AnionsDil.H2SO4Conc.H2SO4Confirmatory Test

Conc.H2SO4

GroupCl-NoRxn.White Gas Evolves(1) Silver Nitrate Test(2) Manganese Dioxide Test(3) Chromyl Chloride Test

i. H2Oii. Conc.HNO3iii. AgNO3White ppt.iv. Ammonia SolnSolublei. MnO2ii. Conc.H2SO4iii. HeatGreenish Yellow Gasi. K2Cr2O7ii. Heatiii. Conc.H2SO4Orange Vapoursiv. Vapours to NaOH SolnYellow Solnv. Dil.Ch3COOHvi. Lead Acetate {(CH3COO)2Pb}Yellow ppt.

Br-

NoRxn.Reddish Brown GasEvolves(1) Silver Nitrate Test(2) ManganeseDioxide Test(3) Organic Layer Test

i. H2Oii. Conc.HNO3iii. AgNO3Light Yellow ppt.iv. Ammonia SolnPartially Solublei. MnO2ii. Conc.H2SO4iii. HeatBrown Gasi. H2O ii. Conc.HNO3iii. CCl4iv. Chlorine WaterOrange Layer

I-

NoRxn.VioletGas Evolves(1) Silver Nitrate Test(2) Manganese Dioxide Test(3) Organic Layer Test

i. H2Oii. Conc.HNO3iii. AgNO3Deep Yellow ppt.iv. Ammonia SolnInsolublei. MnO2ii. Conc.H2SO4iii. HeatViolet Gasi. H2O ii. Conc.HNO3iii. CCl4iv. Chlorine WaterViolet Layer

C2O4-

NoRxn.ColourlessGas Evolves(1) Potassium Permanganate Test(2) Calcium Chloride Test

i. KMnO4ii. Dil.H2SO4iii. Heat at 60-70 CPink Colour DecolourisesCO2 Evolvesi. H2Oii. Conc. HNO3iii. Dil.CH3COOHiv. HeatCO2 is Boiled OFFv. CaCl2 SolnWhite ppt.vi. Dil.HNO3Dissolves

NO3-NoRxn.Reddish Brown Gas Evolves(1)i. Conc.H2SO4ii. Fe Turningsiii. HeatGas BecomesMore Reddish Brown(2)i. H2Oii. FeSO4iii. Conc.H2SO4Dark Ring b/w layers

GroupAnionsDil.H2SO4Conc.H2SO4Confirmatory TestConfirmatory Test

Dil.H2SO4

GroupS2-ColorlessGas With Rotten Egg SmellNo Rxn.(1)i. H2Oii. CH3COOHiii. (CH3COO)Pb2Black ppt.

(2)i. H2Oii. Sodium Nitroprusside

Violet Coloured Soln

SO32-ColorlessGas With Burning Sulphur SmellNo Rxn.(1)i. H2Oii. CH3COOHiii. BaCl2White ppt.iv. Dil.HClPpt. Dissolves(2)i. H2Oii. Dil.H2SO4iii. K2CrO4Green Soln

NO2-Reddish BrownGas With Pungent SmellNo Rxn.(1)i. H2Oii. Dil.CH3COOHiii. FeSO4Dark Brown Soln

(2)i. H2Oii. Dil.H2SO4iii. KIiv. Starch SolnBlue Soln

CH3COO-ColourlessGas With Vinegar SmellNo Rxn.(1)i. H2Oii. Neutral Ferric ChlorideRed Soln

(2)i. H2SO4ii. Ethyl Alcoholiii. HeatFruity Smell

CO32-ColourlessGas With Brisk effervescenceNo Rxn.(1)iii. Dil.H2SO4iv. Pass Gas to Lime WaterTurns Milky

GroupAnionsDil.H2SO4Conc.H2SO4Confirmatory Test

IndependentAnion

GroupPO43-No Rxn.No Rxn.(1)i. H2Oii. HNO3iii. Heativ. Ammonium Molybdate Solnv. HeatDeep Yellow ppt.

SO42-No Rxn.No Rxn.(1)i. H2Oii. BaCl2White ppt.

(2)i. H2Oii. (CH3COO)2PbWhite ppt.

Salt AnalysisCationsGroupGroup ReagentRadicals

Zero GroupO.S. + NaOH + HeatNH4+

I GroupO.S. + HClPb2+

II GroupO.S. + HCI + H2SCu2+

III GroupO.S. +NH4Cl + NH4OHAI2+ ,Fe3+

IV GroupO.S. + NH4CI + NH4OH +H2SNi2+ ,Mn2+ , Zn2+ ,Co2+

V GroupO.S. + NH4CI + NH4OH +(NH4)2CO3Ba2+, Ca3+, Sr2+

VI GroupO.S + NH4CI + NH4OH + NaH2PO4Mg2+

AnionsGroupGroup ReagentRadicals

I GroupSalt + dil. H2SO4CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-

II GroupSalt + conc. H2SO4Cl-, Br-, I-, CH3COO-

Add Cu piece and heatNO-

Add KMnO4 soln.C2O42-

III GroupO.S. + BaC!2SO42-

IV GroupO.S + Conc.HNO3 + Heat + (NH4)24MoOPO43-

Preliminary TestsTestObservationInference

Physical Appearance

ColourWhiteNH4+, Pb2+, Al3+ , Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ , Sr2+ and Mg2+

BlueCu2+

GreenNi2+

BrownFe3+

RedCo2+

Light pinkMn2+

OdourSmell of NH3NH4+

Smell of vinegarCH3COO-

Smell of rotten eggsH2-

Dry HeatingColourless gas evolvedCO32- , SO32-, S2- and Cl-

Blown gas evolvedBr-, NO3-

Violet gas evolvedI-

Crackling soundPb(NO3)2 and Ba(NO3)2

Brown residueCu2+

Flame TestGreenish blueCu2+

Light greenBa2+

Brick redCa2+

Crimson redSr2+