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1443R03D Annex V - SPAIN

March 2002 MacAlister Elliott and Partners Ltd page 1

ANNEX V COUNTRY STUDIES: SPAIN

1 NATIONAL CONTEXT

1.1 OVERALL CONTEXT1.2 SELECTION OF FDAs1.3 THE NATIONAL FISHERIES SECTOR: WOMEN’S ROLE

2 KEY DATA COLLECTED

2.1 EMPLOYMENT2.2 LEGISLATION2.3 ORGANISATION2.4 EDUCATION & TRAINING2.5 SOCIO-CULTURAL STATUS2.6 ECONOMIC STATUS

3 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 KEY FINDINGS3.2 CONCLUSIONS3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix 1: BibliographyAppendix 2: People interviewedAppendix 3: Relevant legislation



1 NATIONAL CONTEXT

1.1 OVERALL CONTEXT

This study covers two areas of Spain: Galicia in the north west, traditionally a majorfisheries dependent area, and Andalucia in the south, where fisheries has always been aneconomic feature, but tourism and other activities have come to dominate of late. TheSpanish fleet’s departure from formerly important fishing areas has exacerbated problemsfor the fisheries sector in these areas.

1.1.1 Galicia

Galicia, in the North-west of Spain, is a region with a characteristic Atlantic climate andmild temperatures. With its 1,200 km of coastline Galicia has an important fishingtradition and a well-developed fisheries industry. Fisheries have always been animportant resource to Galicia. Galicia has the three most important fishing ports of forfresh fishing landings and deep sea fleets in Europe (Vigo, La Coruña & Ribeira). Thecoastline of Galicia has 42 ports, most of them with important fisheries activities (fishing,aquaculture and processing industries).

The deep sea fishing sector has been very affected by fleet and quota reductions. This hascaused unemployment and this group of men, quite significant in Galician ports,competes with women for fisheries activities on land which were traditionally carried outby women. In coastal fisheries in Galicia fisheries activities traditionally involve womenand men.

Intertidal cultivation (stock husbandry) – a combination of fishing and aquacultureactivities - is usually carried out by women. This sub-sector has an important social rolein shoreline communities where it involves some 12,000 people (7,769 women). Theaquaculture sector is very well developed in Galicia, which was the first producer ofmussels in the European Union. Mussel production is generally a family business wherewomen have roles of both worker and /or management.

Galicia is the first producer of turbot in the EU. There are 8 important turbot farmsgrowing more than 3,000 t/year. This industry has provided new jobs for women. Threeindustries have developed around mussel cultivation and intertidal production: canningindustries, cooking industries and depuration plants. The work of these industries ismainly carried out by women. In Galicia this sector has generated 13,000 directemployees (65% of the Spanish total in this sub-sector), around 70% of which arewomen. There is also a large processing industry related to coastal and deep sea fishing(fish, crustaceous and molluscs) where most of the work is carried out by women.



1.1.2 Andalucia

On the Atlantic coastline of Andalucia there are 14 fishing ports, three of them deep seafishing ports. 12 ports have a fishing auction. There are 14 Fishermen Associations wherewomen are not represented. Aquaculture activities (intertidal and inland) are located in 4of these ports and there are processing facilities in ten of them. In general the fishingsector on the Atlantic coastline of Andalucia is in a difficult situation, with anovercapitalised fleet, conflicts with the Moroccan fishing fleet, overexploitation ofcoastal fishing grounds and a high rate of unemployment.

On the Atlantic coastline of Andalucia there are some 23 processing industries and some44 aquaculture enterprises registered. In both sub-sectors enterprises can have veryvariable numbers of employees depending on season. The main aquaculture is fish andbivalve farming (hatcheries and growth) which mainly produce seabream, oysters andshrimp. There is a large gender employment differential in fisheries activities, with88.6% men and 11.4% women employed in the sector. The fisheries workforce overall isbecoming younger: 50.7% are between 19-29 years old and only 5.8% are between 51-65.

Fishing and intertidal harvesting are not activities carried out by women, althoughwomen can be ship owners and represent husbands on land (managing fishing licencesand other complementary tasks). The only fisheries activity where women play animportant role is the processing industry (in this sub-sector most of the work is carriedout by women) with a little participation in some inland aquaculture enterprises.

1.2 SELECTION OF FDAS

Arousa Bay where13 fishing ports are located was selected as a fisheries dependent area(FDA). This area has important fisheries activities (deep sea and coastal fishing,aquaculture and processing industries). The total population is around 160,000 habitants,with men and women split fifty-fifty. Arousa Bay is the origin of the largest musselproduction in Europe. There are some 2,321 mussel rafts producing more than 175,000tonnes of mussels.

Table 1 Characterisation of FDAs in GaliciaEmployment Value added

NUTS2

Fishing Aquaculture Processing Total Fishing Aquaculture Processing Total

Galicia 3.73 2.87 1.05 7.65 2.14 0.37 1.00 3.51Spain 1.88 1.11 0.57 3.56 0.96 0.11 0.38 1.45

Vessels Shore fleet Deep sea fleet Total fleetGalicia 8,129 632 8,761

Total Spain 9,204 795 9,999



Bivalve harvesters are an important component of aquaculture activity. There are twoharvest methods: by boat (men majority) and on foot (women majority). Two importantports of Galicia are located in Arousa Bay: Ribeira (landings from different fishinggrounds – Continental Platform, Morocco and Great Sole and Irish Sea- and aquacultureactivities) and Vilagarcia (tuna landings and aquaculture activities). The other 11 portsare much smaller and their most important activities are mussel production, clamproduction and coastal fishing. In every port there is a Fishermen’s Association (12Cofradías de Pescadores) which represent fishermen and bivalve harvesters (most ofthem women).

Around these fisheries activities has developed an important processing industry,particularly fish and shellfish canning factories (53). Mussel and clam production hasalso given rise to depuration plants (34 ) to purify bivalves for fresh consumption. Morerecently fish and shellfish farms have been established in this area; farms to grow turbots(4) and a bivalve hatchery (1). In Arousa Bay there are also two local Fisheriesdepartments (Ribeira & Vilagarcia), three Research Centres on Fisheries, two FishingSchools, one Aquaculture School and the biggest Mussel Producer Association (made upof 13 local producer organisations).

Table 2: Employment and value added in Arousa’s Bay, GaliciaEmployment Value added

NUTS 3 Fishing Aquaculture Processing Total Fishing Aquaculture Processing TotalArousa

bay31.12 49.67 18.9 99.69 7.9 6.6 19.99 34.49

1.3 THE NATIONAL FISHERIES SECTOR: WOMEN’S ROLE

1.3.1 GaliciaThe role of women in the fisheries economy in Galicia is increasingly important, in thatthey have started to carry out many traditionally male tasks. As a result, women in thesector see it as a priority to gain full rights as fisheries professionals. Nonetheless, womenstill have limited representation in the sector and fishing is still considered a man's world.In the whole of Galicia only some 164 women have fisheries qualifications (secondaryeducation) and it is not know whether they are working at sea.

This study considers coastal fishing, where some women are involved, as opposed todeep water fishing, where no women are involved. The women in coastal fishinggenerally work as crew, although it is possible that a few of them have some elementarytraining in fishing. Some women with fishing qualifications (skipper, crew) are includedin the crew list to avoid the necessity of having long-term employees, but rarely go to sea.

A third important sub-sector is shellfish harvesting on foot. In general there are twokinds: “mariscadores”, shellfish harvesters working in groups in the intertidal zone, (onthe borderline between fishing and aquaculture) and “parquistas”, shellfish harvesters



working individually on an area of intertidal zone over which they have individual rights.“Mariscadores” on the intertidal zone are mostly women and they represent a huge socialgroup. “Parquistas” are private mollusc producers, usually a family business.

In the aquaculture sector three different activities have been taken into account: shellfishharvesters, mussel farms and fish farms. Mussel farming is traditionally a familybusiness. Although there are a few big companies most of the mussel growing firms have1-3 rafts. Mussel rafts can be a joint asset although the administrative concession can beto an individual holder. Women’s activity in mussel farming is usually occasional; themost frequent tasks carried out by women are manual work (cleaning up, selection etc.).

Processing includes canning industries (53) where approximately 75% of employees arewomen and depuration plants (34).

Overall, the sub-sectors where women have the highest representation are i) “marisqueo”on foot and ii) the canning industry, so these are the sub-sectors where it is easiest toanalyse employment trends.

1.3.2 Andalucia

The Atlantic coastline (Cadiz & Huelva) supports major bivalve production in pondsand/or parcels in the marsh zone. There are some 10 family enterprises that employ about60 people directly. This is an activity carried out by men exclusively. However, the localadministration is supporting a project that would increase this kind of activity byproviding new concessions to exploit. One of project targets is to involve women in thissub-sector through training courses on intertidal cultivation, marketing, food handlinglicensing and marketing. Unfortunately, poaching is a major problem for bivalvecultivation in this area. Bivalve production is sold in local markets during the seasonwhen prices are highest. Marketing is usually carried out by men; women do not take partin this activity.

Women’s work in fishing is generally “informal”, giving their husband unpaid help intasks which are important for the support of the family business, although undervalued.Since their husbands are at sea for much of the time, women carry out many land basedtasks, as well as running the household and looking after children. According to studiescarried out (Navegar – Garum – Nereida) on a heterogeneous group of women with such“informal” work, many of these women have low self-esteem. They have had to assumetotal responsibility for looking after the children but this important work is not valued bythe community.

To promote the role of fishermen’s wives in fisheries some training courses were carriedout in coastal villages in Huelva province. Women involved in these training activitieshad, in general, an elementary education. Most of them had worked as salary earners inthe agricultural sector and other areas. Some of them had only worked at home. Very fewof them were considered part of the family enterprises and none received any salary fromit. The training focused on increasing value added for women’s work, diversifying their



fishing-related activities, managing their status as self-employed individuals in the familybusiness and promoting alternative activities to hedge against continuing crisis in thesector.

2 KEY DATA COLLECTED

2.1 EMPLOYMENT

2.1.1 Galicia

Fishing overallThis section includes i) coastal fishing (a declining number of individuals) and ii)individuals working in aquaculture activities who use a boat to carry out their tasks(mussel farms), including some women. Official statistics lump these groups together;this report tries to make a distinction between fishing boats and mussel boats but figuresmust be considered estimates.

i) The output by value of coastal fishing is stable, because although resourcesare declining market prices have been increasing year after year. Somefishermen from deep sea fishing have been forced to change to coastalfisheries to make a living.

ii) Women’s employment seems stable in this sub-sector, but it is very limited.Practically all jobs are taken by men.

iii) Most women working in the sector are between 30-40 years old, and havestarted working in fisheries relatively recently.

Aquaculture

a) “Marisqueo”The output in value has grown over the last few years. The value of cultured shellfish inArousa Bay grew from 21,520,575 Euros in 1997 to 30,083,029 Euros in 1999 (shellfishmarket). However, employment has declined by around 50% over the last ten years. Tenyears ago this was a marginal activity in which lots of people participated on a part timebasis, to cover immediate momentary needs. Recently the Galician Government hasestablished rules about what constitutes a professional mariscador, which have limitedthe number of people considerably. In terms of age, the “marisqueo” reflects broadersociety.



b) Mussel farmingMussel farm output has grown in value by more than 60% since 1996. Since this sub-sector is mainly family businesses, employment is stable. Seasonal manpower obviouslyexists but it is not easy to quantify. Much of it comes from other sectors inside andoutside fisheries: marisqueo, shore fishing, agriculture, building workers, etc. Womenoften rotate their job activity between working in mussel rafts, harvesting bivalves,depuration plants or at home. Women working in mussel rafts are relatively young:around 40% between 19-29 years old; around 60% between 19-40 years old and 40%more than 40.

c) Fish farmingFish farms are consolidating their output, which is growing (around 40% over the lastthree years). Employment seems stable, with few women. Again, the age structurerepresents society as a whole.

Canning industriesThe output of canning industries is growing slightly. Employment could be consideredstable: the number of employees per volume of product is declining because ofmechanisation but this is compensated for by the growth of the industry. This type ofindustry has a high percentage of temporary employees, most of whom are women. 60%of men are permanent employees but only 38% of women. Permanent employees can byfrom 20% - 85% of the workforce, usually averaging around 40%. As well as frequentlybeing temporary employees, women are mainly in position such as manual workers,without responsibility. The workforce is mainly 30-45 years old.

Depuration plantsEmployment in this sub-sector is slightly declining, mainly through a switch frompermanent to temporary employment. 65% of workforce is between 40-50 years old.



Table 3: Employment in fisheries in GaliciaDATA REQUIRED Women Men Total

Coastal Fishing * Total � 45 3,164 3,209

• Skipper at sea• Crew at sea• Support /admin ashore 31 55 86• Mussel boats Total � 20% 80% 2,756

Aquaculture:

a) “Marisqueo” on foot Total � 2,489 109 2,598• Stock husbandry 2,477 90 2,567• Technical/lab 4 7 11• Management/marketing/trading 8 12 20

b) “Parquistas”• Stock husbandry 618 696 1,314• Technical/lab• Management/marketing/trading

c) Mussel farming Total � 727 3,977 4,704• Stock husbandry 696 3,946 4,642• Technical/lab• Management/marketing/trading 31 31 62

d) Fish farming & molluscs hatchery 39 129 168• Stock husbandry 14 47 61• Technical/lab 7 22 29• Management/marketing/trading 18 60 78

Processing overall: 3,035 1,012 4,047• Foreman (factory floor) 2% 30%• Worker (factory floor) 90% 5%• Technical /lab 5% 15%• Management /sourcing/ marketing/ trading 3% 50%

Administration, management, research /schools 63 109 172

(*) Only coastal fishing is taken into account because women are not represented in deep sea fishing.(**) Stock husbandry can increase seasonallyNote: Figures are estimates, but are probably close to reality. Statistical data were not available.

2.1.2 Andalucia

There is little incentive for women to work in the fisheries sector. Socially it is a man'sworld, and currently suffers from a lot of conflict because of fleet reductions and the lossof fishing grounds. It is not easy for women to compete with men for work positions evenwhen manpower is short. Generally women prefer farm work; seasonal work harvestingstrawberry and citrus pays good salaries and they can then claim unemployment benefituntil the next harvest. This is a task carried out by women almost exclusively.

The only fisheries activity where women are strongly represented is the processingindustry, where women represent about 65-70% of employees, almost all in very low



status jobs. In this industry, women and men have never the same role: even if they arecarrying out similar tasks they will have a different job category for men and women,with the man having a higher status and a higher salary. Gender-related salarydifferentials are common. In addition, most women are employed in temporary jobswhereas men usually have long term jobs. In general, women in the processing industryhave limited education.

Fish farmingFish farm output is growing (20-25% over the last three years). Employment hastherefore been increasing, but this has not really included women. Women may havemore opportunities in this sub-sector in future through the Aquaculture School. The fishfarming workforce is young: 50% between 19-29 years old, 35% between 30-40 and 15%> 40.

Processing industriesAs stated above, this industry has a high percentage of temporary, low status employees,most of which are women. The workforce is mainly between 30-45 years old.

Table 4: Employment in fisheries in AndaluciaDATA REQUIRED Women Men Total

Aquaculture: 23% 77% 202

• Stock husbandry 90% N/A• Technical/lab 5% N/A• Management/marketing/trading 5% N/A

Processing overall: 756 325 1,081• Foreman (factory floor) 2% 30%• Worker (factory floor) 90% 5%• Technical /lab 5% 15%• Management /sourcing/ marketing/ trading 3% 50%

In general, women’s employment in fisheries is as low status workers withoutresponsibility. Women whose families have a small fishing business often take temporaryjobs in processing to supplement family income, depending on the activity in fishing.Women are vital as cheap manpower to the processing industry. In aquaculture womenalso mainly work as low status manual workers (usually in packaging). A few womenwork in offices some sub-sectors, but again these are rarely in management positions.

2.2 LEGISLATION

2.2.1 GeneralIn Spain, discrimination on the basis of gender is prohibited. A number of laws anddirectives from 1999 and 2000 have brought Spain into line with elsewhere in Europe inthis regard. The laws in question are listed in Appendix 3. Spain also has a number of



organisations specifically responsible for seeing that this legislation is enforced: e.g. theInstitute for Women, the Council for Promotion of the Family, Women and Youth andthe Galician equality agency (Instituto de la Mujer; Conselleria de Familia, Promoción deEmprego, Muller e Xuventude and the Servicio Gallego de Igualdade) all have an interestin gender equality, albeit in a multi-sectoral context. The Ministry for Employment andSocial Security (Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social) has state responsibility forgender equality issues.

2.2.2 Galicia

The Autonomous Community of Galicia has its own fisheries regulations. The Fisherieslaw does not make distinctions between men and women. Although in principle thismeans that they have equal rights, in practice it helps men more than women. To becomeprofessional in the fisheries sectors women have to manage to combine family and jobobligations; this can be a limiting factor for women in many sectors.

The two sub-sectors where women are highly represented (“marisqueo” and processingindustry) are most useful in analysing women’s working rights. Marisqueo has beenpromoted by the Government of Galicia, with proposals that would allow womentraditionally involved in intertidal activities to become professional. Under “Plan Galicia”starting in 1996 the Galician Government and Fishermen Associations (“Cofradias”)organised training courses and developed new culture methods to improve the sub-sectorand women’s socio-economic status. Most of “Mariscadoras” are already self-employedworkers and have fairly strong representation in the Fishermen Associations.

Women working in mussel farms can be self-employed workers although the majorityhelp their husband through “informal” unpaid work and/or are temporary workers. Thiskind of work is very common in family businesses where women represent essentialseasonal manpower and can combine the tasks with housework and child care. However,the mechanisation of the mussel sector has reduced tasks for women significantly.

2.3 ORGANISATION

2.3.1 Galicia

Women and men belong to the same trade unions and producer organisations. Howeverwomen’s representation is often low or non-existent. For example in mussel producerorganisations women are rarely members although around 25% of concessions belong tothem. Some women in fisheries (“mariscadoras”) have started to climb to leadingpositions in some organisations although their position does not yet reflect that of men.

Women working in processing industries (factory floor workers) are not generallyinterested in carrying out tasks with more responsibility. Unions membership is low, as is



enrolment in optional training courses organised by the business. Very few businesseshave facilities such as crèches and kindergartens to support working women, althoughsome are run by the local Council or private individuals.

2.3.2 Andalucia

Women and men are in the same trade unions although women are rarely in positions ofresponsibility, except in the processing sub-sector, where the workers are mostly women.Women working in processing and aquaculture (factory floor workers) are usually notthat interested in gaining more responsibility. Women salary earners also get socialbenefits such as unemployment benefit and family special benefits. Women supportingfamily fisheries businesses are only entitled to social benefits if they are considered self-employed, therefore most women in the fishing sub-sector have no salary, no socialsecurity entitlements and are not represented by any organisation.

2.4 EDUCATION & TRAINING

Fisheries sectors workers do not usually have a good education: generally to primarylevel only (crew at sea, stock husbandry and factory floor workers). Social status is alsodetermined by earnings.

Around 75% of women in fisheries have primary education, 20% can have a secondaryeducation and 5% higher education. The latter represent technical workers,administrators, etc

In one of the areas where this study was carried out there is an aquaculture school (fish,bivalves and crustacean cultivation) and two fishing schools (fishing equipment, marineengineering, skipper). Training courses have been organized by the Galician government,unions and local councils to improve women’s position in fisheries sectors (generalknowledge, fishing, processing, marketing & management)

2.5 SOCIO-CULTURAL STATUS

In coastal fisheries, fishing activities are traditionally carried out by men. Women’straditional role is at home doing complementary activities to help their husbands,carrying out the housework and looking after children. In big ports these complementarytasks (accounts, sales, mending nets, etc) are starting to be carried on by externalenterprises. Intertidal harvesting has also always been a women’s activity. This activitycould be combined with fishing sales, housework, temporary processing worker, musselrafts, etc.



In general, fisheries jobs carried out by women, particularly “marisqueo” and processing,are low status. Jobs carried out by women in fisheries are in medium-low status. Wage-earning women generally rarely have posts of responsibility in the firm.

2.5.2 Questionnaire surveys

Two questionnaires were completed covering both social pressures upon women (or atleast women’s perception of what these are) and their aspirations regarding the fisheriessector. Results are presented in Annex III. Qualitative responses to the questionnaires aresummarised below in table 5.

Table 5: summarised comments on the questionnaires

Questionnaire 1

• General discrimination within fisheries: Women are usually pushed into the background• Family traditions: men only fish, women only sell the men's catch• Societies views: fishing is too dangerous for women and/or women would disrupt male

crews. Fishing boats are not conceived to have women on board. Women in authority arenot easily accepted.

• Existing practitioners views: because men already fish they don't want women in theindustry in categories higher than them.

• Spouse's attitudes: a wife should stay at home looking after the house & children but manywomen in these trades are very formidable

• Child caring responsibilities: There are not many facilities to care for children innurseries but grandmothers and big families play an important part

• Other key factor(s): education related factors: male chauvinism

Questionnaire 2

• Reluctance to participate: women don't want work on fishing boats, and are unwilling tospend time at sea

• View it as a male preserve: women do view fishing as a male preserve, and believe thatonly men should go to sea, a woman's role is either to support the home or work onshore

• Lack of career prospects: women see no chance of rising to skipper or manager of aprocessing plant

• Perceived better alternatives: women believe that they have better prospects working inother sectors or by moving elsewhere

• Child caring priorities: women believe that their primary loyalty is to look after children• Other key factor(s): women are content to support a fishing spouse by managing his

business onshore



Table 6: Social status of fisheries sector occupations, Galicia

Activity Social category A or 1 B or 2 C1 or 3 C2 or 4 D or 5

Fishing overall:

• Skipper at sea X• Crew at sea X• Support /admin ashore X X

Aquaculture:

a) “Marisqueo” on foot• Stock husbandry X X• Technical/lab X• Management/marketing/trading X X

b) “Parquistas”• Stock husbandry X• Technical/lab X• Management/marketing/trading X X

c) Mussel farming• Stock husbandry X• Technical/lab X• Management/marketing/trading X X

d) Fish farming & molluscs hatchery• Stock husbandry X X• Technical/lab X• Management/marketing/trading X X

Processing overall:• Foreman (factory floor) X• Worker (factory floor) X• Technical /lab X• Management/sourcing/ marketing/

tradingX X

Administration, management X X

Other key category



Table 7: Social status of fisheries sector occupations, Andalucia

Activity Social category A or 1 B or 2 C1 or 3 C2 or 4 D or 5Aquaculture:

d) Fish farming & molluscs hatchery• Stock husbandry X X• Technical/lab X• Management/marketing/trading X X

Processing overall:• Foreman (factory floor) X• Worker (factory floor) X• Technical /lab X• Management/sourcing/ marketing/

tradingX X

2.6 ECONOMIC STATUS

Theoretically there is equal pay for equal work but in practice women in fisheries sectorshave gender differentials in salary, job security and status, inadequate contracts andlimited job options. In addition, most women who have a supporting role in familyfisheries enterprises do not earn a salary and are not entitled to social security, although afew have the status of self-employed workers in order to be able to claim social security.



Table 8: Earnings differentials in Spanish fisheries (Galicia)Activity Women/ Men

Average annualearnings (Ptas)

Best source

Fishing overall: Social Security

• Skipper at sea 1,848,216

• Crew at sea 1,722,095

• Support /admin ashore 1,428,091 – 2,240,221Aquaculture:

a) “Marisqueo” on foot 459,724 – 350,056 Fishermen Associations• Stock husbandry• Technical/lab 2,240,221 – 2,548,201• Management/marketing/trading

b) Fish farming & molluscs hatchery Unions• Stock husbandry 1,848,548 – 1,904,287

• Technical/lab 2577,651 – 2,969,990

• Management/marketing/trading 1,873,007 – 3,740,190

Processing overall: Unions• Foreman (factory floor) 1,904,287 – 2,124,582• Worker (factory floor) 1,848,548• Technical /lab 2,577,651 – 2,969,990

• Management /sourcing/ marketing/trading

1,873,007 – 3,740,190

Administration, management 1,848,548 – 3,740,190 Unions

Other key categoryNote: Figures from template are estimates from available information about salary intervals. Officialstatistical data about salaries is quite ambiguous and it is difficult to establish specific salaries for eachcategory.

Table 9: Earnings differentials in Spanish fisheries (Andalucia)Activity Women/ Men

Average annual earnings(Ptas)

Best source

Processing overall: Unions• Foreman (factory floor) 1,866,518 – 2,240,221

• Worker (factory floor) 3,404/3,568 daily work

• Technical /lab 2,520,249• Management/sourcing/ marketing/ trading 1,610,117 – 2,907,761

Note: Figures from template are estimates from available information about salary intervals. Officialstatistical data about salaries is quite ambiguous and it is difficult to establish specific salaries for eachcategory.



3 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 KEY FINDINGS

3.1.1 Diversification potential of women: women’s contribution to the sector

GaliciaWomen are starting to achieve new status and new jobs in fisheries but women are stilldisadvantaged socially and economically. It is not really questioned that men have bestjobs and higher salaries. Women are usually in lower categories and temporary jobs.Although women have an important role in fisheries they have a limited representationinside the professional associations, although some women have achieved responsiblepositions through very strong efforts. Marisqueo could represent future jobs for women ifthere were more individual concessions, higher availability of seed, intensive cultures andmore work diversification (husbandry, marketing, management, commercialisation). Thisactivity is predominately part time and low status, however.

Women’s work in the mussel sector has been reduced a lot through mechanisation.However women do have some opportunities in this sector, through diversified marketingpossibilities. This activity is also predominately part time. The workforce in theprocessing sector is not increasing, although it might in the future if modernisationcontinues. The improvement of this sub-sector should be linked to training courses toqualify workers to cope with technological innovation. This would provide mainlytemporary jobs.

Galicia and AndaluciaThe fish farming sector could be a source of employment for women once the industrydiversifies products and marketing, and starts its own on-farm processing facilities. Theadvantage of this sector is that most jobs are full time.

To help women and families involved in fisheries there is an urgent need to diversify jobsaway from the sector due to the crisis of the fishing sector. In both areas, tourism andleisure, linked to the coastline, represent a good alternative seasonal resource for women,as do agriculture.

3.1.2 Prospects for improving women’s position: improving the sector’s value towomen

The following are the key actions which would improve women’s position within thesector:• Support women’s attempts to be considered professionals within the sector.• Provide opportunities for a professional education



• Promote jobs with stability and future prospects, and promote equal pay for equalwork.

• Improve working conditions in female dominated sectors.• Provide training courses that permit women to expand into work activities currently

dominated by men. This could include self-esteem training, general education, adviceon creating small enterprises (cooperatives, self-employment etc), and information ontraditional tasks.

3.1.3 Prospects for improving women’s position in Non Fisheries Dependent AreasVillages in non fisheries dependent areas are usually dependent on agriculture as well asindustries located in that area, many of which use women as a cheap workforce. Fisheriesactivities in these areas include processing and fresh water fish farms (trout). Theseindustries have mostly women workers in low status manual jobs. The situation isgenerally similar to that in fisheries dependent areas.

Galicia produces 27% of trout produced in Spain. Mechanisation has reduced themanpower requirement significantly, and because of the competitive markets the futureof this sub-sector is uncertain. The role of women in this sub-sector is generally limitedto processing tasks such as packaging, filleting etc. Women carrying out processing tasksin fresh water fish farms have the same difficulties as women in the processing industryin general: low pay, gender discrimination, and lack of specialisation. Women usuallyearn the legal minimum wage but the men may earn a significant percentage more evenwhen doing similar work. Work is often seasonal. Women working in these industriesusually also contribute to family earnings through agricultural activities.

It is interesting to note that in the more technologically advanced turbot farms, womenare more commonly found in management positions as well as in educated technical orlaboratory roles, although this only includes a small number of individuals.



Appendix 1: Bibliography

“Donademar “(Small scale coastal fisheries project)

“Gamela” (Small scale coastal fisheries project) – Servicio Gallego de Igualdade –Santiago de Compostela, 2000

“Mytilus” (Small scale coastal fisheries project)– Now- Servicio Gallego de Igualdade –Xunta de Galicia, 1998/99

“Sabbia” – (Small scale coastal fisheries project) Now –Xunta de Galicia, 1998/99

As Mulleres Galegas no Terceiro Milenio – Servicio Gallego de Igualdades, 2001

Marisqueo: unha aposta de futuro – UGT - 2001

"Las actividades agropecuarias y pesqueras en la ría de Arousa (Galicia)". - José A. PérezSánchez, 1996

"Cuaderno para unha travesia: Guia para a formación autodirixida". - Xunta de Galicia,1998 "Sector conservero y Productos Emergentes del Mar" - UGT,Galicia, 2000 "Situación e perspectivas do sector de marisqueo a pé en Galicia" . CES - UGT, Galicia,2000 "La mujer en el sector marisquero en Galicia".- Fondo de Formación de Ferrol, 1995 "Tabla de salarios. Convenio colectivo del Acuicultor". Federación de Transportes yTelecomunicaciones de Andalucia, UGT, 2000 "Tabla de salarios". UGT- Galicia, 2000 “Igualdade de Oportunidades entre homes e mulleres” (Small scale coastal fisheriesproject) – UGT – Galicia, 2000

"Igualdad de Oportunidades para la mujer en el Empleo y la Negociación Colectiva".CCOO-Galicia, 2001 Fondo de Formación - Iniciativa de Empleo (NOW). Xunta de Galicia "Bitácora"- Consejeria de Agricultura y Pesca. Junta de Andalucia, 1999 "Nereida".- Instituto de la Mujer - Huelva, 2001"A mulleres na Acuicultura" – Santiago de Compostela, Xunta de Galicia, 2000



Appendix 2: People interviewed

Asociación de Productores de Rodaballo de Galicia (AROGA) - Tel: 00 34 986

Cofradia de Pescadores de Cambados - Tel: 00 34 986

Cofradia de Pescadores "Santiago Apóstol" - Carril (Pontevedra) Tel & Fax: 00 34 986508542

Cofradia de Pescadores de Aguiño - A Coruña - Tel & Fax: 00 34 981 840168

Cofradia de Pescadores "Virgen del Carmen" - Cabo de Cruz - A Coruña. Tel & Fax: 0034 981 545199

Juan Carlos Codesido - Axente de Extensión Pesqueira Delegación de Ribeira - ACoruña. Tel: 00 34 981 870388

Xosé Manuel Santos - Facultade de Xeografia - Universidade de Santiago - Tel: 00 34981 583300

Instituto Galego de Formación en Acuicultura (IGAFA). Illa de Arousa (Pontevedra). Tel00 34 986 527642

Maria Teresa Hernández - Secretaría General de Pesca. Madrid. Tel: 00 34 91 3473634

Carlos Esteban - Sistema Pesquero Andaluz - Cádiz. Tel: 00 34 956 211410

Evangelina Torres - Instituto de la Mujer - Huelva. Tel: 00 34 959 005657

Pencha Santamarinas - Dirección General de Formación - Xunta de Galicia - Tel: 00 34981 546143

Antonio Cerviño - Centro de Investigacions Mariñas - Xunta de Galicia - Tel: 00 34 9865101 55

Teté Pérez Pardo - Secretaría de la Mujer - CCOO Galicia. Tel: 00 34 981 574400

Jesús Fernández - FPTCM - UGT Cádiz. Tel: 00 34 956 200292

Manolo Ferreiro - UGT Alimentación - Santiago. Tel: 00 34 981 558040

Ignacio Pérez Cotelo - Formación Pesquera y Acuicultura Andalucia. Tel: 00 34 955032092

Chari Ben - Fondo de Formación - Huelva. Tel: 00 34 959 262811

Carlos Gabín Sánchez - Xunta de Galicia . Tel 00 34 986 503401



Appendix 3: Legislation relevant to women in fisheries

Relevant legislation Ley Orgánica 11/1999, de 30 de abril. Capitulo I: "De las agresiones sexuales". CapituloII: "De los abusos sexuales". Capitulo III: "Del acoso sexual".

Ley 39/ 1999, de 5 de noviembre, para promover la conciliación de la vida familiar ylaboral de las personas trabajadoras. "La incorporación de la mujer al trabajo ha motivadouno de los cambios sociales más profundos en este siglo .....un nuevo modo decooperación y compromiso entre mujeres y hombres que permita un reparto equilibradode responsabilidades en la vida profesional y en la privada".

Directiva 2000/43/CE DEL CONSEJO de 29 de junio de 2000 relativa a la aplicación deigualdad de trato de las personas independientemente de su origen racial o étnico.

Directiva 2000/78/CE del Consejo de 27 de noviembre de 2000 relativa alestablecimiento de un marco para la igualdad de trato en el empleo y la ocupación

Decisión del Consejo de 27 de noviembre de 2000 por la que se establece un programa deacción comunitario para la lucha contra la discriminación

Institutions enforcing the relevant lawsMinisterio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social

Instituto de la Mujer

Conselleria de Familia, Promoción de Emprego, Muller e Xuventude

Servicio Gallego de Igualdade

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