animals animal international in uk circuses

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Animals in UK Circuses ANIMAL DEFENDERS INTERNATIONAL A briefing for Government, and Local Authorities Animal Defenders International (ADI) welcomes the Government’s initiative to overhaul existing animal welfare legislation, including the Protection of Animals Acts, and the Performing Animals (Regulation) Act 1925. In light of the overwhelming evidence we have produced of animal abuse and suffering in the circus industry, ADI hopes that the opportunity will be taken to end the use of animals with travelling circuses in the UK. Circus animals spend almost their entire lives on the road, travelling from one makeshift encampment to another. With the best will in the world, circuses cannot provide adequate facilities for the animals in their care. In 1998, our report on the use of animals in circuses shocked many, and resulted in the cruelty convictions of top circus trainer Mary Chipperfield, her husband, and their elephant keeper. During 2002, ADI surveyed circuses in the UK to observe any changes in the industry, and review animal welfare issues. Our latest findings reaffirm the case for a ban on animal circuses, and also indicate that now is the best time for such action: Husbandry remains substandard; deprived environments; long journey times; lack of exercise; herd animals kept alone. The number of animals in circuses is lower than for at least a decade. Just 12 circuses with animals toured the mainland UK in 2002 There are now more animal-free circuses than ever before. Photo: J. Simpson / Animal Defenders International

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Page 1: Animals ANIMAL INTERNATIONAL in UK Circuses

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Animal Defenders International (ADI)welcomes the Government’s initiativeto overhaul existing animal welfarelegislation, including the Protectionof Animals Acts, and the PerformingAnimals (Regulation) Act 1925.

In light of the overwhelming evidencewe have produced of animal abuseand suffering in the circus industry,ADI hopes that the opportunity will betaken to end the use of animals withtravelling circuses in the UK.

Circus animals spend almost theirentire lives on the road, travellingfrom one makeshift encampment toanother. With the best will in theworld, circuses cannot provideadequate facilities for the animals intheir care.

In 1998, our report on the use ofanimals in circuses shocked many,and resulted in the crueltyconvictions of top circus trainer MaryChipperfield, her husband, and theirelephant keeper. During 2002, ADIsurveyed circuses in the UK toobserve any changes in the industry,and review animal welfare issues.

Our latest findings reaffirm the casefor a ban on animal circuses, and alsoindicate that now is the best time forsuch action:

● Husbandry remains substandard;deprived environments; long journeytimes; lack of exercise; herd animalskept alone.

● The number of animals in circusesis lower than for at least a decade.

● Just 12 circuses with animalstoured the mainland UK in 2002

● There are now more animal-freecircuses than ever before.

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2Animals in UK Circuses © Animal Defenders International 2003

Decline in popularity and move towards animal-free circusesSince the launch of the ADI ‘Ugliest Show on Earth’report in 1998, the public has turned away from animalcircuses. There has been a significant shift away fromthe use of animals; the number of animal-free circuseshas more than doubled, from 10 in 1997 to 21 in 2002.By contrast, the number of circuses using animals hasalmost halved, from 23 in 1997 to 12 in 2002.

1997Animal-free 10

With domestic animals only 3

With exotic animals 20

Total 33

2002Animal-free 21

With domestic animals only 8

With exotic animals 4

Total 33

The rise in the number of animal-free circusesdemonstrates that the industry can be sustainedwithout the use of animals. Furthermore, highlysuccessful human-only circuses such as Cirque duSoleil have shown that non-animal shows can reachnew audiences.

A random survey of audience numbers attendinganimal circuses in 2002, showed no correlationbetween animal numbers and audience.

Zippos’ show, which included horses, attracted thelargest audience (around 700 people), with a total of16 animals. Jay Miller’s Circus exhibited just onepony, but drew the second highest audience (around300 people). The circus with the largest animalmenagerie, Jolly’s (44 animals) attracted the smallestaudience – under 50.

Touring with animals which are not performing hascontinued; for example Santus Circus had 2 goats, 5ponies, a donkey and 4 geese, none performed.Indeed flyers promoting the show stated: “Noanimals”.

Species of animals in UK circusesThere has been a general shift away from animal acts,with the most marked decline being the use of exoticspecies. In 1997, 16 elephants were touring the UK, by2002, this had plunged to just one (sick) elephant withBobby Roberts Circus which did not perform in theshow. This appears to be a response to public disquietabout the appearance of certain species in circusshows, regardless of accommodation issues.

For simplicity, we have defined as ‘domestic animals’those species used traditionally in the UK as livestock,or where domestication dates back centuries.Domestic species appearing with circuses during thisstudy were: Horse/pony; donkey; goat; goose; dog;duck.

We have defined exotic animals in circuses as thosespecies which have not been bred as livestock in theUK: these are dove; budgerigar; elephant; zebra; bear;camel; llama; snake; tiger; African cow; macaw.Camels have been placed in the ‘exotic’ sectionbecause although they are used as riding/pack animalsin some countries, they are not indigenous to the UK.

Species of animals in UK circuses1997 2002

Ankole 1 -Bear 2 1Bison 2 -Budgerigars - 8Cattle 1 1Camel 22 6Cats (domestic) 48 -Chicken 1 -Dog 26 18Donkey 8 6Doves/Pigeons 6 14Ducks - 6Elephant 16 1Geese 12 4Guanaco 1 -Giraffe 1 -Goat 13 4Hippopotamus 1 -Horse/Pony 120 98Leopard 2 -Lion 15 -Llama 21 4Macaw 3 1Monkey 1 -Mule - -Pig - -Rhinoceros 1 -Sea Lions - -Sheep - -Snake 7 1Tiger 16 8Zebra 1 4Zebroid 2 -Total 305 185

There was a drop in the number of exotic animalstouring with UK circuses, but there are no legalrestrictions on what animals may travel with a circus.

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© Animal Defenders International 2003 3 Animals in UK Circuses

Husbandry and accommodationThe 2002 survey confirmed that husbandry practicesfor animals in circuses have not changed since our lastreport. Some circuses erect exercise enclosures, andpublicise this. However we found that there are rarelyenough exercise enclosures of suitable size, for all theanimals to enjoy them. Time in exercise enclosures islimited – taking turns with other animals; fitting exercisetime in between shows and show preparation (animalsare prepared for the ring some time before theirperformance – brushed, tackled up, on tethers, orcaged and ready).

In general exercise enclosures remain small, and therehas been little or no effort to enrich them.

For hoofed animals, a stall inside a tent remains thedaily experience for most, if not all of the time; for bearsand big cats the beastwagon, a cage on the back of alorry, is home for most of the time, whether touring or inpermanent (winter) quarters.

There is no realistic comparison to be made betweenthe life of circus ponies and dogs and that ofracehorses, gymkhana ponies, or show dogs.Racehorses, gymkhana ponies and similar animals donot spend almost their entire lives travelling on theback of a truck, or tied on a short rope facing a tentwall. Even when transport of animals may be a regularoccurence, it is temporary. Whereas in travellingcircuses animals spend the majority of the year intemporary accommodation/in transit. Veterinarytreatment (even surgery) is carried out on the road.

We have previously drawn attention to the exemptionsand derogation of animal transport regulations, whichhave allowed circuses to keep their animals in

Camels suffer much abuse in circuses, because a highdegree of coercion and attendant violence is requiredto get them to perform simple tricks such as apirouette. During the trial of Mary Chipperfield Cawleyit was established that because camels can be difficultanimals to get into a ring, it was not possible within thecurrent legislation to secure a conviction for cruelty;despite that Cawley had been videotaped kicking, tailtwisting, and beating a camel with a large stick. It wasconcluded that such abuse was legal, in order to getthe animal to comply.

Use of violence for control, and trainingThe ADI 1996-98 undercover investigation of UKanimal circuses found that day-to-day violencetowards animals in the circus industry is bothaccepted, and commonplace. Violence was usedboth during training sessions and to move animalsabout whilst feeding, cleaning, etc. ADI video showsvarious animals being beaten or struck with metalbars, tent poles and whips – the majority of thisviolence was legal then and remains so now.

The high profile prosecution of Mary ChipperfieldCawley, her husband Roger Cawley (a government zooinspector at the time, and a member of the Associationof Circus Proprietors), and their elephant keeperMichael ‘Steve’ Gills, has given many to misunderstandthe legal position. The successful convictions wereinterpreted as a demonstration that the presentlegislation can protect performing animals. It cannot.These convictions were obtained under extraordinarycircumstances and with extraordinary evidence. ADIhad collected in the region of 400 hours of videotape;this was used to secure the convictions. Under thenormal circumstances of observation of a crime,reporting, evidence gathering, and prosecution, thesecrimes would not have come to light, let alone reachthe courts.

There has been surprise that the Cawleys were notcharged with more offences. The Cawleys were seenon video thrashing camels, and even beating themabout the face; Roger Cawley was seen beating anelephant, Flora, with an iron bar. These were notdeemed offences because it is legal to use ‘necessaryforce’ on performing animals. The Magistrate noted,“The camels were being trained in the ring. It’s not forus to judge if that’s right – it is legal.”

A camel being beaten about the face and body with afibre glass rod during a training session. Until violence is banned from the training of anyperforming animals, this is legal in the UK.

Home for a bear touring with Jolly’s Circus.

Living quarters for goats and ponies, on the road withSantus Circus.

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© Animal Defenders International 2003 4 Animals in UK Circuses

accommodation which is considered unacceptable foranimals of the same species, being used in differentindustries (e.g. farming).

Despite specific regulations on the transport ofpregnant and sick animals, circus animals travel whenpregnant, and give birth on tour. Animals in circusescontinue to be dragged around the country, whatevertheir condition or state of health.

The use of animals in circuses is a special case, andcan be outlawed. The circumstances are unique to theindustry and there are no satisfactory and practicalstandards of accommodation, environmentalenrichment, or welfare measures which could makeanimall use in travelling circuses acceptable.

Accommodation: Domestic Species6 Palamino horses; 1 Shetland pony; 1 Falabella pony(Zippos Circus): During our observation the horsesremained in their stalls (approx 2.5m x 2.5m) inside astable tent. Zippos has previously been seen to usesmall paddocks, but they are not large enough, somost animals only get a short exercise period, andsome do not get any time in the enclosure at all.During this period of observation, the enclosures werenot used at all.

22 horses, 3 ponies (Spirit of the Horse): The horseswere kept in stalls (approx 2.5x2.5m) inside a stabletent. An outdoor paddock (pictured above) wasprovided, but at Brighton the paddock was not used atall. At Windsor, just two horses used the paddock.

2 horses (Giffords Circus): Kept in 2m x 2m stallsinside a stable tent. During observation, these animalswere tethered outside (by 4 metre ropes) for just 2.75hours.

Shetland Ponies (Santus Circus): The ponies were keptin small stalls (approx 1.5x2m) which they did not leaveduring the period of observation. A donkey and ponyspent the majority of their time outside, tethered byropes approximately 4 metres long.

2 ponies and 1 Shetland pony (Circus Markus):Permanently boxed in stall 3x3m. The Shetland had a10-minute break to appear in the show. The otherponies did not appear in the performance, so it was not

Zippos Circus.

Spirit of the Horse: (above) The animals lived installs, the outdoor exercise enclosure (below) wasmostly empty; in one location, it was used by just twoanimals.

Santus Circus: These ponies had barely enough spaceto turn around or lie down.

The beastwagon (a cage on the back of a lorry) iswhere circus lions, tigers, and bears spend most, ifnot all, of their time. Above: Great British Circus, 4tigers were in this wagon all of the time; the other 4tigers were given occasional access to the enclosure.

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Page 5: Animals ANIMAL INTERNATIONAL in UK Circuses

clear whether these animals received any exercise atall.

Horse and Shetland pony (The Famous RobertBrothers Circus): Provided with stalls (approx.2.5x2.5m). However, during observation the animalswere kept throughout the day and night in a tapedpaddock (31x46.5m). Staff said this was done duringmilder weather. The horses were provided with rugsduring colder spells.

Pony (Jay Miller’s): Kept inside a truck at night andtethered by approx. 3m rope during the day.

4 Ponies (Circus Ricardo): Majority of their timetethered in 2.5x2.5m stalls. Tethered outside for 5hours each day.

Dogs (Jolly’s Circus): Caged in pen approx. 1.5x1.5m.

Ducks (Jolly’s): In a pen (1x1m) all of the time.

Accommodation: Exotic SpeciesElephant (Bobby Roberts Super Circus): The Indianelephant was given an electric fenced enclosure formost of the working day. Although the best a circuselephant might get, this severely restricts an animalwith such a large natural range, the enclosure lacksany enrichment such as bathing facilities, and thiselephant is now isolated from her own species.

8 Tigers (Great British Circus): 4 tigers permanentlyrestricted to the beastwagon; another 4 tigers had

© Animal Defenders International 2003 5 Animals in UK Circuses

access to a small outdoor enclosure. However duringobservations all tigers remained inside the wagon.

Bear (Peter Jolly’s Circus): During our observations,this animal was kept permanently inside a beastwagon(a cage on the back of a flatbed lorry or truck).

3 Zebras (Great British Circus): In stalls (3m x 2m) in astable tent for most of their time; also used a smallpaddock (approx. 46.5 metres by 31 metres).

Solitary Zebra (Jolly’s): Permanently tethered.

Python (Jolly’s): Kept in a 1.5m tank.

7 fantail doves (Circus Markus): Stored in two mesh-fronted boxes, approx. 0.75 x 1m, and 1m x 1m.

Bobby Roberts Super Circus: These horses remainedin their stalls when not performing.

A sick, elderly elephant with Bobby Roberts SuperCircus. Two other elephants with the circus havedied, leaving her alone.

Bears are shy, curious and love to roam. Yet it islegal to confine a bear to a bleak cage on the backof a truck, like this one with Jolly’s Circus.

Great British Circus: Only half the tigers exercised inthis barren pen, but not every day.

Bobby Roberts Super Circus: Performing dogs are notpets; they are often caged like other circus animals.

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© Animal Defenders International 2003 6 Animals in UK Circuses

Journey timesNo changes have been madeby the circus industry toimprove the situation foranimals before, during, or afterjourneys, since our last study.

Animals continue to endureextended periods shut in

transporters when the circus moves from one locationto another, regardless of the actual journey time. Anelephant (which was in extremely poor health), and thehorses with Bobby Roberts’ Super Circus remained intheir transporters for 19 hours, for a three hour journey.

Zippos Circus: 11 mile journey (Chiswick toKingsbury, in London) took 40 minutes. The animalsremained on transporters for 2 hours 12 minutes.

Great British Circus: For a 15 mile journey takingapproximately 26 minutes, the camels spent at least 4hours shut in their transporter. The tigers were shut intheir transporter for the entire day before this move,thus spent at least 24 hours encased in their cage. Itshould be noted that the youngest tigers were keptpermanently on the transporter; the 4 older animalswere often kept inside the cage all day.

We cited similar occurrences in the last report, forexample a bear spent 39 hours in its transporter, and apony 23 hours, for journeys of just 5 hours.

At a time when there has been so much concern aboutthe welfare of livestock travelling across Europe, it isextraordinary that in the UK, elephants and horsesundertaking relatively short journeys can be shut intheir transporters for over 19 hours.

Time on the roadAn examination of a random sample of the publishedschedules of eight UK animal circuses found theiraverage stop was 8 days. As discussed above,animals are usually loaded onto transporters after thefinal show and may not be unloaded until the site isfully prepared at the next town. At worst, this canmean that for a whole day each week the animals areshut away in a wagon.

This is further exacerbated by the fact that circusestour for most of the year. For example, the GreatBritish Circus toured from February to November, andBobby Roberts Super Circus from March to November.Thus, these animals are spending long periods on tour,in temporary accommodation, during the coldest,wettest months of the year.

No other animals endure this type of routine. This isthe reason that we have concluded that, with the bestwill in the world, travelling circuses simply cannotprovide their animals with adequate facilities for theirhealth and welfare.

Psychological EffectsADI research has found that severe confinement is notlimited to any particular species: horses and poniesspent up to 96% of their day tied with short ropeslimiting their movement, often facing a wall; tigers andlions spent 75-99% of their time in small cages, kept onthe back of lorries/trucks; elephants spent 70-98% oftheir time chained to the ground by two legs.

It is not surprising that these animals go out of theirminds. Many circus animals display abnormal,disturbed behaviours, which animal behaviourists call‘stereotypic’ behaviour; these repetitive, pointlessmovements indicate that the animal is suffering, andhas been damaged by its deprived existence.

Our studies have shown that animals in circusesdisplay these abnormal behaviours for much of theirday – various groups of elephants were found to spend70-90% of their time performing these abnormalbehaviours. Bears have been seen to performprolonged or undirected pacing for 30% of the time.

We observed examples of abnormal behaviour in allspecies, both domestic and exotic.

Winter QuartersOur previous studyrevealed some of theworst abuse taking placeat the circus permanent(or winter) quarters.Animals were foundliving in the same conditions as they endured on tour.Elephants were chained up in barns for most of thetime; lions and tigers lived in the same beastwagons.

ADI has strongly recommended that permanentquarters for exotic/wild animals should be drawn underthe Zoo Licensing Act, so that standards can beenforced. This action would also protect animals usedin television and films. At present, performing animalshave no legal protection with regard to their husbandryor travel.

Llama with Ricardo Circus.There remains a disregard forthe needs of circus animals.No provision is made foradequate space, stimulation,or for social needs.

Tigers in theirbeastwagon at theGreat British Circus permanent quarters.

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© Animal Defenders International 2003 7 Animals in UK Circuses

Studies of animals in UK circusesThe findings released in ADI’s ‘Ugliest Show on Earth’report and video (1998) remain the definitiveexamination of the circus industry, revealing a pictureof confinement, deprivation, and violence.

Between 1996 and 1998, Animal DefendersInternational (ADI) conducted a two-year study into theuse of animals in circuses. We worked in 13 UKtravelling circuses and winter quarters, and 5 foreigncircuses which were presenting British animals. Werecorded 7,200 hours of observations, and recorded800 hours of videotape. We studied daily routines,animal health, accommodation, exercise, training, andthe psychological and physical effects on the animals.

We concluded that life for circus animals is one ofdeprivation, restriction of movement, punctuated byphysical abuse and beatings.

In our latest study, twelve animal circuses wereobserved during the UK summer season period fromMay through to October 2002. The number of days acircus was observed ranged between two to eighteendays, dependant upon earlier data.

This latest study has confirmed that despite a hugepublic backlash, day-to-day life for circus animals haschanged little, with any purported improvementsclearly revealed as cosmetic, once scrutinised moreclosely.

Voluntary Codes of Practice – WorthlessDEFRA (Department of the Environment, Food andRural Affairs) has recently circulated to all localauthorities, a Code of Practice produced by theAssociation of Circus Proprietors (ACP). AlthoughDEFRA has emphasised that the ACP Code of Practice

is not a government document, this has causedconfusion and some authorities are referring to thisCode as “government guidelines”.

The ACP is purely a circus industry body with no powerto enforce a code, and the Code has no standing inlaw. The ACP Code is weak, some of the suggestionsmade are impractical, and Local Authorities should beaware that the Code provides them with no assuranceabout standards of animal welfare.

The ACP code was prepared on behalf of theAssociation of Circus Proprietors (ACP) by DavidHibling of Zippos Circus. Hibling appeared as adefence witness for the notorious Mary ChipperfieldCawley. The country was appalled by the scenes ofMary Cawley thrashing and kicking a babychimpanzee, Trudy. Hibling was shown three videos ofassaults on the chimp and asked, “See anything whichwould constitute cruelty?” Hibling repliedunequivocally “No”. Asked “Would you do what MaryCawley did?” Hibling replied “Yes”. Mary Cawley wasconvicted on twelve counts of cruelty. Hibling was alsoshown video of Roger Cawley whipping a sickelephant, Flora, making her run faster around the ring;again, Hibling saw nothing cruel. Cawley wasconvicted of cruelty to Flora. Hibling’s responsesindicate the gulf between circus and public thinking onthe treatment of animals.

SafetySafety concerns are particularly acute with wild animalsbut are also relevant when other animals get loose.ADI has witnessed numerous animals escaping fromenclosures or pens including sea lions, goats, achimpanzee, an elephant, llama, a pig, camels,wallabies. Four lions escaped at once fromChipperfield Enterprises in 1993. In 1997 a male lionclimbed through a hole in a ring cage and was onlydriven back by ADI Field Officers; in 1998 anemployee’s arm was bitten off by a tiger. In 2000, a vetwas shot and killed in Warsaw during attempts torecapture three escaped tigers. Six lions escaped froma circus in Brazil and were loose for 6 hours beforebeing shot dead. In 2001 an elephant escapedunnoticed from a circus in Germany and a liger (tigerlion cross) broke through a cage tunnel and criticallyinjured a five year old girl. In Peru an 11 year old girlwas mauled by a lioness that escaped from a circus –the lioness was shot and killed during the attack. Acrocodile jumped into the audience during aperformance in Holland. Numerous circus animalhandlers have been killed or maimed.

Animals on tour with Jolly’s Circus 2003; restrictedspace, and a solitary zebra tethered amongst theother animals.

Violence is used to move animals: A tiger is hit overthe head with a metal bar at Chipperfield Enterprises.

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UK Local Authority ActionIn the past few years an increasing number of localauthorities have responded to strong public feeling onthis issue, and refused to rent their land to animalcircuses. The legal basis for these ‘bans’ is usuallyopinion poll amongst residents, or risk of nuisance,noise, or traffic problems, or public safety.

In an ADI survey of 318 local authorities, of those thathad considered the issue of animals in circuses ontheir land, the number with a ban (or partial ban)outnumbered those that allowed animal circuses bymore than 2 to 1. 39% had banned all animal acts;17% ban just wild animal acts; 21.5% said that theynever received requests from circuses with animals;just 22.5% continue to allow all animal circuses.

Animal circuses have attempted to sidestep theselocal authority animal protection measures by rentingland from private owners. In these cases, localauthorities are urged to use public safety andenvironmental legislation to inspect all animal circusesappearing in their area. It is also vital that thegovernment take action to close this loophole.

International moves against animalcircuses: The UK is being left behindThe UK often prides itself for being at the forefront ofanimal protection measures, but on the issue of animalcircuses we are being left behind. The ADI evidencehas sent shock waves around the world, resulting inaction on animal circuses. Even countries with largeranimal circus industries than the UK have had thecourage to act. Here are some international positionson animal circuses:

Austria: from 2005 wild animal circuses banned in 4provinces, 5 others allow lions and tigers only.Brazil: State of Rio de Janeiro ban on circus actsusing animals (May 2002).Chile: In 2003, ADI worked with government officialsto seize a chimpanzee that had been with a circus for20 years – living in a crate. It should be noted that inthe UK, this animal could not have been saved.Columbia: two major cities, including the capitalBogota, have banned the use of animals in circuses.Costa Rica: national ban on the use of wild animals incircuses.France: The prefect of Nevers in central Francerecently banned animal acts. In November, a Frenchcourt ordered that a circus hippo be confiscated fromthe circus where she had been cruelly treated andplaced in the care of ADI. Greece: Patras has banned animal circus acts.India: Federal prohibition on the exhibition andtraining of five species of performing animals forentertainment: tigers, monkeys, bears, panthers andlions.

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Singapore: national ban on wild animals in travellingcircuses effective from January 2002.Australia: prohibitions in force against exotic animalacts in 14 municipal jurisdictions in Western Australia,in 1 in South Australia, 8 in New South Wales.New Zealand: Regional and city councils with bans:Wellington, Nelson, Dunedin.

ADI RecommendationsSevere restrictions on movement of animals and theirability to perform their normal behavioural repertoirehave been found in both travelling circuses andpermanent quarters. Our conclusion is that given thecircumstances, travelling circuses cannot provideadequate facilities for their animals. The problems ofspace, lack of skilled staff, and inability to invest thenecessary finances to provide better facilities appear tobe insurmountable for circus businesses.

ADI recommend the following for inclusion in theproposed Animal Welfare Bill:

That any new animal protection measures make it anoffence to keep animals in temporary/travellingaccommodation for anything other than strictlylimited/licensed periods. That the use of animals intravelling menageries and shows be prohibited.

We recommended separate legislative changes to dealwith permanent holding and training centres (winterquarters) – this would include animals used in displaysat shopping centres, films, advertising etc. Suchstandards should not be lower than the zoo industry,and should be regularly reviewed to reflect newunderstanding of animals. We would like to seeperforming animal training centres licensed, inspected,and regulated under any new Animal Welfare Bill. Wewould recommend that an appropriate structure toutilise could be the arrangements made under the ZooLicensing Act. Trainers to be licensed and qualified.

New codes of husbandry for domestic and wild animalsmust be legally enforceable. This should be furtherstrengthened by including mental suffering and impacton natural behaviours as cruelty offences.

The use of force for training and control for purposes ofentertainment should be prohibited. This would notpreclude the use of reasonable force in matters ofsafety or welfare.

Penalties for offences should reflect the profits thathave been made from the commercial use of theanimals involved. ●

Animal Defenders International, 261 Goldhawk Road, London, W12 9PE.Tel. 020 8846 9777 Fax. 020 8846 9712 web. www.animaldefendersinternational.org