animation and game development
DESCRIPTION
Animation and Game Development. 242-515 , Semester 1 , 2014-2015. Objective to give an overview of video game history. 1. Games History. Overview. 1. Historical Years in Gaming: 1958 – 2010 2. Trends 3. Influential Early Games 4. Some Game Studios. 1958. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
1242-515 AGD: 1. History 1
• Objectiveo to give an overview of video game history
Animation and Game Development
242-515, Semester 1, 2014-2015
1. Games History
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1. Historical Years in Gaming: 1958 – 2010
2. Trends3. Influential Early Games4. Some Game Studios
Overview
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• Physicist William Higinbotham invented the first "video game" at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York.
• His game, a table tennis-like game, was played on an oscilloscope.
1958
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• Steve Russell, a student at MIT, created Spacewar, the first interactive computer game.
• It ran on a Digital PDP-1 mainframe computer, and the graphics used ASCII text.
1961
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• 1967-1968, Ralph Baer created a light gun controller for shooting games and the Brown Box, the first home video game console. Sold to Magnavox in 1972.
Ralph Baer (1967-1968)
Brown Box and gun
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Magnavox Odyssey
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• Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney (future founders of Atari) created an arcade version of Spacewar, called Computer Space.o the first video arcade gameo difficult to play
1970-1971
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• Created by Ralph Baer at Magnavox Odyssey• A ping pong game with a moving ball controlled
by user paddles; used a TV as the display
Pong 1972
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• Atari's version of Pong was released; It became a hot Christmas present
• Also became a popular arcade game
• Atari was sued by Baer and Magnavox,and it had to pay a one-time license fee of $700,000
1975
Atari Pongconsole
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• Manufacturers of older, obsolete consoles and Pong clones sold their systems at a loss to clear stock, creating a glut in the market.
• Only Atari and Magnavox remained in the home console market by the end of 1977.
Video game crash of 1977
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• Almost the first cartridge-based home system
• Open architecture allowed easy development
• First to introduce licensing of a system to game devs
Atari 2600 (1977)
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• The trackball was the controller forAtari's Football.
• Space Invaders was the first arcade game that tracked and displayed high scores.
1978
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• Asteroids was the first game to allow a high scorer to enter their name as three characters to be stored in the machine.
Arcades 1979-1981
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• Lunar Lander, Atari (1979) • Battlezone was the first 3D game, set in a virtual
battlefieldo it was later enhanced by the U.S. government for military
training
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• Pac-Man released by Namco in 1980-1981o generated $100 million in sales during its lifetime
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• Popular as a gaming platform:o Commodore VIC-20(1981), Commodore 64 (1982), Apple
II, IBM PC, and IBM clones
• Start of game developer studios e.g. EA, Lucas Arts
Rise of the home computer
(1980's)
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• Donkey Kong (1981)• Frogger, Centipede (1981)• Pole Position, Joust (1982)• Mario Bros, Spy Hunter (1983)
Popular Arcade Games
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• Factors for the collapse include:o Lack of innovation o Over supply o Poor strategic choices by Atari (e.g. its E.T game)o Rise of the home computer o Press/public perception of games
as a fad (a short-lived fashion)
Video Games Crash of 1983
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• Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in USA (1985)
• Sega Master System (1986)
Console Rebirth
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• Developed by a Russian programmer, Alex Pajitnov, for the PC.
Tetris 1985
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• Nintendo released the Game Boy.
• NEC released the TurboGrafx-16o first 16-bit console in the U.So first system to run games stored on CDs
1989
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• Myst (1993) o no obvious enemies, no physical violence, no threat of
"dying"
• Doom (1993)o very important first-person shooter
Rise of the PC (1990's)
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• Arcades focued on bringing in more "ride-and-video" games like skiing, snowboarding, and Jet Skiing, as they were more popular than shooting and fighting games.
• Used specialised hardware (not on PCs)
Arcade Hardware (1990's)
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• Sega Genesis console (16-bit)• Nintendo Super NES (1991)
o introduced the world to Sonic the Hedgehog
Sega and Nintendo
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• US Senate investigation into violence in video games.
• The Entertainment Software Rating Board was created.
• Rating on a game's box indicate the suggested age of players and the violent content.
1993-1994
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• Sony released the PlayStation 1 in 1994o PlayStation 2 released in 2000, maintaining
backwards compatibilityo also the PS3, PSP, Vita
• It is the most popular game console with over 20 million sold.
Playstation (1994)
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• The Tamagotchi virtual pet became a sensation in Japan.
• It was released in the U.S. in May, selling all of its 30,000-unit supply in 3 days.
1996
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• Created by Japanese video game enthusiast Satoshi Tajiri
• Pokémon Red and Green released for Nintendo Game Boy in 1996
• Movies, TV series, and multiple sequels followed
Pokémon
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• Introduction of 3D engines• Millions of polygons• Shaders and physics
Late 1990’s
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• Nintendo's GameCube delivered an easier development environment for game creators.
• Nintendo released the GameBoy Advance, a portable gaming system.
GameCube (2001)
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• The Nintendo DS, a portable system with two screens, one of which could be used as a touch screen.
2004
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• Sony released the PSP, a portable system with a large, high-resolution display.
• Microsoft unveiled the XBox 360, a console system in November.
2005
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• Nintendo released the Wii, a gaming system that let gamers play by moving the controllero e.g. swinging it like a tennis racket, holding and tilting it
like a steering wheel
2006
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• Grand Theft Auto 4 broke sales records in its first week after gamers bought more than 6 million copies.
2008
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• More than 10 million worldwide subscribers make World of Warcraft the most popular massively multiplayer online (MMO) game.
• MMOs create entire virtual universes for players and redefine how we play, learn, and relate to each other.
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• Social games like Farmville and mobile games like Angry Birds shake up the games industry.
• Millions of people who never would have considered themselves gamers now while away hours playing games on new platforms like Facebook and the iPhone.
2009
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• The indie game movement comes of age with the tremendous popularity of Minecraft, the addictive brick-building game from Swedish developer Markus Persson (coded in Java).
2010
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• New types of controllers• Online gaming• Mobile games• Motion control changes game play• Rise of casual PC games
2. Trends
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• NES and PC gaming had driving wheels and aircraft joysticks in the 1990's, New controllers in 2000's included:o a soft plastic mat foot control for Dance Dance Revolutiono Samba De Amigo's maraca controllers o Donkey Kong bongo controller
2.1. Alternate controllers
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• Guitar Hero -- a guitar-shaped controllers for the PlayStation 2.
• Sony: the EyeToy peripheral, a camera that could detect player movement, for the PlayStation 2.
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• Return of the virtual reality head-mounted display:o the Oculus Rifto developer kits available since March 2014o consumer versions due out in 2015o optional treadmill
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• Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs)o significant titles for the PC market included RuneScape,
World of Warcraft, EverQuest, and Ultima Online
2.2 Online gaming
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• Older arcade-style games have become popular again on mobile phones, since they are simpler to play and implement.
• Mobile phone gaming revenues:o > 1 billion dollars in 2003o > 5 billion dollars in 2007, a quarter of all videogaming
revenue
2.3 Mobile games
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• More advanced phones have added to the appeal of mobile phone gaming:o Nokia N-Series in 2005 o iPhone in 2007o Android on multiple platforms since 2005
• New features such as twin cameras, easy multimedia recording, accelerometer, GPS, compass, suggest new game types.
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• The Wii Remote has been very successful. • But motion controls tend to be slow, inaccurate.
• Various add-on attachments adapt the Wii Remote to specific games, such as the Wii Zapper for shooting games and the Wii Wheel for driving games.
2.4 Motion control
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• The Balance Board
• Microsoft Kinect Sensor
• The PlayStation Move(+ Eye Toy)
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• Games with limited complexity for short play. • Many are puzzle games
o Popcap's Bejeweled and PlayFirst's Diner Dash
2.5 Rise of casual PC games
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• The biggest hit is The Sims, which has become the best selling computer game of all time.
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• In 2008, social network games began gaining mainstream popularity following the release of Happy Farm in China.
• The most popular social network game is FarmVille, which has over 70 million active users worldwide.
3. Influential Early Games
• Dragon Warrior • Alone in the Dark • SimCity • Wizardry • Doom • Pong
• Wolfenstein 3D• Dune II• Super Mario 64• Half-Life• Grand Theft Auto III • Prince of Persia
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• First graphically-rich Dungeons & Dragons-type game for home computers.
• The release coincided with the height of D&D's popularity in the USA.
Wizardry (1981)
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• First role-playing video game (RPG) in the Dragon Quest series.
• More emphasis on storytelling and emotional involvement, and exposed the Western game genre to Japanese manga.
Dragon Warrior (1986)
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• Originally a 2D platform game, but the series switched to 3D in 1999.
• Included intelligent puzzles, deadly traps, sprawling non-scrolling levels, fluid animation.
Prince of Persia (1989)
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• City-building simulation.• Introduced goal-centered, timed play.
SimCity (1989)
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• Innovations included: o textures, a first-person gun-grasping hand, switchable
weapons, ammunition counts
• Popularized shareware game distribution
Wolfenstein 3D (1992)
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• Made real-time strategy (RTS) games popular.• New ideas:
o mouse controls, world map, framed interface, fog-of-war feature
Dune II (1992)
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• Started the survival horror game genre, setting the standard for later games such as Resident Evil and Silent Hill
Alone in the Dark (1992)
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• One of the best 3D platform games. • New ideas:
o analog control of characters , dynamic camera
Super Mario 64 (1996)
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• New ideas:o immersive story, episodic chapters, scripted game events,
behaviour AI
• The Half-Life game engine can be licensed for free, encouraging other games.
Half-Life (1998)
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• Game world freedom: o users can play the non-linear story -- or noto many side-missions, mini-games
Grand Theft Auto III (2001)
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• Activision• Electronic Arts• LucasArts• Blizzard• Id Software
4. Some Game Studios
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• Founded by former Atari programmers• Introduced the “royalties” system still
employed by consol makers today
Activision
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o Created in 1982, now the largest game companyo New ideas:
• company treats its staff like artists• created in-house tools to aid cross-platform development• handles its own distribution
Electronic Arts (EA)
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• Formed in 1982 as an offshoot of LucasFilm Ltd.• Released Maniac Mansion in 1987• Many adventure and Star Wars games
LucasArts
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o Started in 1991.o Released one of the important early Real-Time
Strategy games, Warcraft, in 1994o Their World of Warcraft is the fastest selling PC
game in history
Blizzard
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o Formed in 1991o Successfully utilizes shareware to make money
from games.o Created the important first-person shooter,
DOOM
id Software