annex 14: aerodromes part ii
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ANNEX 14: AERODROMES Part II. Aviation Management College Airport Management Ms. Zuliana Ismail. ANNEX 14 Chapter 4. Obstacle Limitation Surfaces. 2. Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS). 3. Defined by ICAO Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) also known as ‘imaginary surfaces’ . WHY ?? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ANNEX 14:ANNEX 14:AERODROMESAERODROMES
Part IIPart IIAviation Management Aviation Management
CollegeCollegeAirport Management Airport Management
Ms. Zuliana IsmailMs. Zuliana Ismail
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ANNEX 14Chapter 4
Obstacle Limitation Surfaces
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Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS)
Defined by ICAOObstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) also known as ‘imaginary surfaces’.
WHY ??To ensure the safety of operations in the airspace around aerodromes – (area must free of obstacle, prevent the growth
of obstacles)
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HOW ??
ICAO define the maximum allowable height of any structures that can be placed in the area surrounding the runway.– height of buildings, antennas, trees
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OLS defined by ICAOOLS defined by ICAO
1.1. Inner horizontal surfaceInner horizontal surface2.2. Conical surface Conical surface 3.3. Approach surfaceApproach surface4.4. Transitional surface Transitional surface 5.5. Takeoff climb surfaceTakeoff climb surface
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OLS defined by ICAO OLS defined by ICAO
(Top View)(Top View) (Side View)(Side View)
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1. Inner horizontal surface1. Inner horizontal surfaceA surface located above an aerodrome and its surrounding area.Normally be in circle. Radius depends on the type of runway. The height is 45m.The purpose is to protect airspace for visual circling prior to landing.
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2. Conical surface2. Conical surfaceA surface sloping upwards from the outer edge of the inner hori zontal surface.
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3. Approach surface3. Approach surfaceApproach surface: Protects the approach to the runway from obstructions. Inner approach surface: Protects the part of the approach closest to the runway threshold.
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4. Transitional surfacesLocated on either side of the runway.Protect the area near the runway.
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5. Takeoff climb surface5. Takeoff climb surfaceTo prevent obstructions to the paths of departing aircraft near a runway.
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Dimensions of OLS-Approach Dimensions of OLS-Approach RunwaysRunways
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ANNEX 14- Chapter 5-7
Visual Aids for Navigation
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Annex 14- Visual AidsAirport Markings
Airport Lighting: Runway & TaxiwayAirport Signs
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Objectives
Be familiar with airport lighting, signage and markings.Describe the various navigational aids that exist on aerodromes.
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Airport Markings
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Importance of Airport markings To provide information that is useful to a pilot during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same airport markings for all airports make pilots became familiar.
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Runway Markings
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Non-Instrument Runway Non-Instrument Runway (NI)(NI)
Non-Precision Runway Non-Precision Runway (NP)(NP)
Precision Precision Runway (P) Runway (P)
ThresholThresholdd
Touchdown Touchdown zonezone
Aiming Aiming pointpoint
DesignatorDesignatorss
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Runway MarkingsRunway Designators: Magnetic azimuth of the centerline of the runwayRunway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment guidance during takeoff and landings.Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft.Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the touchdown zone for landing operations Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of the runway that is available for landing.
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Taxiway Markings All taxiways should have centerline markings. Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects
Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line
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Taxiway Centerline
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Taxiway Markings Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming the
designation of the taxiway (location or direction)
Surface Painted Signs
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Taxiway Markings Geographic Position Markings: to identify the location of
taxiing aircraft during low visibility operations.
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Airport Signs
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Importance of the SignsTo show mandatory instructions, information on a specific location or destination in the aerodrome.Characteristics of signs:– Clear– Rectangular– Different colours for each category– Illuminated (light up)
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Airport Signs
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Direction signs: To indicate the intersection for aircraft turning.
Destination signs: To show direction to the specific destinations (cargo areas, military areas, international areas, etc.)
Mandatory signs:To indicate that aircraft ARE NOT ALLOWED
to enter (runway entrance & critical areas)
Location signs:To identify aircraft location.
Runway distance remaining signs: Landing distance remaining
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Airport Signs1. Mandatory signs 2. Location signs
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3. Direction signs4. Destination signs
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5. Runway distance remaining signs
Sign Indicating 3,000 feet of Runway Remaining
Airport Signs
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Airport Lighting
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Importance of Lighting
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Lighting systems from the cockpit window during bad weather.
Poor visibility is mainly due to heavy snowfall
Lighting systems are important for a/c landing during night time.
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Runway Lighting Summary
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Airport Beacon
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Function: to guide pilot flying to airport at night.
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1. Sequence LightTo guide the pilot’s eyes
toward the runway centerline
Thresholds Light•Appear green for a/c
landing and red a/c take-off
3. Approach Light•Warning light, which a/c
should not land yet
2. Cross Bar Light
•Indicate a/c wings status
Runway Edge Lighting
Runway Center line Light
Runway Touch Down Zone Light
•Give depth view of the runway
Approach Lighting
System (ALS)
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Runway Lighting
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Lighting systems from the cockpit window
Runway Edge Lighting: •White
•Turn Yellow in last 610m
Runway Center line Light System :
•White•Alternate white and red in last 610
m•Red in last 310m
Why the lighting colour change?The pilot thus knows about how much runway is left for used.
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Taxiway Lighting
Taxiway edge lights: blue
Taxiway centre line: green
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Visual Approach Slope Indicators (VASI)
Visible from 3-5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles or more at night.
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)
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Function: To assist pilot with visual guidance during an aircraft landingby indicate the pilot’s angle of approach.
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Weather Information
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To prevent aircraft accidents.To avoid flight delay or cancellations.
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Importance
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Types of Bad Weather
Poor visibility due to haze & smoke Wind shear :- sudden change in the wind speed & direction Icing: Heavy SnowThunderstorms
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Airport Weather Stations
Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS)
Every 20 minutesObserves temperature, wind speed & direction, visibility, cloud coverage.Can’t observe sudden weather change.
Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS)
Every 1 hourObserve weather conditions change rapidly.Current weather, icing, lightning,, air pressure.
Automated Sensor
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Wind Indicators
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Wind Indicators
Wind Sock
To Indicate wind direction & speed.The stronger the wind, the straighter the wind sock.Move back and forth when the wind is gusty (angin ribut)
To Indicate wind direction only.To suggest the pilot the runway to be used
Wind Tee
Guiding pilot to determine the correct runway to use for landing and take off
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Navigational Aid Systems
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Navigational Aid Systems
Civilian AirportsDoppler VHF Omni directional Range Station (VOR)Distance measuring equipment (DME)Instrument Landing System:– Glide slope/ Glide Path– Localizer– Marker Beacon
Military PurposeLong Range Navigation (LORAN)Short Range Navigation (SHORAN)Tactical Air Navigation Systems (TACAN)
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DVOR / DMEVOR and DME are usually collocated, providing pilot with bearing and distance.DVOR: bearing of aircraft (in degrees) DME: distance from aircraft (in miles or km)
Doppler VHF Omnidirectional Range Station (VOR)
Slant range= Distance, D, is the actual distance from the aircraft to the VOR
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ILS Components
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Localizer: horizontal guidanceGlide Path:
vertical guidance
Needle indicates direction of runway.Centered Needle = Correct Alignment
Marker Beacons: how far the aircraft
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ILS Operations
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Microwave Landing Systems (MLS)
Introduced in 1970s to replace ILS, but discontinued in 1995.
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GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
To take advantage of the GPS system.Quick data transferring among LAAS, Aircraft and GPS satellites
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GPS: Global Positioning System
24 satellites4 satellites in each 6 orbits.Provide location and time info.Control by U.S military
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GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
The GPS sensor unit (GPSSU) calculates aircraft position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and exact time.
LAAS