annex7.rio declaration on environment and development1992
DESCRIPTION
rio declarationTRANSCRIPT
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Rio Declaration on Environment and Development The United
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Nations Conference on Environment and Development,
Havin
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g met at Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992,
Reaffirming th
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e Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human En
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vironment, adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972, and seeking to
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build upon it,
With the goal of establishing a new and equitab
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le global partnership through the creation of new levels of coop
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eration among States, key sectors of societies and people,
Wor
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king towards international agreements which respect the interes
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ts of all and protect the integrity of the global environmental and
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developmental system,
Recognizing the integral and interdepen
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dent nature of the Earth, our home,
Proclaims that:
Principle 1
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Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable de
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velopment. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life
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in harmony with nature.
Principle 2
States have, in accordan
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ce with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of
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international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resour
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ces pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policie
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s, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within thei
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r jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment o
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f other States or of areas beyond the limits of national
jurisdic
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tion.
Principle 3
The right to development must be fulfilled s
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o as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of p
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resent and future generations.
Principle 4
In order to achiev
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e sustainable development, environmental protection shall consti
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tute an integral part of the development process and cannot be con
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sidered in isolation from it.
Principle 5
All States and all
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people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating pove
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rty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development
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, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living an
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d better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world
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.
Principle 6
The special situation and needs of developing c
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ountries, particularly the least developed and those most enviro
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nmentally vulnerable, shall be given special priority. Internatio
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nal actions in the field of environment and development should al
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so address the interests and needs of all countries.
Principle
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7
States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to
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conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Ea
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rth's ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to globa
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l environmental degradation, States have common but differentiate
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d responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the re
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sponsibility that they bear in the international pursuit to susta
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inable development in view of the pressures their societies plac
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e on the global environment and of the technologies and financia
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l resources they command.
Principle 8
To achieve sustainable
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development and a higher quality of life for all people, States sh
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ould reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production
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and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies
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.
Principle 9
States should cooperate to strengthen endogen
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ous capacity-building for sustainable development by improving
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scientific understanding through exchanges of scientific and t
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echnological knowledge, and by enhancing the development, adapta
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tion, diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and i
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nnovative technologies.
Principle 10
Environmental issues ar
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e best handled with participation of all concerned citizens, at th
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e relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have
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appropriate access to information concerning the environment t
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hat is held by public authorities, including information on haz
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ardous materials and activities in their communities, and the o
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pportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States
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shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participa
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tion by making information widely available. Effective access
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to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress a
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nd remedy, shall be provided.
Principle 11
States shall enact e
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ffective environmental legislation. Environmental standards, mana
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gement objectives and priorities should reflect the environment
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al and development context to which they apply. Standards applied
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by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted eco
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nomic and social cost to other countries, in particular developing
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countries.
Principle 12
States should cooperate to promote
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a supportive and open international economic system that would
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lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all cou
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ntries, to better address the problems of environmental degradati
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on. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not c
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onstitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination
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or a disguised restriction on international trade.
Unilateral a
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ctions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisd
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iction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmenta
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l measures addressing transboundary or global environmental probl
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ems should, as far as possible, be based on an international cons
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ensus.
Principle 13
States shall develop national law regardi
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ng liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and
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other environmental damage. States shall also cooperate in an exp
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editious and more determined manner to develop further internat
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ional law regarding liability and compensation for adverse effe
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cts of environmental damage caused by activities within their ju
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risdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction.
Princ
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iple 14
States should effectively cooperate to discourage o
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r prevent the relocation and transfer to other States of any activ
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ities and substances that cause severe environmental degradatio
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n or are found to be harmful to human health.
Principle 15
In
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order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach sh
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all be widely applied by States according to their capabilities
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. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack
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of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for po
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stponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degra
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dation.
Principle 16
National authorities should endeavour to
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promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use
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of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that t
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he polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with d
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ue regard to the public interest and without distorting interna
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tional trade and investment.
Principle 17
Environmental impac
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t assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for pro
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posed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse
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impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a comp
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etent national authority.
Principle 18
States shall immediatel
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y notify other States of any natural disasters or other emergencie
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s that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects on the envi
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ronment of those States. Every effort shall be made by the interna
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tional community to help States so afflicted.
Principle 19
S
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tates shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant i
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nformation to potentially affected States on activities that m
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ay have a significant adverse transboundary environmental effec
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t and shall consult with those States at an early stage and in go
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od faith.
Principle 20
Women have a vital role in environmen
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tal management and development. Their full participation is theref
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ore essential to achieve sustainable development.
Principle 2
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1
The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the world
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should be mobilized to forge a global partnership in order to
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achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future for a
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ll.
Principle 22
Indigenous people and their communities and
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other local communities have a vital role in environmental manag
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ement and development because of their knowledge and traditional p
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ractices. States should recognize and duly support their identit
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y, culture and interests and enable their effective participati
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on in the achievement of sustainable development.
Principle 23
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The environment and natural resources of people under oppressi
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on, domination and occupation shall be protected.
Principle 24
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Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable developmen
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t. States shall therefore respect international law providing pro
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tection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooper
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ate in its further development, as necessary.
Principle 25
Pe
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ace, development and environmental protection are interdependent
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and indivisible.
Principle 26
States shall resolve all their e
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nvironmental disputes peacefully and by appropriate means in a
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ccordance with the Charter of the United Nations.
Principle 27
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States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a sp
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irit of partnership in the fulfilment of the principles embodied
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in this Declaration and in the further development of internatio
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nal law in the field of sustainable development.