Anatomy:The study if the structure of an organism

Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs

Form relates to function

Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form

• Hydrodynamics

• Gas exchange Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio)

Fusiform Shape and StreamliningEvolutionary Convergence

Fig. 40-3

Exchange

0.15 mm

(a) Single cell

1.5 mm

(b) Two layers of cells

Exchange

Exchange

Mouth

Gastrovascularcavity

Exchange within the environment

Internal exchange surfaces in complex animals

carbonatom

organ system

DNA molecule

organelle celltissue

organ

organismpopulationcommunity

ecosystem

biosphere

Major Tissue Types• Epithelial Tissue• Connective Tissue• Muscle Tissue• Nervous Tissue

Tissues are groups of cells with a common function.

Epithelia comes in 2 forms:1. Glandular epithelia 2. Membranous epithelia

Functions:• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• Excretion• Secretion• Sensory reception

• Ducted glands • Most have supportive connective tissue,

secretory unit, blood supply, nerves• Ex. pancreas, sweat glands, salivary,

sebaceous, mammary glands

Merocrine gland

Goblet cells

Secretes product directly directly in blood• Pituitary• Hypothalamus• Thyroid• Adrenal• Pancreas• Thymus• Pineal

Mucous

Serious: pericardium, pleura, viscera

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium

Serous fluid

Cutaneous

Synovial

• Simple Squamous Epithelium• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium• Simple Columnar Epithelium• Stratified Epithelium• Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium• Transitional Epithelium

• Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue• Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue• Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue• CartilageCartilage• BoneBone• BloodBlood

Functions:1. Connects body parts2. Protection3. Insulation4. Transport substances

Common characteristics:1. All originate from mesenchyme2. Well vascularized3. Cells scattered through an

extracellular matrix

Three main elements:• Ground substance (interstitial fluid

and proteins)

• Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic)

• Cells (chondrocytes, osteocytes, fibrocytes, blood, macrophages, mast cells)

Connective Tissues

• Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Smooth Muscle Tissue• Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Biology 100Biology 100Human BiologyHuman Biology

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

Fig. 40-7

River otter (temperature regulator)

Largemouth bass(temperature conformer)

Bo

dy

tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

0 10

10

20

20

30

30

40

40

Ambient (environmental) temperature (ºC)

Regulators vs Conformers

All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly• Temperature

• pH

• Ions

• Osmolarity

• Hormones

HomeostasisRelatively stable internal environment

Negative Feedback vs

Positive Feedback

Body Temperature RegulationNegative Feedback

Blood Sugar LevelsNegative Feedback

Positive Feedback

Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals

Photosynthesis

6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O26H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2

Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATPC6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP

Autotrophic Nutrition vs Heterotrophic Nutrition

Metabolic rate provides clues to an animal’s

bioenergetic “strategy”

Metabolic Rate: the rate energy consumed

for metabolic purposes over time (calories).

• Respiration

• Growth

• Repair

• Digestion

• Physical Activities

Metabolic Rate Measure by :

• Heat loss from

respiration

• O2 consumed

• CO2 produced

• Food consumption

Manometer- measures CO2 produced

Ghost crab running a treadmill

Two basic bioenergetic strategies used by animals :

• Endothermy “warm blooded”

• Ectothermy “cold blooded”

Fig. 40-10Radiation Evaporation

Convection Conduction

Heat Exchange

Fig. 40-11

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

Adipose tissue

Blood vessels

Hair

Sweatpore

Muscle

Nerve

Sweatgland

Oil glandHair follicle

Thermoregulation

Fig. 40-12

Canada goose Bottlenosedolphin

Artery

Artery

Vein Vein

Blood flow

33º35ºC

27º30º

18º20º

10º 9º

Countercurrent Heat Exchangers

Metabolic rate per gram is inversely correlated

to body size among similar animals

Animals adjust their metabolic rates as

conditions change

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR):• For humans at rest, not stressed, & with empty stomach-

1600-1800 kcal/day

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR):• Measure met. rate for ectotherm at rest, not stressed, &

with empty stomach• Varies with temperature

Maximum Metabolic Rates over Different Time Spans

• Sustained activity depends on the aerobic process of cellular respiration for ATP supply.

– An endotherm’s respiration rate is about 10 times greater than an ectotherm’s.

– Only endotherms are capable of long-duration activities such as distance running.

Factors influence energy requirements:

• Age

• Sex

• Size

• Body and environmental temperatures

• The quality and quantity of food

• Activity level

• Oxygen availability

• Hormonal balance

• Time of day (nocturnal vs diurnal)

Energy budgets reveal how animals use

energy and materials

Endotherms

Ectotherm

Torpor

Hibernation- a winter torporEstivation- a summer torpor

• Conserves energy• Temperature- hot, cold, dry• Metabolic rate slows• Body temp drops

TorporAdditional metabolism that would benecessary to stay active in winterActual

metabolism

Arousals

Bodytemperature

Outsidetemperature Burrow

temperature

Met

abo

lic

rate

(kca

l p

er d

ay)

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

June August October December February April–15

–10

–5

0

5

15

10

25

20

35

30

0

100

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