animal science introduction to animal science. what is animal science? care, management and...

Animal Science

Introduction to Animal Science

What is Animal Science?

Care, management and production of domestic animals

Animals used for food, clothing & tools

What was the first domesticated animal?

Dog for tracking, then herding

Domestication

After animals become domesticated, they become dependent on man

Most can’t survive in wild

Most poultry can’t fly

Sheep don’t shed wool

Cows produce 20,000 lbs milk / year

Birds produce 250 eggs / yr. (20 in wild)

Animal Use as Food

Meat - (muscle tissue) Beef, Pork, Lamb, Goat, PoultryMost efficient way to get proteinOnly way to harvest some natural

resources like grass Milk - inexpensive source of protein

Cheese, ice cream, yogurt Eggs - pastries, mayonnaise, custards

Animal Use as By-Products

Bones - buttons, glue, mineral supplement for livestock feed (Calcium)

Fat - chemicals, salves, creams, dressings, lubricants, soaps, food

Glands - medicines, food additives

Collagen - (connective tissue in joints) glue & gelatin

Intestinal & Stomach tissue - lunch meats, surgical sutures, strings for musical & sports instruments (contents = fertilizer)

Cultivate land

Transportation

Animals Use as Work

Control other animals

Assist physically & mentally handicapped

Rehabilitation of disabled

Other Animal Use

Hides - leather

Hair - wool, mohair, fiber

Lab Animals - mice, rats, guinea pigs etc.

Pets

What is the future of Animal Science?

Embryo Transplant - can produce 20 calves from one cow per year

Cloning - using an animal cell to grow an identical duplicate animal

Animal “Pharming” – producing animals to produce drugs and chemicals

Terminology of Animal Science

Cow- a female bovine that has had offspring Bull- a male bovine capable of reproducing Heifer- a young female bovine that has not

had offspring Steer- a castrated male bovine Calf- a young bovine (less than 30 mo) Calve- the act of giving birth to a calf


Wean- to remove a young animal from it’s mother

Colostrum- nutrient rich milk from the mother following birth

Lactation- the period when a female produces milk after a birth

Freshen- when a female produces milk prior to giving birth

Cull- the act of removing unproductive animals from a group


Sow- a female hog that has given birth Boar- a male hog capable of breeding Gilt- a young female porcine Barrow- a young male porcine Piglets- very young porcine Farrow- the act of giving birth to piglets Litter- a group of piglets born at one time


Ewe- a female sheep that has lambed Ram- a male sheep also known as buck Ewe lamb- a young female ovine Whether- a castrated male ovine Lamb- a young ovine Lambing- the act of giving birth to lambs Dock- the act of removing the tail of a

young lamb


Mutton- the meat of sheep animals

Shearing- the act of removing wool or mohair from an animal

Wool- natural fiber produced by ovines

Mohair- a less textured hair usually harvested from goats for fiber

Cashmere- a valuable hair from cashmere goats


Doe- a female goat that has reproduced, also called a nanny

Buck- a male goat capable of reproducing

Kid- a young caprine

Kidding- the act of giving birth to young caprine

Chevon- a goat grown for meat


Mare- an adult female horse Stallion- a male horse capable of

reproducing also called a stud Gelding- a castrated male equine Foal- a young equine Colt- a young male equine Filly- a young female equine Draft- a horse produced for work


Hen- a female chicken Rooster- a male chicken also known as a

cock Capon- a castrated male rooster Clutch- a set of eggs being hatched Molt- the act of losing feathers Layers- poultry used to produce eggs Fryers- poultry used for meat


Pedigree- tracking the ancestors of an animal

Breed- a variety of animal with specific traits

Breed Association- a group of producers that ensure breed traits

Commodity Group- a group of producers producing a similar product

Anatomy and Physiology

Skeletal SystemMade of bone and cartilageGives the animal structure and

flexibilityProtects the organs of the animalJoints use tendons and ligamentsMarrow in bones produces red blood

cells

Types of Bones

FLAT

Irregular


Muscular SystemProvides movement for animal and supports

lifeKeeps blood flowing and cells livingHelps with digestion of foodProvides a proteins source for humansVoluntary and involuntary, smooth and

striated, and red and white


Circulatory System

Heart and blood vessels

Arteries and Veins

Provides oxygen and nutrients to each individual cell

Removes wastes from the cells

DID YOU KNOW…. A Blue Whale’s heart is the same size as a VW Bug??


Respiratory System

Consists of lungs and airways

Provides necessary oxygen to bloodstream

Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream


Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Nervous system is brain, spinal cord, nerves and nerve endings

Endocrine system is series of glands that secrete hormones

Hormones have chemical effect on body organs


Digestive System

Provides the bloodstream with necessary nutrients to deliver to cells

Breaks food into basic nutrients to be used by the body

Removes unneeded products

Can be simple (monogastric) or ruminant (polygastric)


Digestive System- Simple

Human, Pig, Dog, Horse, Birds

Animal ingests food

Food is chemically broken down into elements by acid in the stomach

Elements are absorbed by intestines

Waste is excreted


Digestive System- RuminantCow, Sheep, Goats, DeerAnimal ingests foodRumen ferments cellulosic fiberReticulum filters contents Omasum extracts water in layersAbomasum is true stomach where

chemical breakdown takes place


Reproductive System

Ovaries and testes produce cells

Female cells are called eggs or ovum

Male cells are called sperm

Animals mate and cells are combined

Each sex cell contributes one half of offspring’s DNA

Pregnancy- carrying a fetus

Fertilization-the union of the egg and sperm nuclei

Conception- Occurrence of fertilization

Ovulation- Release of an ovule from the female

Gestation- The time from fertilization or conception of a female until she gives birth

Female Reproductive System

Vulva: Exterior portion of reproductive tract, and opening of reproductive tract, provides visual signs of heat.

Vagina: Between vulva and cervix, channel for birth and copulation (cows and ewes, semen is deposited here)

Cervix: “Mouth of the womb,” Divides vagina and uterus and is opening into uterus. (Mares and sows, semen is deposited here). At birth, cervix stretches to allow baby to pass. During pregnancy, cervix become blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection.

Uterus: Provides nourishment for fetus

Horns of Uterus: Two branches of uterus. Where fetus grows

Fallopian Tube: Where fertilization occurs, lined with cilia which aid in egg migration.

Ovaries: Houses all eggs, possess large number of eggs in all stages of development. Produces hormones

Male Reproductive System

Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone

Epididymis: Tube connects to testes, collects and stores sperm

Vas Deferens: Tube connects to epididymus, transports sperm

Penis: Places sperm in female

Sperm: Male Reproductive Cell

Semen: Fluid that carries sperm

Scrotum: Protects testes and maintains temperature

Sheath: Opening of reproductive tract.

Urethra - begins at bladder and continues through penis

Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis outside of body for reproduction

Cowpers Gland, Prostate Gland, Seminal Vesicle: Produce Semen and provide medium for transporting sperm, adds volume, provides nutrients, cleans and flushes urinary tract

Animal Reproduction

Estrous CycleThe cycle of a female producing eggsCan be monoestrous or polyestrous

Artificial InseminationPlacing sperm from male into female

Embryo TransferFertilizing many eggs from one female and

placing them in host females

Animal Reproduction

Pure BreedingBreeding specific breeds to the sameUsually registered with an association

Cross BreedingMixing breeds for desirable traits

Grading UpBreeding purebreds to commercial

animals to increase value of offspring

animal science introduction to animal science. what is animal science? care, management and...

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