B Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Hanoi
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Content
IntroductionObjectivesApproach & methods
a) (Risk) Assessmentb) Intervention
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Project framework
Risk profiling
Risk assessment
Microbial RA
Chemical RA
Economics (eg health, CBA)
Value chainRapid assessment
Economic assessment
AH RA
…
….
Interventions
Action research 1
Action research 2
Action research 3
…………………
Engaging stakeholders and co-generating evidence, Advocacy, Communication
1
2 3
4
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Introduction - Knowledge gaps
–What are the key animal health (AH) constraints & their impact• Animal health–Disease»Which diseases» Production diseases versus zoonoses or FBD» Emerging versus neglected
• Feed • Management (e.g. housing)
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Knowledge gaps
–Where is the diseases risk created • Prior to farm • On – farm • Later along slaughter and processing
–How the risk can be best managed–What are possible control points to manage
the risk
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Considerations – disease spread & drivers
• Pathogens are spread by movements of inputs, animals and animal products, fomites, people, equipment and during transport (Supporting tool: Risk assessment)
• Movements of inputs, animals and products within the value chains are driven and controlled by people (Supporting tool: VCA)
• Understanding the motivations for movements is essential for evidence based mitigation options and effective control (VCA & RA and socio economic, social sciences)
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Objective 1 – Animal health Assessment
Objective 1:
To assess impacts of pork-borne diseases on human health and the livestock sector and identify critical points/opportunities for risk management.
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Methodology - address Objective 1
Impact of AH constraints
1. Risk profiling – (a) review and (b) rapid (value
chain) assessment
2. Specific assessment of AH constraints
3. Risk assessment
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Methodology - address Objective 1
1a Risk profiling - review
Method: Literature review
Output: Report List relevant diseases and first priotization, e.g.
related to: • importance for specific sector/production type
(small scale, breeding, fattening, age groups)• basis for selection of specific target diseases
Further triangulation in next steps
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Considerations on pig diseases
• Pig diseases with potential impact on AH• FMD, PRRS• multi-factorial (respiratory) diseases• Endo/ecto-parasites• Housing/feeding related • Production system (breeding/fattening)
versus
• Zoonotic or FBD diseases e.g. Trichinella, Cysticercosis
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Content
1. Introduction and challenges2. Objectives3. Approach
a) Assessment b) Interventionc) Communication
4. Risk assessmentChallenges: mild / subclinical courses possible• Quite a few of zoonoses but also CSF• No clinic at all at producer, certain FBD
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Review
Summary table on AH constraints
Disease/ pathogen
Prod sector/ age class
Surveillance/ control
Diagnostic & costs
Relevance reference
PRRS
FMD
Actinobacillose
.
Cysticercose
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Methodology - objective 1Aligned with for PH risk and socio-economic risk component
1b Risk profiling - rapid (value chain) assessment• Basic understanding of AH constraints and of their impact• Further priotization – list of 1-2 key pig diseases• Information for pathway identification• Map of animal production (AP) and AH constraints
Tools: FGD, IDI, checklist, PE techniques
Contents: Pig keeping constraints Input system (feed, housing, bio-security)AH constraints (mortality, morbidity)Animal health services including drug shops
Access to markets
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2. Specific assessment of AH constraints
Output: In-depth understand of AH constraints including
Use of output:– Calculation of epidemiological rates, disease burden– Risk pathways, potential risk mitigation options, risk assessment
Triangulate information from difference sources and techniques (FGD/ questionnaires, producer and slaughterhouse, AH services)
To support identification risk question and intervention (objective 2)
Methodology - objective 1Aligned with for PH risk and socio-economic risk component
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2. Specific assessment of AH constraints cont.
Targeted VC Actor: Producer (input also from other actors)
Components: • Survey in pig producing households (HH)(+ biological sampling)• Abattoir survey (+ biological sampling)• Longitudinal survey at pig producing HH (+ biological sampling)• Collection of community level surveillance reports of pig disease
incidence and pig mortality
Methodology - objective 1Aligned with for PH risk and socio-economic risk component
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Specific assessment of AH constraints
Survey in pig producing HH (including biological sampling)
Objective: Assess AH impact for selected pg diseases
Methodology: Up to 400 HH from 2 areas (stratified by different types of VC)
Subset of HH depending on number selected diseases HH questionnaire, observations
Sample size/HH: prevalence estimate based, pathogens (1-3) also some implications from available budget (limited)
• Targeted biological sampling• Pooled samples
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Specific assessment of AH constraints
Additional slaughterhouse data collection Objective: Assess AH constraints for selected diseases
Aligned with PH survey
Methodology: Up to 30 slaughterhouses from 2 areasQuestionnaire, observations, pre-slaughter
inspection Optional confirmatory biological sampling (pre-slaughter)
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Specific assessment of AH constraints
Longitudinal survey at pig producing HH (up to 60) Objective: Determine AH impact over time
(e.g. calculate incidences for selected diseases and provide more data for risk assessment &
disease burden)
Methodology: Up to 60 HH from two provinces repeatable revisited over time (12 months). Optional confirmatory biological sampling if required. Questionnaire, observations
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Specific assessment of AH constraints
Collection of community level surveillance reports of pig disease incidence and pig mortality
Objective: Determine AH impact of selected diseases(Triangulation with other data collected)
Methodology: Animal health officers from study districts will be at regular intervals (monthly) contacted over 12
months each
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3. Risk assessment / Risk analysis
The four components of risk analysis
1. Hazard identification (specific risk question!) 2. Risk assessment (RA) (qualitative/quantitative)3. Risk management4. Risk communication
Qualitative RA: Probabilities are assessed and described textually on a scale from negligible to very highQuantitative RA: Determination of risk using quantitative terms
http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_1.2.1.htm
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Risk assessment
General question to be answered before:
• Which processes within different production and marketing systems carry (highest) risk for disease spreade.g. input sector (feed)
• What are their relative contributions to overall risk?
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Risk assessment
• Hazard• Potential Transmission routes (pathways)• Transmission parameters (e.g. survival time, susceptibility) • Release• Exposure • Consequences
Source: Literature, undertaken surveys (prevalence's, incidences) EO
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Risk assessment
Hazard identification e.g. Specific pathogen - prioritization required
How to choose a specific disease/hazard?(parasitic, viral, bacteria, epidemic, endemic)Which production type and age class affected?
Risk issue: e.g. risk of introduction, risk of transmission
Data needs : e.g. pathogen (prevalence, survival potential ect.)animal (e. g susceptibility)movement (products, animals, fomites…) VCA & pathways required!management (e.g. bio-security, housing, feeding)policies (e.g. surveillance)people/VC actors (e.g. perception, awareness, incentives)
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Objective 2:To develop and test incentive-based innovations
Repeated randomized control trials
• A specific animal health constraints will be addressed identified under objective 1 by using and testing a set of targeted interventions (or package)
– Feasibility – Affordability– Chance for success (e.g. parasitic burdon)
Aligned with economic component (e.g. CBA)
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Literature • FA0, 2011
VC approach to animal disease risk managementFAO Animal production and Health Guidelines, FAO, 2011
• DEFRA.UK (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs http://archive.defra.gov.uk/)
Risk of Introduction e.g. Rabies, Echinococcus, EIA, FMD, H5N1, H1N1 ect.
• EFZA European Food Safety Authorityhttp://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/aboutefsa.htmRisk assessment related to BSE, HPAI, Biological hazards
• A Quantitative Risk Assessment for the onward transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 from an infected small-scale broiler farm in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia(Will de Glanville, et. al 2010)
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Thank You