animal phyla project-1[1] shum (1)

7/30/2019 Animal Phyla Project-1[1] SHUM (1)

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Phylum: Chordates

Subphylum: Urochordata andCephalochordata

AA & SSPeriod 1


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http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/160/chordatephylogeny.gif


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Chordates

Chordates are organismsthat possess: A structure called a

notochord at somepart of theirdevelopment.

A dorsal, hollow nervecord

Pharyngeal slits Muscular post-analtail.

http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/chordates.html


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Chordates

Notochord a rod that extends most of thelength of the body that provides support duringlocomotion.

Nerve cord- dorsal hollow nerve cord that isunique to chordates animals from other phylahave solid nerve chords. The nerve cord of a chordate is the central

nervous system: brain and spinal cord.


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Chordates

Pharyngeal slits allow water to exit from themouth without going through the entiredigestive tract. Slits have become modified for

gas exchange, jaw support, hearing, and otherfunctions during vertebrate evolution. Chordates have a tail. Usually, non-chordates

have a digestive tract that extends the wholelength of the body. The chordate tail hasmuscles, and skeletal elements and providespropulsion in water.


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Invertebrates

Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone. Invertebrates include 98% of the animals on

Earth.

Invertebrates usually have a shell or a hardexoskeleton for protection


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Invertebrate Chordates

The adults of Urochordates have neither anotochord nor a dorsal tubular nervous systemSo how can they be chordates?

These animals disperse themselves with free-swimming larvae that have a dorsal tubular nervous system

notochord gill slits


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Invertebrate Chordates

Chordates include two subphyla of invertebrates:-UROCHORDATES -CEPHALACHORDATES

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0426/5ae100297aced/5ae1002ea3073.jpg http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/pictures/amphi8.htm


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Invertebrate Chordates Tunicate larva - free-

swimming and exhibits allchordate characteristics: notochord, a dorsal

nerve cord, pharyngealslits, and a post-analtail.

The larvae swims until iteventually attaches to ahard substrate it loses its tail and

ability to move, and itsnervous system

disintegrates.


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Urochordates

Commonly called tunicates Most are marine animals Some adhere to rocks while others are

planktonic. Seawater enters through an incurrent passes

through the pharyngeal slits into atrium and exits

through an excurrent siphon (Atriopore). Thefood that is filtered from this water is passed by cilia into the intestine. The anus empties into theexcurrent siphon.


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Urochordates

Have a notochord thatextends from just behind the head tothe tail

Urochordata means"tail- cord

There are three

classes within thissubphylum: Ascidiacea, Thaliacea,and Larvacea.

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Class Ascidiacea

Adult ascidians arecommonly called "seasquirts

Ascidiacea areinhabitants of theintertidal zone they may be either

solitary or colonial. All are filter feeders.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Ascidias.jpg


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Class Thaliacea

barrel-shaped Known as "salps".

They are surrounded by circular muscle bands and both endsof their cylindrical body are open. Contractions of the circular muscles make the body pulsate;

This creates a form of jet propulsion and a mechanism forfilter-feeding (suspended food is removed from the water by the pharyngeal gill slits).


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Class Larvacea

Larvacians resemble ascidian larvae Most specialized urochordates. Build a home that is mobile within which they

travel through the course of their lives. The walls of their mobile homes give little

protection.

Their pharyngeal gill slits are used for feeding.


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Urochordata

There are roughly 1,600 species of urochordates; most

are small solitary animals but some arecolonial, organisms. Tunicates Sea Squirts

http://www.dscc.edu/bwilliams/Biology2/bio2animcont.htm


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Physiology

No coelom - has been replaced by proliferationof connective tissue

Complex nervous system

Locomotion propulsion Reproduction:

Most are hermaphrodites, producing both

eggs and sperm hat are either free-spawned or brooded. Most species are self-sterile, butsome are self- fertile


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Physiology

Urochordates have: dual nervous system - different nerves

segmented (somatic nerves) unsegmented

(visceral nerves) regions; segmented muscles. locomotion by contraction of alternate sides

as in vertebrates


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Physiology Brain is functions similarly to the vertebrate brain segmented muscle (myomeres) pull alternate sides

(stiffened by notochord.) Pharynx & gills used only for filter feeding. Circulation limited, but has a ventral pump & major

dorsal artery. No hemoglobin; oxygen carried in solution; no kidney, but similar excretory cells. No connection between segmented & unsegmented

nerves. Semi-sedentary filter feeder Both Cephelochordata and

Urochordata trap detritus in mucus; water moved by cilia mouth and gut have little or no musculature.

No paired fins therefore less coordination.


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Anatomy Urochordata

http://bio.classes.ucsc.edu/bio136/urochordata/urochordata.html


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Cephalochordata Derived from Greek

meaning both endspointed

The Cephalochordatasubphylum commonly includes vertebrates,tetrapods, and amniotes

Lampreys and hagfish arethe only agnathans(jawless fish) that are notextinct today

They are commonly known as lancelets

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Lampreys (Cephalaspidomorphi )

Feed upon fish bloodfrom the flank

Born in fresh water

streams and remainthere until they reachmaturity in lakes oropen sea

Larva (ammocoete)are scavengers sincetheir mouths are notdeveloped for rasping

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Lamprey_illustration_side.png/800px-Lamprey_illustration_side.png

http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/34-09a-Lamprey.jpg
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/34-09a-Lamprey.jpghttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/34-09a-Lamprey.jpghttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/34-09a-Lamprey.jpghttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/34-09a-Lamprey.jpghttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/34-09a-Lamprey.jpghttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/34-09a-Lamprey.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e5/Lamprey_illustration_side.png


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Hagfish (Myxini) Hagfish secrete slime,

then tie themselves in aknot to scrape it off, toclean themselves

Pair of horizontalstructures that haveprojections that pick upfood

Feed on alive/dead fishsinsides

Tie themselves in a knotand slide towards themouth, the knot pullingthe mouth off http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/heceta/source_files/source_jpegs/logbook_images/r609hagfi

sh_link.jpg

http://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpg
http://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpghttp://lemonodor.com/scruz-2003-01-24/med/130-lo-hagfish.jpg


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Anatomy of Cephalochordata

1= brain-like blister 2= notochord

3= dorsal nerve cord 4= post anal tail 6= food canal 10= gill slit

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lancetnikinside.png/800px-Lancetnikinside.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Lancetnikinside.png


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Physiology I

Chordates generally have bilateralsymmetry that is differentiated into head,trunk, and tail

All have notochord, nerve cord, visceralclefts and arches (gills)

Notochord: rod-like structure found incephalochordata embryos; gives axialsupport. Made from mesoderm cells.


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Physiology II

Nerve cord: develops above the notochordas a hollow tube. Differentiates brainanteriority and spinal cord from the trunk to the tail. Makes up central nerve system.

Visceral clefts & arches (gills): appears aspouches that push out to make clefts,connecting the pharynx to the exterior.Site of major gas exchange.


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Quiz

Of which of the following features does acephalochordata not possess?

I notochord

II jawsIII nerve cord A) I only

B) II only C) I and IID) I and IIIE) I, II, and III


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Quiz

Which classes are not extinct in jawless vertebrates today?

A) Myxini and CephalaspidomorphiB) LanceletsC) AgnathaD) Cephalaspidomorphi and MammaliaE) Amphibia and Reptilia


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Quiz

How do the adults of Urochordates andCephelochordates belong to the groupchordates?

What are the three classes within the subphylum

Urochordata?


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QUIZ

These animals disperse themselves with free-swimming larvae that have a dorsal tubular nervous system

notochord gill slits

There are three classes within this subphylum: Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, and Larvacea.

animal phyla project-1[1] shum (1)

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