anne roe's theory of occupational choice
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THEORIES OF CAREER
DEVELOPMENT
ANNE ROES THEORY OF PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT AND OCCUPATIONAL
CHOICE
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Focus is on possible relationships between career
development and personality.
Views the whole range of occupations in terms of
their relationship to individual, differences inbackgrounds, physical and psychological variable and
experiences.
Personality differences that exist among individuals
in diverse occupations are partly the result of
influences of child rearing practices.
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Modes of Child Rearing
Origins of Needs and Interest
Need Structure and Motivation
Different Occupational Groups
Levels of Occupational Groups
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The manner in which parents interact with the child
is one of the major influences on the motivational
intensity of the child.
Parenting Styles (Roe):Emotional concentration on the child: Over-
protective parents and Over-demanding parents
Avoidance of the child: Emotional deprivation orneglect
Acceptance of the child: causally or lovingly
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Parenting Styles (Roe):
Emotional concentration on the child:
Over-protective parents-- full and quick satisfaction of
the child's lower needs but may hesitate in gratifyingthe higher order needs of love and esteem, at the same
time will reward behavior that is socially desirable.
Over-demanding parents-- gratifies the physical needs
promptly and adequately. They lay down conditions of
conformity to their values, and social achievement in
return for the love offered to the child.
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Parenting Styles (Roe):
Avoidance of the child: Emotional deprivation or
neglect-- parents who neglect merely the physical well-
being of the child were not causing as harmful aneffect as those parents who neglected the emotional
needs of the child. This emotional rejection of the
child leads to slower emotional development, though it
may not cause misproportioned development.
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Parenting Styles (Roe):
Acceptance of the child: causally or lovingly-- too
accepting types will satisfy their children's needs at
most levels in slightly different ways and in varyingdegrees. The personality that develops in children of
accepting parents is capable of seeking gratification of
needs at all levels.
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Genetic inheritance sets limits on the potential
development of all characteristics.
Whether these inherited characteristics will achieve,
surpass or underachieve their potential is determined notonly by the experiences unique to the individual, but also
such factor as race, sex, social and economic position of
the family and general cultural background.
The direction of development of interests, attitudes and
other personality variables which have relatively little
genetic control is determined entirely by individual
experiences.
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Roe used Maslows hierarchy of needs as her framework.
It is greatly influenced by early childhood experience,
whether the needs are frustrated or satisfied.
Selection of occupation depended on individuals need
structure.
Level of attainment depended on individuals level of
ability and socioeconomic background
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Needs that are satisfied routinely as they appear do not
become unconscious motivators.
Needs for which even minimum satisfaction is rarely
achieved will, if of a higher order, become eliminated, ifof a lower order, prevent the appearance of higher order
needs and will become dominating and restricting
motivator.
Need, for which satisfaction is delayed, but eventually
accomplished, will become unconscious motivators,
according to the degree of satisfaction felt.
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The eventual pattern of psychic energies, in terms of
attention directedness, is the major determinant of
interests.
The intensity of these needs and their satisfaction, and
their organization, are the major determinants of the
degree of expressed motivation.
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Person-Oriented
Service
Business Contact
Arts and EntertainmentManagerial
General Culture
Non-Person OrientedTechnology
Outdoors
Science
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OCCUPATIONA
L GROUP
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
SERVICE Concerned with serving and
attending to the needs and welfare
of other persons.
Therapist, Counselor,
Social Workers,
Detectives, Policemen,Politician, Firemen, Health
Care Professionals, Taxi
Drivers, Houseworkers
BUSINESS
CONTACT
Concerned with face-to-face of
commodities, investments, real
estate and services. The focus is on
persuasion to a course of action.
Sales People, Public
Relations Officer, Brokers,
Insurance Agents,
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OCCUPATIONAL
GROUP
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
ORGANIZATION Managerial and white collar jobs in
business, industry and government. It
is concerned primarily with theorganization and efficient
functioning of commercial
enterprises and of government
activities.
Industrialists,
Bankers, Financial
Executives
TECHNOLOGY Concerned with the production,
maintenance and transportation of
commodities and utilities. Focus is
on dealing with things.
Engineers,
Craftsmen, Machine
Trades,
Transportation and
Communication
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OCCUPATIONAL
GROUP
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
OUTDOOR Concerned with cultivation,
preservation and gathering of crops,
marine or inland water resources,forest products and other natural
resources with animal husbandry.
Interpersonal relations are largely
irrelevant.
Architects, Scientists,
Forest Rangers,
Farmers, Fishermen,Loggers, Divers
SCIENCE Concerned with scientific theory and
its application under specified
circumstances other than technology.
Research Scientists,
Medical Specialists,
Medical Technicians
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OCCUPATIONAL
GROUP
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
GENERAL
CULTURE
Concerned with the preservation and
transmission of the general cultural
heritage. Interest is in human activitiesrather than in individual persons.
Occupations in
education,
journalism,linguistics; lawyers,
scholars, curators
ARTS AND
ENTERTAINMENT
Concerned with the use of special skills
in the creative arts and in entertainment.
Focus is on the relationship between
one person or an organized group and a
more general public. Interpersonal
relation is important but neither so
direct nor of the same nature as that in
group.
Creative artists,
Performers of skill,
athletes, designers,
conductor of music,
interior decorators
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Levels are based on degree of responsibility,
capacity and skill.
Responsibility includes not only the numberand difficulty of the decisions to be made but
also how many different kinds of problems
must be coped with.
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LEVELS OF
OCCUPATIONAL
GROUP
DESCRIPTION CRITERIA (a. Resposibility;
b. Capacity; c. Skill)
PROFESSIONAL AND
MANAGERIAL
(INDEPENDENT
RESPONSIBILITY)
Includes the innovators and
creators and top managerial and
administrative people, as well
as, professionals who have
independent responsibility in
important respects. Theres no
higher authority than the social
group.
a. Important, independent,
varied
b. Policy-making
c. High level of education
PROFESSIONAL AND
MANAGERIAL
Genuine autonomy may be
present but with less significant
responsibilities.
a. Medium level for self and
others, with regard to both
importance and variety
b. Policy interpretation
c. Bachelors/Masteral Degree
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SEMI-
PROFESSIONALAND SMALL
BUSINESS
Concerned with self-
employment and vocationaloccupations
a. Low level
b. Application of policy ordetermination for self only
c. High School/Technical
School
SKILLED Requires apprenticeships or
other special training or
experience.
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SEMI-SKILLED Requires some training and
experience, but less than that oflevel 4. Much less autonomy and
initiative are permitted in these
occupations.
UNSKILLED Requires no special training or
education and not more ability isneeded to follow simple
directions and engage in simple
repetitive actions. Group
differentiation depends primarily
on the occupational setting.
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Combinations of early parent-child relations,
environmental experiences, and genetic features
determine the development of need structure.