animals specialized cells & body systems. specialized cells: blood blood: fluid that transports...
DESCRIPTION
SPECIALIZED CELLS: MUSCLE MUSCLE CELLS: SHORTEN TO CAUSE MOVEMENT OF THE BODY. THEY MOVE THE SKELETON, HEART, AND INTERNAL ORGANS THREE MAIN TYPES 1.SKELETAL 2.CARDIAC 3.SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS HAVE MANY, MANY MITOCHONDRIA (BECAUSE THEY REQUIRE SO MUCH ENERGY)TRANSCRIPT
ANIMALSSPECIALIZED CELLS & BODY SYSTEMS
SPECIALIZED CELLS: BLOOD• BLOOD: FLUID THAT TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES THROUGHOUT THE
BODY• MADE OF 2 MAIN SUBSTANCES: • 1. PLASMA: 90% WATER PLUS DISSOLVED PROTEINS, GLUCOSE,
MINERAL IONS, HORMONES, & CARBON DIOXIDE.• 2. BLOOD CELLS: 3 TYPES:
• RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)= CARRIES OXYGEN THROUGHOUT THE BODY (MOST NUMEROUS)
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)= DEFEND AGAINST DISEASE• PLATELETS= FORM BLOOD CLOTS
SPECIALIZED CELLS: MUSCLE• MUSCLE CELLS: SHORTEN TO CAUSE MOVEMENT OF THE BODY.
THEY MOVE THE SKELETON, HEART, AND INTERNAL ORGANS• THREE MAIN TYPES
1. SKELETAL2. CARDIAC3. SMOOTH
• MUSCLE CELLS HAVE MANY, MANY MITOCHONDRIA (BECAUSE THEY REQUIRE SO MUCH ENERGY)
SPECIALIZED CELLS: EPITHELIUM• EPITHELIAL CELLS FORM THE LINING OF STRUCTURES.• THIS INCLUDES:• SKIN• LINING OF BODY CAVITIES
• THREE TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS1. SQUAMOUS: FLAT, THIN, AND SOFT. THESE LINE CHEEKS,
BLOOD VESSELS, LUNGS, AND OTHER BODY CAVITIES.2. CUBOIDAL: CUBE-SHAPED3. COLUMNAR: LINE THE SMALL INTESTINE.
BODY SYSTEMS: RESPIRATORY
• RESPIRATION: MOVEMENT OF AIR IN AND OUT OF LUNGS (BREATHING)INSPIRATION: BREATHING INEXPIRATION: BREATHING OUT
INVOLVES THE LUNGSTRACHEABRONCHIAL TUBESALVEOLI
BODY SYSTEMS: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• A TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR MANY SUBSTANCES (INCLUDING BLOOD)• INVOLVES THE• HEART= PUMP SYSTEM• VEINS= CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART• ARTERIES= CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART• BLOOD VESSELS= FOUND THROUGHOUT THE BODY AND VARY IN
SIZE
BODY SYSTEMS: SKELETAL SYSTEM• PROVIDES SUPPORT AND STRUCTURE FOR THE BODY, MOSTLY IN
THE FORM OF BONES• INVOLVES• BONES= MADE OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE• JOINTS= WHERE BONES COME TOGETHER.
1. BALL & SOCKET JOINT: LIKE HIP OR SHOULDER2. HINGE JOINT: LIKE KNEE OR ELBOW3. IMMOVABLE JOINT: LIKE THE SKULL
• CARTILAGE= FLEXIBLE TISSUE THAT PROVIDES ADDITIONAL SUPPORT
BODY SYSTEMS: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM• PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD INTO SMALLER
MOLECULES THAT THE CELL CAN USE• INVOLVES:
• MOUTH= TEETH MECHANICALLY BREAK DOWN FOOD• ESOPHAGUS= PERISTALSIS MOVES FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS
(THROAT)• STOMACH= BREAKS DOWN FOOD WITH GASTRIC JUICE (VERY
ACIDIC)• SMALL INTESTINE= ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS INTO THE
BLOODSTREAM• LARGE INTESTINE= WATER IS REABSORBED BY THE BODY &
WASTES ARE EXPELLED
BODY SYSTEMS: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM• MALES HAVE• SPERM• TESTES= GLANDS THAT PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE
• FEMALES HAVE • OVARIES= RELEASE EGGS• FALLOPIAN TUBE= PATH OF EGGS TO UTERUS• UTERUS= PLACE FOR EMBRYO (BABY) TO DEVELOP
SPERM + EGG= ZYGOTE (WHICH DEVELOPS INTO A FETUS UNTIL FINAL A BABY IS BORN)
BODY SYSTEMS: MUSCULAR SYSTEM• ENABLES APPROPRIATE MOVEMENT• ENABLES THE FUNCTION OF ORGANS• THREE TYPES
• 1. SKELETAL= ATTACHED TO BONES AND MOVES THE BODY (VOLUNTARY)
• 2. SMOOTH= LINE INTERNAL ORGANS AND MAKE UP THE WALLS OF VESSELS (INVOLUNTARY)
• 3. CARDIAC= FOUND IN THE HEART (INVOLUNTARY)
BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CONTROLS AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK OF THE BODY• NEURONS= NERVE CELLS• SENSORY NEURONS GET INFO FROM YOUR 5 SENSES• MOTOR NEURONS CARRY INFO FROM BRAIN TO MUSCLES TO
CAUSE ACTION• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM• BRAIN• SPINAL CORD
BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM• CONSISTS OF ALL OTHER PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM.• CARRIES IMPULSES FROM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TO THE
REST OF THE BODY• AUTONOMIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY SYSTEMS,
LIKE GLANDS & SMOOTH MUSCLES.• SOMATIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS VOLUNTARY SYSTEMS, LIKE
SKELETAL MUSCLES
BODY SYSTEMS: URINARY SYSTEM• PRODUCES, TEMPORARILY STORES, AND ELIMINATES WASTE (URINE)• INVOLVES THE
• KIDNEYS= FILTERS LIQUID WASTE AND PRODUCES URINE• URETERS= PATHWAY OF URINE TO BLADDER• BLADDER= HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT STORES URINE• URETHRA= TUBE THAT TAKES URINE FROM THE BLADDER OUT
OF THE BODY
BODY SYSTEMS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM• REGULATES THE EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON BODY FUNCTION• TWO TYPES OF GLANDS:• EXOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE SUBSTANCES INTO BODY
CAVITY OR ONTO SKIN’S SURFACE. EX. SWEAT GLANDS & MAMMARY GLANDS• ENDOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE HORMONES INTO
BLOODSTREAM.
• HORMONES INCLUDE: GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN, ADRENALINE, & THYROXIN
BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM
• CELLS AND TISSUES THAT DEFEND THE HUMAN BODY AGAINST PATHOGENS-INVOLVES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: CONNECTING NETWORK AMONG PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• LYMPH= FLUID CONTAINED IN LYMPH VESSELS• TISSUE FLUID= SURROUNDS CELLS AND CONSISTS OF WATER AND
LEUKOCYTES• LYMPH NODES= MASSES OF TISSUE LOCATED AT INTERVALS ALONG THE
LYMPH VESSELS
BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM
• SPLEEN= LARGEST LYMPH ORGAN• INFLAMMATION= LOCALIZES THE INFECTION AND ALLOWS THE BODY TO
DESTROY PATHOGENS• FEVER= INCREASE IN BODY TEMPERATURE• ANTIGEN= VIRUS, BACTERIA, FUNGI (WHATEVER THE INVADING ORGANISM)• ANTIBODIES= SPECIFIC TO ONE ANTIGEN. BINDS TO ANTIGEN AND BLOCKS
EFFECTS.
BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM• IMMUNITY= ABILITY TO RESIST DISEASE.• ACTIVE IMMUNITY= • ACQUIRED WHEN AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IS ACTIVATED IN
THE BODY. (YOU GET SICK AND YOUR BODY BUILDS UP ITS IMMUNITY)• LONG TERM IMMUNITY
• PASSIVE IMMUNITY=• WHEN ANTIBODIES ARE INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY. (FROM
MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH BREAST-FEEDING)• SHORT TERM IMMUNITY
RECAP OF BODY SYSTEMS
• RESPIRATORY • CIRCULATORY• SKELETAL• DIGESTIVE• REPRODUCTIVE
• MUSCULAR• NERVOUS• URINARY• ENDOCRINE• IMMUNE