Animal Science Level 3

Fill in together

ID species of economically important animalsUnderstand animal management and

husbandry techniques Outline industrial animal industries

Dairy Industry

Most labor intensive industryCows milked 2-3x/day 7days/week

Dairy cows must bare a calf (parturition) to go into their period of milk production (lactation)After lactation cows are termed “dry” and given

a period a rest before they are pregnant againPregnancies are timed based on gestation

periods (285 days) Dairy cows become pregnant artificially (AI)

after they are showing receptive signs (standing heat period)

Consumers are demanding cheap, low fat, healthy dairy productsFood scientists are manipulating products to meet

the low fat, healthy demandFarmers are utilizing more hormones to increase

dairy cow milk production to keep costs low for consumers

Fewer farms, with fewer cows per farm, producing increasing amounts of milkLess local family farms, more CAFOs Increased hormone use increases production of milk

per cowMore concentrated breeding operations using AI

Using a robotic milker machineSteps

1. At milking time, wash the teats, wear gloves1. This stimulates the teats increasing a release of

oxytocin which triggers milk let down2. Dry teats and inspect milk3. One inflation of the milking claw is placed on each

teat or quarter4. Vacuum applied to claw, which draws the milk from

the udder. 1. Flow meter determines amount of milk being produced

by cow5. When milk stops, flow meter reads 0 milk intake

and milking claw falls off automatically6. Each teat is then dipped in Iodine to prevent

bacterial invasion

HolsteinDominate the industryblack and white in color

Jersey Coat color ranges from

light tan to almost black efficiently convert feed

to milk Brown Swiss

Known for ability to produce milk in hot climates

Normally brown to gray

AyshireRed and white in

color, marking similar to Holstein

GuernseyRed and white, known

as “Golden Guernsey” due to milk fat content being high. This causes the milk to look golden in color

Milking Shorthornmay be red, white, red

and white or roan.Known for high levels

of fertility, grazing efficiency, and ease of management

Mastitis Inflammation of the mammary tissues Unable to produce usable milk Cows with increased frequency are normally culled from

the herd Ketosis

Metabolic imbalance in the body Caused by stress or underfeeding

Uterus Prolapse Uterus inverts during parturition Increased frequency results in culling

Milk Fever Imbalance of calcium in bloodstream Causes paralysis Prevented with supplements

1. Forage- Find food2. Masticate- Chew Food3. Swallow4. Rumen: Food fermented and broken down5. Reticulum: cud thrown up into mouth6. Remastication: rechewed and re swallowed7. Omasum: food broken down more, some water

absorbed8. Abomasum: True Stomach, digestion starts

here9. Intestines10. Out as manure

Housing: Grouped by age (calf, weaned, heifer, lactating, dry)Free stall (located in pastures)Tie barn (when space is limited)

Feeding: varies based on demand put on animalFree Range (grass only)

Fields are rotated to prevent over grazingConcentrated Pellets (when increasing

production demands)

BreedingWatch for signs of heat

Standing to be mounted by other cows, mounting packs of paint

AI ASAP when showing signs of heatGestation 285 daysCalf gets colostrum then milk replacer until

weanedCow is lactating and being milked Lactation period ends (can be extended past

natural limit with hormones)Cow given 30 day rest (cow is dry)

Complete Dairy QuizYou CAN use your notes

Poultry Industry

Definition: any fowl used for food or other products (feathers etc)

Poultry categorized by purposeMeat Purpose Egg PurposeDual Purpose Ornamental Purpose

Commonly Used PoultryGeese, Chickens, Ratites, Quail, Duck

1.Ovulation- release of mature yolk from the ovary.

2.Infundibulum- receives the yolk, about 15 minutes spent.

3.Yolk moves into magnum 50% of albumen is added. Takes 3 hours.

4.Spends 1.5 hours in the Isthmus. Shell membranes added.

Process takes approximately 24 hours (can vary with species)

HousingVentilated, automated systems, specific square

footage per bird set by USDAFood

Automated tube and pan auger system, high corn/soybean content for carbs and protein to increase gain

LightingEgg layers given longer periods of daytime to

produce more eggsBroilers given increased light (like spring time) to

increase gain due to molting, and in an attempt to prevent cannibalism

Common PracticesDebeaking, Spur trimming, Wing tagging

VaccinationsIn ovo- Maerk’s DiseaseMist over birds- E.Coli/SalmonellaEye Drops and Shots: Infectious Bronchitis

BiosecurityPrevents the spread of disease between birds

and farmsCar wash, boot bath, disinfectants, throw away suits

and boot covers

Vertical Integration:One company owns ALL parts of product from:

Grains, farms, field, trucks, birds, eggs, hatchery, grown out barn, slaughter, products, packaging, marketing etcSections are contracted out, but still owned by one

company Why? One company owns everything = same

policies across the board = uniform product in a timely efficient manner

Result to customer? Cheap (due to amount of production) high quality low fat chicken

You may use your notes

Beef Industry

Classified into major groupsBos Taurus

Contains British (small) and Continental (large) breedsExamples: Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn Examples: Simmental, Limousan, Charolais

Bos IndicusContains breeds that are very heat tolerant

Examples: Zebu, Brahman, AfricanderComposite Breeds

Crossbred cattle that have become registered breeds based on desired traits being passed down effectively to multiple generations Examples: Brangus, Black Baldie, Beefmaster, Braford

4 Major Sections of IndustryPurebred operation: provide purebred seed

stock (sires and dams)Cow-Calf operation: provide cows (to make

more calves) and calves (to go to stocker)Stocker operation: purchases calves and grows

to a specific weight based on the breed of cattle Finishing operation: purchases stocker cattle

and feeds high energy diet to add last layer of fat to cattle Then cattle are sent to slaughter

Housing:Free Stall in fieldsRotational Grazing

Feed:TMRs GrassSilage/Haylage

Practices:Ear tagging, branding, registration, ear tattoo