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    CITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION OF MAHARASHTRA LIMITED

    SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

    August 2010

    DHI (India) Water & Environment Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

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    CITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONOF MAHARASHTRA LIMITED

    Social Impact Assessment of Navi Mumbai InternationalAirport

    III Floor, NSIC-STP Complex, NSIC

    Bhawan, Okhla Industrial Estate, Delhi

    110020, India

    Tel: +91 11 4703 4500

    Fax:+91 11 4703 4501

    e-mail: [email protected]

    Web: www.dhgroup.com

    ClientCIDCO

    Clients representative

    S. Sinha

    ProjectSocial Impact Assessment of Navi Mumbai International Airport

    Project No:17082010

    Authors

    Dr. G.B. Nanda

    Date17 August 2010

    Approved by

    Ajay Pradhan

    1 Project Report GB N AJP/ ZST AJP 17/08/2010

    Revision Description By Checked Approved Date

    Key words

    SIA

    Classification

    Open

    Internal

    Proprietary

    Distribution No of copies

    CIDCODHI

    Mr. S. SinhaMr. Ajay Pradhan, Managing Director

    11

    http://www.dhgroup.com/http://www.dhgroup.com/http://www.dhgroup.com/
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    CONTENTS

    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 11.0 CHAPTER- I: BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 72.0 CHAPTER-II: STUDY OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE SIZE................................. 123.0 CHAPTER- III: GENERAL PROFILE OF PAP VILLAGES ......................................................... 164.0 CHAPTER IV: HOUSING STATUS OF PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGES.................................... 215.0 CHAPTER V: SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS...................................................... 246.0 CHAPTER VI: ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS................................. 287.0 CHAPTER VII: INFASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND COMMUNITY RESOURCES.......................... 328.0 CHAPTER VIII: SOCIAL IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PROJECT .............................. 359.0 CHAPTER IX: AWARENESS AND PRECEPTION OF AFFECTED PERSONS ON NAVI MUMBAI

    INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PROJECT................................................................................ 4210.0 CHAPTER X: PERCEPTION OF AFFECTED PERSONS ON PAST REHABILITATION MEASURESOPTED BY CIDCO........................................................................................................... 4711.0 CHAPTER XI: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................... 51

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    ha land after completion of all requisite formalities. The SIA is conducted precisely to assess the socio

    economic conditions of affected persons and impact of the project.

    The Study Findings:

    Housing Condition of the Project Affected Families

    Housing condition is one of the important indicators of the general living condition of the affected populatio

    Exhaustive information on various aspects of these assets has been collected. Housing characteristics lik

    type, plot area, built-up area, ownership of house, year of occupation, and facilities available were collected

    understand their living environment and quality of life.

    The findings reveal that barring a few respondent-PAPs, (less than 5%), others have their houses in thoriginal gaothan, though the gaothan boundaries are almost frozen after CIDCOs acquisition of land. Only

    few (around 4%) of the PAPs have mentioned having residential premises on encroached lands. Houses o

    encroached lands, though not significant, are a common feature in most of the villages.

    The survey findings also indicate that with more than eighty two per cent of the PAPs residing in kutchcha

    semi-pucca structures, the overall situation is not very bright. It can be deciphered from the findings that on

    18% PAPs are living in pucca structures. In a village such as Targhar, lesser proportion of PAPs have non

    pucca structures. In contrast, in villages like Kopar, Ulwe, and Valavli, more than 90% PAPs have kutchch

    or semi-pucca premises.

    Around one-fifth PAPs have large houses, with a built up area of more than 1000 sq ft. More than one-thi

    PAPs have a built up area of up to 500 sq ft. The scenario is more or less similar across all village

    Information was also collected on the plot area of the house. A few important results have emerged from th

    analysis of the housing data. These indicate that a majority of the PAPs are still confined to the gaotha

    boundaries, which are almost frozen.

    Only 22.8% households have individual connections for drinking water. In most of the villages, inadequa

    sources of water are a crucial problem and people fetch water from the neighbouring villages.

    In a nutshell, few PAPs are having poor living conditions as they reside in non-pucca houses with built up are

    less than 500 sq.ft. It is quite natural that the old housing structures would have low market value and that

    evident from the self estimation of the cost of the house by PAPs.

    Social Indicators

    The establishment of International Airport will not only bring an alteration in the physical and geographic

    characteristics of the region, but also, significant changes in the social fabric, demographic profile and cultur

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    heritage are discernible. Therefore, information relating to socio-demographic background of the proje

    affected population was collected during the survey.

    The religious, caste and linguistic profiles of the PAPs indicate that the population under focus is homogenou

    Barring a few, PAPs are predominantly Hindus. Almost 90% of them fall under the Other Backward Caste

    category. Out of the rest, about half belong to the Scheduled Tribe. On the whole, the project-affected peop

    belong to the backward castes. Within these castes, a large proportion belongs to the agri sub - caste. Apa

    from the agri, the other major sub-caste in this region is koli. People belonging to this community a

    generally the fisher folk. Almost all the PAPs are Marathi speaking. The above three indicators clearly point

    the homogenous religious, caste and linguistic background of the project-affected population.

    Demographic Indicators

    There is a fall in the family size over the years and the average family size, as per the survey data, is 5

    comparison to 8 members per family in 1970. But, the reduction in the family size may be due to gradu

    dismantling of the joint family system. As evident from the survey results, on an average, 2.2 families a

    formed out of the original family. Three-fifths of the population is married and live with their spouse. The ag

    profile of the population indicates that more than a half of the PAPs fall into 19 to 60 years age group. Lack

    employment opportunities, since losing their lands, have turned the families into single-earner household

    The result is that the economic dependency ratio is close to 75%. Sex ratio of the population, which is a robuindicator of social development, unfortunately has declined over the years, and it is only 889. The effectiv

    literacy rate has gone up at the overall level. The literacy rate for the population under focus is 79.08 %.

    Economic Indicators

    With the changing economic scenario of the area it is imperative to understand the alterations in the econom

    profile of this affected population. A careful attempt was made to collect information on certain sensitiv

    economic indicators despite usual hurdles in collecting authentic information under such circumstances. Th

    study observed a low work participation rate among the PAPs which clearly indicates the dependence of fam

    members on a single earner. The dependency ratio is quite high and has increased over the years. It

    evident from the survey that effectively, 90 percent of the PAPs are full time workers. A sex-wise analys

    reveals that 94% males are working full-time, whereas, the corresponding figure for the females is only 6%

    Out of the total working PAPs, only 11.3% are females and in comparison to male workers a greater proportio

    of the female workers are into casual or part time jobs.

    An age-wise distribution of the working population shows that 95% of them belong to 19 to 60 years of ag

    More than a half of the households have single working member in the family and around one-fourth have tw

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    working members. Nearly 13% of the PAPs have more than 3 working members in the family, wherea

    around one-tenth of the families do not have a single working member.

    Since most of the households have minimum number of working members, the household monthly income

    very low. The study findings illustrate that 44.2% households have a monthly income of Rs 2500 to Rs 500

    while 30.9% households have a monthly income of Rs 5001 to Rs 10000. Only one-fifth (21%) household

    have the monthly income of above Rs 10,000. The households having more number of working members a

    found to be having more monthly income compared to the households having less number of workin

    members.

    During the survey, very few PAPs reported having household businesses. Most of them own shops. Very fe

    PAPS reported having domestic petty business and a majority of them hardly earn Rs.2000 a month from it.

    The study indicates that unskilled workers (both in formal or informal sectors) constitute more than one-thi

    (35.3%) of the total working population, followed by 18.9% businessmen / traders / shopkeepers, 10.8% th

    skilled worker, and 10.4% farmers. Very few have reported to be in white-collar jobs.

    Social Impact of the Project on Land, Community Property Resources, Livelihood of the Project Affected

    Persons including Vulnerable Sections

    Impact on Land

    As discussed, the establishment of the new International Airport at Navi Mumbai requires 2054 ha of land, o

    of which, CIDCO has already 1341 ha in possession. The Government of Maharashtra is expected to transf

    256 ha of Government land. The remaining 457 ha is expected to be acquired from private individuals i.e

    villagers of the ten settlements. The data further reflects that out of the total land, 303 ha are agricultural land

    154 ha are non-agricultural land and 10 ha are Gaothans.

    The study also tried to find out average size of landholding. The findings reveal that average size

    landholding of households is 0.4 ha. The data indicates that acquisition of land (both gaothans an

    agricultural lands) is certain to impact the livelihood.

    Impact on Project Affected Persons

    As per the census survey, a total of 15,579 persons comprising 8030 males and 7549 females from 311

    families would be affected by the project. The socio-demographic particulars of PAPS reflect that the averag

    size of household works out to be 5.

    Impact on Vulnerable families by category

    A total of 331 affected families/households have been identified as vulnerable. Women Household Familie

    comprise maximum percentage of the total vulnerable families. 98 ST families are also going to be affected.

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    Impact on Livelihood

    The livelihood of 3113 families would be disrupted due to the construction of new airport in Navi Mumbai. Th

    economic activities performed by the local people play an important role in the local economy. Thus th

    proposed project will largely affect them as they derive their livelihoods from local based economic activities.

    Further, approximately 303 ha of agricultural land plots would also be affected due to land acquisitio

    Similarly, 16,584 ha in gaothans will also be affected. As a consequence there would be loss of livelihoo

    depending on the area of land lost. All the 3113 families are required to be resettled. Shifting of the populatio

    from their native village to a new location may create additional impact on the livelihood of the affecte

    persons. Therefore, provision for resettlement and rehabilitation assistance as per the degree of loss has to b

    incorporated in the R&R Policy. The resettlement and rehabilitation policy needs to provide support f

    livelihood restoration for vulnerable people as well as the general population as per the degree of loss.

    Impacts on Common Property Resources (CPRs)

    The habitation along the road is invariably linked with the establishment of common property resources. A tot

    of 37 CPRs are likely to be affected. These include religious structures, schools, govt structures an

    passenger shelters at Bus stops. Effort needs to taken to minimise impact on religious and communi

    structures/places as far as possible.

    Adverse Impact of the project

    Overall impacts of proposed project have been ascertained through the survey. The project impacts have bee

    broadly classified as impacts on land, structures (residential, commercial, residential cum commercial an

    others), impacts on other immovable assets, impact on other property assets, impact on community proper

    resources (religious structures, pir dargah, school, passenger shelter, etc) and impacts on their livelihood. F

    the first time, CIDCO is going to acquire gaothans. This is certainly going to create adverse impact on th

    PAPs. All these factors need to be given adequate care during the implementation of R & R Plan by CIDCO.

    Conclusion and Recommendations

    During the survey, it was observed that villagers in the project affected area are settled there since long tim

    with well embedded and close knit social relationship among them which would be at stake if they will b

    relocated elsewhere. Livelihoods of the PAPs would be affected on displacement from the place for th

    purpose of bringing up the proposed Airport. With no secondary business at present, it may be very difficult o

    their part to sustain themselves and with the given socio-economic condition of the PAPs it would not be ea

    to find an alternative means on their own. In addition, this makes the PAPs obstructive as they have to b

    detached from their homestead land.

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    However, it was observed during the primary surveys that a strong 69.2% of the PAPs supported the proje

    provided they are given assistance towards promoting alternative means of livelihood or skill enhanceme

    programmes.

    Major findings related to key issues such as general perception about the project, suggestions to mitiga

    hardships resulting from dislocation and loss of livelihood, the details of which are presented below:

    Most of the people are aware of the project;

    People were convinced about the importance of the New Airport region since it will bring developme

    and enhance economic opportunities;

    People consented to cooperate if adequate compensation is given and Rehabilitation an

    Resettlement Plan is made clear to them before initiating the process of land acquisition;

    PAPs stated that backlog of compensation (under 12.5 scheme) should be cleared before initiatin

    land acquisition process;

    Most people preferred to resettle near their previous place of business and residence;

    Cultivators preferred cash compensation at market rate. Land for land option was least preferred;

    Requests were made by the affected people for transparency in decision-making process with spec

    reference to Airport project on regular basis;

    Generally people were not opposed to their relocation in nearby places and supportive response

    were obtained from 69.2% of PAPs;

    PAPs wanted to know when land acquisition process would commence;

    People suggested that adequate safety measures should be undertaken particularly in reference

    environmental issues.

    In line with the objectives of the study, there is hence a need to ensure that the project affected persons a

    better off on account of the project than they were before. The negative impacts on persons affected by th

    project should be avoided and compensated in the best possible manner. Broad entitlement framework

    different categories of project-affected people should be formulated in a transparent manner. Appropria

    grievance redressal mechanism should be established by the implementing bodies. Finally, all informatio

    related to resettlement preparation and implementation needs to be made transparent and affected person

    participation should be ensured while planning and implementing the project.

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    1.0 CHAPTER- I: BACKGROUNDGovernment of Maharashtra through City & Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra Ltd. decided develop second Airport for Mumbai Region at Navi Mumbai called Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA

    NMIA is proposed to develop in accordance with Policy ofAirport Infrastructure and Procedure Guidelines f

    setting up a greenfield airport formulated by the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. NMIA

    proposed to be developed on Public-Private partnership basis by setting up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SP

    in which CIDCO and Airport Authority of India (AAI) will hold equity to the extent of 26% and the rest will b

    held by a private developer. The SPV will design the Airport project, raise required resources, issu

    engineering procurement contract to build, operate and manage the Airport during the concession period an

    finally transfer back the Airport asset to government after recovering their investment. Efforts are on to car

    out necessary studies to develop the project to bring it to a bidding stage for selection of the project develop

    for commissioning of NMIA by 2013-14

    The NMIA project is going to affect a number of households, minor business activities and structures in th

    airport area and the same are required to be re-located. Resettlement of project affected persons (PAPs)

    required to be an integral part of the NMIA project. A preliminary estimate indicates that approximately 311

    families will have to be re-located due to the NMIA project. Accordingly, keeping in view the R & R policy

    Government of Maharashtra and National Policy of Re-settlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affecte

    Families-2007, the present Social Impact Assessment (SIA) was proposed by CIDCO. The SIA study wa

    proposed based on the principle that the affected persons are better off on account of the project than the

    were before. This approach ensures greater acceptability of the project to the people and is expected t

    facilitate its effective implementation.

    The SIA study was very important because the project activities involve expropriation of land from the curre

    owners/users. The expropriation of land necessitates the eviction of the existing users and acquisition of lan

    from the titleholders. Acquisition of land, eviction of gaothans may cause social disruption and economic los

    for Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and their families.

    It is therefore important that disturbance and loss to PAPs due to project are minimized through prop

    planning. Therefore, Social Impact Assessment (SIA) of the project sites is very crucial to minimize its advers

    social impacts. The SIA reveals critical social concerns and attempts to assess the extent and magnitude

    impact because of the launching of the project. The broad objective of preparation of the SIA is primarily

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    generate a baseline understanding containing the features and populace in the immediate vicinity of th

    proposed project work.

    Social Impact Assessment study of the project is an important component of project preparation. GOI an

    GOM regulations require SIA during the design stage to avoid or reduce or mitigate potential negative impac

    of project action and enhance positive impacts, sustainability and development benefits. The assessmen

    also contribute to engineering design and result in the preparation of social action plans governing proje

    implementation and the resettlement and rehabilitation of those who may be displaced.

    1.1 Development of Navi Mumbai and the Role of City Industrial & Development Corporation

    Maharashtra (CIDCO)

    The Government of Maharashtra recognizing the need of decongestion of city of Mumbai decided to create

    counter magnet trans-harbour and duly constituted the City Industrial & Development Corporation

    Maharashtra (CIDCO) in the year 1970, as a State Government enterprise, registered under the Companie

    Act, 1956, and entrusted the task of development of the area notified for the new town of Navi Mumbai. Th

    proposed development, Navi Mumbai International Airport is a subset of development of the New Town of Na

    Mumbai.

    The Corporation started functioning as a company fully owned by the State Government with initial subscribe

    capital of Rs. 3.95 crores from the State Government. It was entrusted with developing necessary social an

    physical infrastructure and was also entitled to recover all costs of development from the sale of land an

    constructed properties.

    CIDCO's corporate mission is to plan and create an environment-friendly, model, urban settlement with fu

    fledged physical and social infrastructure to meet residential, commercial and industrial needs of th

    population at present and in the years to come. Over 40 years' experience in urban development has earneCIDCO a reputation as the premier town planning and agency in Maharashtra as well as in India.

    The growth of Navi Mumbai was aimed at decongesting Mumbai in respect of both population and commerci

    activities by shifting industries, market and office activities making the new city sustainable physicall

    economically and environmentally.

    Navi Mumbai is planned over an area of 344 sq. km for a target population of 20 lakhs and 8 lakhs jobs and f

    this purpose, land falling in 95 villages of Thane and Raigad districts was notified, excepting the exitingaothans. Out of the total land required, 50 sq.kms. falls under two municipal councils of Panvel and Uran an

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    the areas under MIDC, MSEB, Defence Department and gaothans. CIDCO was to acquire a net area of 29

    sq. kms. for the project, of which 166 sq. kms. 57% were private lands, 27 sq. kms. 9% were salt pan land

    and 101 sq. kms. (34%)were government lands. The notification for the entire land (private and salt pan) wa

    done in 1970, under the Land Acquisition Act of 1894. The CIDCO data reflects that 67.5% of the tot

    earmarked land has been acquired so far. Almost all demarcated salt pan lands and more than 70% of privat

    agricultural lands have been acquired. However, only a half of the government lands demarcated fo

    acquisition have been acquired so far. No displacement of settlements / gaothans was envisaged and th

    villages are retained at their existing locations and surrounding area was acquired by the Government

    Maharashtra and vested in CIDCO for development and disposal for various activities required for ci

    development. The existing 95 settlements are being integrated into the city development to minimize th

    disparity in the quality of physical, commercial and social infrastructure, between the urban and rural areas.

    1.2 Navi Mumbai International Airport Project

    Enhancement in aviation facilities in Mumbai is absolutely essential for keeping the leadership of Maharasht

    in attracting Foreign Direct Investment thereby creating a place of pride for itself and add to the prosperity

    its people. Therefore a second airport in the Mumbai Region has become imperative, as the existing airport

    Mumbai, is fast reaching saturation level. To meet the growing demand of air travel CIDCO is soon going

    develop a new airport.

    The location of the proposed airport at Navi Mumbai has been considered on several parameters. Promine

    among these is the fact that Navi Mumbai is expected to absorb the future growth in population, business an

    commercial activity of the region. The availability of physical and social infrastructure coupled wi

    environmental friendly site with minimum resettlement and rehabilitation makes the Navi Mumbai airpo

    project technically and financially viable.

    Navi Mumbai is located in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) and is adjacent to Mumbai. Mumb

    Metropolitan Region consists of seven municipalities and has a population of 18.8 million. The region is th

    fifth most populous urban center in the world and is growing. The region accounts for nearly 25% of industri

    output and 40% of foreign trade in India. In terms of air linkages, MMR is primarily served by Chhatrapa

    Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) located in Mumbai. CSIA handles nearly 27% air traffic and 31% air carg

    of the country. The CSIA even with the proposed expansion of facilities would be able to handle an average

    20 million passengers per annum due to constraints on airfield capabilities and non-availability of land fo

    expansion.

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    CSIA has experienced unprecedented annual growth of more than 16 % in the last few years, reflective of th

    Countrys economic boom and the deregulation of the aviation sector. However, this landlocked airpo

    surrounded by residential and business / commercial land users, with no room to spare, is severely restraine

    on the air and landside growth. Additionally, the airport has undertaken a 2 billion dollar expansion initiativ

    starting December, 2006, to improve the existing conditions and to increase overall capacity of the facility. Th

    expansion is estimated to be completed by the end of 2010 but it is anticipated that CSIA, in its expande

    form, will reach saturation point by 2012-2013.

    As the financial and commercial hub of India, Mumbai generates 5% of National GDP and contributes abo

    40% of Indias Tax revenue to sustainwhichs aviation facilities need to be improved in order to meet the ev

    increasing demand of air travel. In view of this, there is an imperative requirement for a Greenfield airport, ne

    Mumbai, to sustain the requirements of the booming Indian aviation sector. Considering the limitation

    enhancing the capabilities of the present airport coupled with high ground access time to reach the existin

    Airport, the Government of Maharashtra has offered to develop the second Airport in Navi Mumbai to enhanc

    the aviation facilities in the region on Public-Private partnership basis. The project is proposed to be develope

    through PublicPrivate partnership by setting up a special purpose company with equity participation from C

    Industrial and Development Corporation (CIDCO), Airport Authority of India (AAI), Financial institutions an

    Private Entrepreneurs.

    The airport would be one of the world's few ''greenfield'' international state-of-the-art airports offering wor

    class facilities to passengers cargo, aircrafts and airlines. The site of the airport is located in an area of 161

    hectares accommodating two parallel runways for independent parallel operation with provision of full leng

    taxi ways on either side of the runways. The airfield has been designed to accommodate the new larg

    aircrafts compatible to aerodrome code 4-F, conforming to specifications of International Civil Aviatio

    Organisation (ICAO).

    Navi Mumbai International Airport will support the rapidly growing air travel needs of Mumbai Metropolita

    Region. It is expected to absorb annually 10 million passengers in its first operational year 2014, doubling t

    25 million by 2020 followed by 45 million passengers in 2025 and ultimately 60 million by 2030.

    The Navi Mumbai Airport would act as a powerful instrument in the growth of Maharashtra, particularly to th

    Mumbai, Nashik, Pune and Ahmednagar belt. Enhanced aviation facilities, particularly in Cargo handling w

    open up huge opportunity for export of agriculture produce, floriculture and high tech value industries to th

    world market.

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    2.0 CHAPTER-II: STUDY OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE SIZEThe Social Impact Assessment was carried out in all 10 affected settlements covering 7 revenue villages. Th

    study involved extensive base-line survey, identification of constraints (common property resources, and oth

    social concerns), impact assessment on structures, and extent of land acquisition, consultations at villag

    level, and collection and collating of secondary data.

    The output is in the form this social assessment report which contains a brief description of the proje

    highlighting constraints, if any; economic and development profile of the area emphasizing poverty alleviatio

    and welfare schemes of Government; socio-economic condition of the villages based on primary dat

    discussions highlighting concerns of the people and expectations from the project; and assessment of impac

    on structures, common property resources and land requirement. This SIA also provides a baseline again

    which mitigation measures and support will be measured and includes comprehensive examination of people

    assets, incomes, important cultural or religious networks or sites and other sources of support such a

    common property resources. Analyses of survey results cover the needs and resources of different groups an

    individuals, including intra- household and gender analysis.

    2.1 Objective of the Study (SIA)

    The broad objective of preparation of the current SIA has been to create a baseline understanding containin

    the features and populace in the immediate vicinity of the proposed project work to be undertaken as well a

    the structures likely to be affected during the process. The study will cover issues relating to social problem

    and suggests general as well as typical mitigation measures to remove social problems that the PAPs ar

    expected to experience, loss of livelihood, displacement and loss of access to community facilities etc.

    This study was undertaken with multiple objectives, though the central idea behind the exercise was to maout the socio-economic profile of the project affected people (PAPs) and assess the impact of the project o

    various social and community indicators.

    The specific objectives of the SIA have been as follows:

    1. Identify PAPs by type and extent of loss;

    2. Study the present Housing Status of the PAPS

    3. Study the present demographic and socio-economic profile of the PAPs;

    4 Identify the possible adverse effects of the project on the people and the area;

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    5. Assess the awareness level and perception of the PAPs on the Airport project;

    6. Study the opinion of the PAPs on rehabilitation policies of CIDCO

    7. Suggest culturally and economically appropriate measures for mitigation of adverse effects of th

    project.

    2.2 Study Methodology

    The Social Impact Assessment has been prepared on the basis of information collected in respect of th

    people affected by the projects and also the area coming under the affected zone. In order to capture data fo

    the present exercise, both Primary as well as Secondary sources were systematically tapped. While empiric

    study/survey was conducted in the affected area to identify the affected persons and list out the advers

    impacts of the project, secondary source information was collected from a number of quarters such as froCensus data, Statistical Hand book, office of the CIDCO, land records from Revenue Department and a host

    other literature.

    Thus, the secondary sources information complemented the empirical data elicited through field survey fro

    the affected people and other stakeholders. Since the Socio-Economic Survey is on the basis of which the S

    is prepared, it is necessary to describe the various stages of the exercise.

    2.3 Social Assessment Process

    The study depended extensively on primary data collected through surveys, socio-economic survey schedu

    and secondary data collected through census, and qualitative inputs through discussions with PAPs, loc

    villagers and officials of CIDCO and also FGDs(Focussed Group Discussions) in the impacted areas etc. Th

    entire exercise was done in a consultative process with the impacted persons and other key stakeholders. Th

    study was conducted in six phases as has been reflected below:

    Stage I: Identifying tools and strategy for the study

    StageII: Review of literature and understanding the context

    StageIII: Preliminary field visit and pre-testing of the tools of study

    StageIV: Field Data Collection using different kinds of research tools

    StageV: Analysis of Data and preparation of Draft SIA

    StageVI: Finalization of SIA

    2.4 Tools used for the Empirical Study

    In the study, a number of tools could have been used to collect empirical data using highest level

    professional skills. However, the following tools were used:

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    There are problems associated with any large sample survey. Necessary steps were taken to reduce thes

    errors to the minimum. Given the large sample size, it was decided to go for a precoded questionnair

    Appropriate open-ended questions were also included to register the subjective responses. A pilot survey wa

    conducted before finalizing the survey instrument. Given the sensitivity of the issue and the long list of querie

    to be made, sufficient time was spent with the respondents. A total of 20 field staffs were deployed in the fie

    for the purpose. Instead of overcrowding one village, the field staff were divided into smaller teams and sent

    different settlements. The investigators went through one-day rigorous training programme to understand th

    relevant issues, how to build the rapport with the respondents and also how to administer the questionnaire

    mock sessions.

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    for the administrators. Not surprisingly, their leaders are co-opted into the development process, and they hav

    gained heavily, at the cost of other (local) common people in the region.

    3.2 Village Profiles

    The houses in this study area consist of mostly pucca / semi - pucca structures. However, proper plannin

    of most of the village is lacking. Migrants working in various industrial units located around these villages sta

    there on rental basis. The lack of infrastructural facilities like proper roads, drainage system and safe drinkin

    water is highly visible, even though the residents possess big houses, luxurious cars, bikes etc. Such

    haphazard growth of these villages may provide future challenges posed mainly by migrant population fro

    outside. Presently they are one of the main sources of income (through rental housing) for the averag

    villagers.

    3.3 Gram Panchayat

    The Gram Panchayat and the activities of its members are very well seen in the village, while in some villag

    the Panchayat offices are located in good localities. The reservation of seats for women in these Panchaya

    has been followed strictly. It is further observed that in some villages, women candidates occupy even the no

    - reserved seats.

    The number of members in a Gram Panchayat are in the range of 7 to 17. It is significantly noticed in one o

    the villages that the number of women in the Gram Panchayat is as high as 7, including the position

    Sarpanch and Dy. Sarpanch; which clearly reveals that wherever men are not able to settle their disputes fo

    electing such positions among the men folk, they look forward to women candidates in their place, as wome

    are more non controversial and also safe for men to deal the affairs of the Panchayat indirectly witho

    occupying the positions. The significance of sharing power in Panchayats is increasing rapidly due to a high

    role to be played by village Panchayats under the 73rd Constitutional Amendment; more so, new avenues

    resources are emerging for Panchayats, due to the growing role of lands development all around.

    3.4 Social Amenities

    A majority of the villages have Anganwadis. Almost all the villages have youth clubs or Tarun Mitra Manda

    Usually there is more than one youth club in a village. The clubs are usually backed by different politic

    parties. These clubs provide facilities to play games like carrom, cricket and kabaddi. They organis

    tournaments and award prizes. Some of the youth clubs also provides gymnasium facilities. A few club

    organise welfare activities like blood donations, pulse polio programmes etc.

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    These youth clubs, apart from organising sports meets, also organise Ganapati puja and Navratri festiva

    annually. Some of them also support banjo music troupes. On the whole, in addition to their cultur

    activities, the youth clubs have become an important means of social and political mobilisation both in the o

    villages and the new satellite townships in Navi Mumbai.

    Mahila Mandals are also a common feature. While some are involved exclusively in religious functions, othe

    organise tailoring classes or help women to find jobs in the nearby industries.

    The residents of these villages have the benefit of modern amenities like cable TV, beauty parlours, ha

    dressing shops etc. Their life styles are becoming cosmopolitan with the migrants from different parts of th

    country settling down in these villages and influencing the original inhabitants.

    All the villages are characterized by places of worship. Each village generally has many temples or in a fe

    cases, mosques. It is observed in all the villages that the original temples are being renovated and enlarged

    size. Huge amounts are being spent for the purpose. Many of the temples could be enlarged, as fund

    became available after the temple lands were acquired and compensation was paid by CIDCO. Villagers als

    collect hefty donations for such works from the builders who carry out construction work in their areas, an

    also from the commercial units.

    In this area, people celebrate all Hindu festivals with lot of fun and fair. The Ganesh festival celebrations la

    for more than twenty-one days rather than usual eleven days in other places. During these days, people vis

    other houses to get Ganapati darshan. This is one occasion for the people to exhibit their lavishness in th

    form of wearing costly gold ornaments that draws attention of others and traveling by luxury cars. As regard

    the decorative gold ornaments, both male and female members appear to compete among themselves, whi

    is highly visible for outsiders. In fact, displaying (by wearing) rich ornaments is a highly practiced status symb

    in this community. The other festival, which we saw being celebrated, was Gatari Amavasya. On the day of th

    festival, people drink alcohol and celebrate the feast with non-vegetarian food. This day is the last day befo

    the month of Shravan, which is considered an auspicious month. Apart from the above festivals, they celebra

    Holi, Diwali etc. with a grand fervour.

    In spite of imbibing many urban traits, the villagers have not given up some traditional ways which are at th

    core of their identity. The old family and clan associations are still very much in vogue. Marriages still follo

    the rules of community endogamy and clan exogamy. The political battles are still won and lost on the basis

    t d it d i

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    3.5 Physical Infrastructure

    Majority of the villages in the study area have schools run by Zilla Parishad and they are mostly up to th

    upper primary level. Almost all the schools occupy pucca buildings. The mid-day meal scheme at school lev

    is well implemented in the area. The hygiene of the site / kitchen where the food preparation under the me

    scheme takes place varies among the villages. All the children of the area have accessibility to schools an

    this shows that the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme is well implemented in the study-area.

    The health care services in the study villages are in poor condition. Though the villagers have multistorie

    buildings, luxurious cars, but the availability of public health service to them is very poor. Though sever

    villages have one or two private doctors, their authenticity and capability is dubious. Though health ca

    services are the prime concern for the people, the availability and accessibility of the health services in thes

    villages is not very adequate with the nearest hospital being at Kharghar MG Hospital 6km away.

    All the villages are fully electrified and many houses have individual meters. Though water connections hav

    been provided to all the villages, there are considerable variations in water supply. In some villages, house

    have individual connections while in others there is a dependence on public taps. Wells are also a source

    water in some villages.

    The drainage and sewerage systems also show considerable variations. In a majority of the villages, thphysical infrastructure is hardly developed and one finds open drains and no sewerage system. A few house

    have their own individual toilets. Community toilets have been constructed by CIDCO in most of the village

    However, in many villages, the toilets are not maintained properly and suffer from inadequacy of water. Henc

    people have not given up their old habits of going to the open fields for easing themselves. Such a habit

    proving difficult as new houses and industries are coming up and open fields are fast disappearing.

    Almost all the villages have shops, grocery shops being the most common and nearly all the villages hav

    ration shops. There is a distinct contrast between villages in the neighbourhood of developed nodes an

    those in the interior. In the former, there are numerous shops, many specialized and a clearer demarcation

    commercial and residential areas. In the latter, shops are few and small; they are generally operated fro

    residential premises.

    Banks are not found in almost all the villages. The villages are dependent on the developed nodes in the

    proximity for facilities like a post office, police station etc. The villages are well connected by road and the

    are served by buses.

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    4.0 CHAPTER - IV: HOUSING STATUS OF PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGESBroadly speaking, a house with a mud floor, enclosed by walls usually made of bricks and with a roof

    country or Mangalore tiles, represented the dwelling of a majority of the villagers in these regions. The physic

    structures in the villages have undergone significant changes over the years. Housing condition is one of th

    important indicators of the general living condition of the population in question. Exhaustive information o

    various aspects of these assets has been collected. Housing characteristics like type, plot area, built-up are

    ownership of house, year of occupation, and facilities available are discussed here, mainly to understand the

    living environment and quality of life.

    Barring a few respondent-PAPs (less than 5%), others have their houses in the original gaothan, though th

    gaothan boundaries are almost frozen after CIDCOs acquisition of land. Only a few (around 4%) of the PAP

    have mentioned having residential premises on encroached lands. Houses on encroached lands, though n

    significant, are a common feature in most of the villages. The delay in implementing 12 and half % schem

    have led to the encroachment on the CIDCO acquired lands, as the existing gaothan space can no mor

    contain natural expansion of the population. Due uncertainty prevails about such unauthorized construction

    CIDCO has the same in consultation and approval of the Government to regularise such construction.

    Table 4.1-Housing Status

    Particulars Number Percentage

    Location of the House

    Original Gaothan 439 95.0

    GES Plot 1 0.3

    12.5 Land 3 0.6

    Any other 19 4.0

    Type of House

    Kutchcha 57 12.3

    Semi Pucca 322 69.8

    Pucca House 83 18.0

    Plot Area of House (in sq. ft.)

    Upto 500 160 34.5

    501-1000 196 38.2

    1001-2000 96 21.0

    2001-5000 26 5.8

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    More than 5000 2 0.4

    Average

    Built-up Area of House (in sq.ft.)

    Upto 500 182 39.6

    501-1000 191 41.2

    1001-2000 74 16.4

    2001-5000 13 2.8

    More than 5000 1 0.1

    Average

    Source of Drinking Water

    Well 48 10.7

    Hand pump 18 4.1

    Tubewell 6 1.4

    Individual Connection 106 22.8

    Others 282 61.0

    Separate Kitchens

    Yes 404 87.4

    No 58 12.6

    Separate Bathroom / ToiletsSeparate Bathroom / Toilets

    Yes 79 17.7

    No 383 81.7

    Electric Connection

    Yes 446 99.1

    No 12 0.9

    House Ownership Status

    Owned 449 99.2

    Rented 9 0.8

    Year of Occupancy of the Present House

    Prior to 1950 288 66.8

    1950-1970 16 3.7

    1971-1980 26 5.4

    1981-1990 78 14.5

    1991 and above 44 9.5

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    The survey results indicate that with more than eighty two per cent of the PAPs residing in kutcha or sem

    pucca structures, the overall situation is not very bright. It can be deciphered from the findings that only 18

    PAPs have pucca structures. In village such as Targhar, lesser proportion of PAPs have non-pucca structure

    In contrast, in villages like Kopar, Ulwe, and Valavli, more than 90% PAPs have kutcha or semi -puc

    premises.

    Around one-fifth PAPs have large houses, with the built up area of more than 1000 sq ft. More than one-thi

    PAPs have the built up area of up to 500 sq ft. The scenario is more or less similar across villages. Informatio

    was also collected on the plot area of the house.

    A few important results have emerged from the analysis of the housing data. These indicate that a majority

    the PAPs are still confined to the gaothan boundaries, which are almost frozen.

    Only 22.8% households have individual connections for the drinking water. In most of the villages, inadequa

    sources of water are a crucial problem and people fetch water from the neighboring villages.

    In a nutshell, few PAPS are having poor living conditions as they reside in non-pucca houses with built up are

    less than 500 sq.ft.. Most of the houses of the PAPs are old houses and only very few are recently constructe

    premises. It is quite natural that the old housing structures would have low market value and that is evide

    from the self estimation of the cost of the house by PAPs.

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    5.0 CHAPTER V: SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

    The establishment of International Airport will not only bring an alteration in the physical and geographic

    characteristics of the region, but also, significant changes in the social fabric, demographic profile and cultur

    heritage. The cosmopolitan environment dominates the socio-cultural fabric of the region, as the migrato

    population is now higher in number than the original population and occupies majority of the geographic

    space. Thus, the overall living condition of the original population, which is more or less confined to th

    gaothans are influenced. This analysis is confined to the assessment of socio-demographic background of th

    project affected population.

    5.1 Social Background

    The religious, caste and linguistic profiles of the PAPs indicate that the population under focus is homogeno

    on these parameters. Barring a few, PAPs are predominantly Hindus. Almost 90% of them fall under the Oth

    Backward Castes category. Out of the rest, about half belong to the Scheduled Tribes. On the whole, th

    project-affected people belong to the backward castes. Within these castes, a large proportion belongs to th

    agri sub- caste. Apart from the agri, the other major sub-caste in this region is koli. People belonging to th

    community are generally the fisher-folk. Almost all the PAPs are Marathi speaking. The above three indicato

    clearly point out the homogenous religious, caste and linguistic background of the project-affected population

    Table 5.1Social Indicators

    Particulars Number Percentage

    SOCIAL INDICATORS

    Religion

    Hindu 450 98.8

    Muslim 5 1.2

    Christian -

    Neo-Buddhist 7 1.5

    Caste

    Upper Caste 14 3.2

    OBC 404 87.6

    SC 4 1.0

    ST 26 5.6

    Neo-Buddhist 7 1.5

    N.A 7 1.2Mother Tongue

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    Marathi 460 99.4

    Hindi 2 0.6

    5.2 Demographic Indicators

    There is a fall in the family size over the years and the average family size, as per the survey data, is 5

    comparison to 8 members per family in 1970. But, the reduction in the family size may be due to gradu

    dismantling of the joint family system. As evident from the survey results, on an average, 2.2 families a

    formed out of the original family. Three fifths of the population is married and live with their spouse. The ag

    profile of the population indicates that more than a half of them fall into 19 to 60 years age group. Lack o

    employment opportunities, since their losing their lands, have turned the families into single-earn

    households. The result is that the economic dependency ratio is close to 75%.Table 5.2Demographic Indicators

    Particulars Number Percentage

    Gender

    Male 244 52.9

    Female 218 47.1

    Marital Status

    Married 269 58.4

    Unmarried 157 34.0

    Divorced / Separated 9 0.2

    Widow / Widower 33 7.3

    Literacy Rate

    Literacy Rate excluding 0-6 age

    group population

    79.08

    Male Effective Literacy Rate 90.94

    Female Literacy Rate 67.23

    Sex Ratio 889/1000

    Family Size

    Single 9 2.0

    2-3 46 10.0

    4-5 153 33.1

    6-7 152 32.9

    8 or more 102 22.1

    Average Family Size 462 5.0

    Dependency Ratio 74.35

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    Division of Household after Land Acquisition in the past

    Yes, divided 250 54.1

    No, not divided 212 45.9

    Number of Households formed out of the Original After Land Acquisition

    None (Families remained as it is,

    i.e. joint families)

    212 45.9

    2 families made out of one joint

    family

    81 17.5

    3 families made out of one joint

    family

    78 16.9

    4 families made out of one joint

    family

    44 9.5

    5 families made out of one joint

    family

    26 5.7

    6 and more 20 4.5

    Average

    Distribution of Family Members by Age

    Upto 5 years 47 10.2

    6-14 years 63 13.8

    15-19 years 52 11.3

    20-29 years 102 22.2

    30-39 years 71 15.3

    40-49 years 55 11.8

    50-59 years 37 8.0

    60 years and above 34 7.4

    Distribution of Family Members by Education (excluding 0-6 age group population)

    Illiteracy 47 20.3

    Primary 70 11.2

    Secondary 151 31.2

    SSC 113 22.5

    HSC/ Inter 52 10.2

    Graduation and above 24 5.1

    Sex ratio of the population, which is a robust indicator of social development, unfortunately has declined ove

    the years, and it is only 889. This is a comparatively low figure as the sex ratio for the rural segment of th

    region is higher as per the results of latest Census The effective literacy rate has gone up at the overall leve

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    The literacy rate for the population under focus is 79.08%. There is an improvement in the overall literacy rat

    of the PAPs over the years. In the present scenario, it seems that though the literacy ratio for the region, o

    the whole, has improved. Sex differentials in the literacy achievements across villages are revealed. At overa

    level, the literacy ratio for the males is around 90%, whereas, the same for their female counterparts is 67

    only.

    This favourable literacy ratio, which is better than other rural areas of this region, however, does not indicate

    great achievement in the educational sphere. According to the survey findings, very few PAPs have attaine

    graduation or a higher degree. Several factors may be responsible for this paradoxical situation. Th

    educational infrastructure available in most of the villages is only up to the primary level. Lack of prop

    transport facility and financial constraints restrict many families to send their children to other villages

    developed nodes for education. Secondly, the lack of job opportunities has brought a kind of despondenc

    among the parents. Thirdly, the quality of education seems to be very poor and thus the educated youth o

    these villages are unable to perform well in higher levels, and cannot compete with students of other village

    and the developed nodes. Again, the parental attention is lacking in general, as most of them have po

    educational background.

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    Tempo 24 5.1

    Tractor 13 2.8

    Truck 26 5.6

    Jeep 25 5.4

    Car 97 20.9

    Boat 11 2.3

    Number of Working Members in the families

    0 46 9.9

    1 241 52.1

    2 115 24.9

    3 46 10.0

    4 10 2.2

    5 4 0.9

    Households Monthly Income

    2500-5000 204 44.2

    5001-10000 142 30.9

    10001-15000 52 11.3

    15001-20000 20 4.4

    20001 plus 24 5.3N.A 18 3.9

    Average monthly Income against the family size

    One member household 2625.00

    2 member household 4923.96

    3 member household 7253.93

    4 member household 6929.65

    5 member household 8155.30

    6 member household 8227.27

    7 member household 9605.59

    8 member household 8904.24

    More than 9 members 13319.06

    Working Status of the family Members

    Full Time 601 89.8

    Part Time 39 5.9

    Casual 29 4.3

    Distribution of Workforce by Occupation

    Fisherman 53 7 9

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    Farmer 70 10.4

    Broker / Real Estate 16 2.4

    Business / Trader / Shop keeper 127 18.9

    Managerial / Supervisory 21 3.2

    Skilled Worker 72 10.8

    Unskilled Worker 237 35.3

    College / School Teacher 9 1.4

    Clerk 14 2.1

    Transport operator 43 6.5

    Part time- (Others) 7 1.1

    Place of Work

    No response 9 1.4

    Government Office 57 8.3

    Private sector office 85 12.7

    Industrial unit 80 12.0

    Commercial Unit 51 7.6

    Land 64 9.6

    Sea 47 7.0

    College / School 14 2.1 AMPC 2 0.4

    Others 260 38.8

    The study observed that almost all the surveyed houses have the television, gas connection and mobi

    phones in their houses, while most houses (71.6%) have refrigerators in their houses. Nearly one-third (31.3%

    houses have landline phone and more than one-fifth (22.7%) houses have washing machine. Only 8.4

    houses have computers and of that, very few have the internet connection.

    The study further monitored that majority of the PAPs are having motorcycle / scooter / moped, while mor

    than one-fifth PAPs are having car. Also, more than one fifth PAPs are having auto rickshaw. Out of the tot

    surveyed PAPs, 26 are having truck, 25 are having jeep, 24 are having tempo, 13 are giving tractor and 1

    PAPs are having boat.

    The study then tried to explore the number of working members in the households. It was observed th

    majority (52.1%) households have only one working member, while one-fourth (24.9%) households have tw

    working members While one-tenth families have three working members only 14 surveyed households hav

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    more than three working members. It was also surprising to observe that one-tenth of the surveye

    households do not have any working members.

    Since most of the households have minimum number of working members, the household monthly income

    very low. The study findings illustrate that 44.2% households have the monthly income of Rs 2501 to Rs 500

    while 30.9% households have the monthly income of Rs 5001 to Rs 10000. Only one-fifth (21%) household

    have the monthly income of above Rs 10000. The households having more number of working members ar

    found to be having the more monthly income compare to the households having less number of workin

    members. During the survey, 18 households did not want to disclose their monthly household income to th

    survey team.

    During the survey, it was also observed that the larger family size is having larger income. The averag

    monthly income of a family having one member is Rs 2625, while it is Rs 4924 in case of two membe

    household. The average monthly income of a three member family is Rs 7254; of a four member family

    6930.

    When the study tried to know the working status of the working members in the family, it was found that mo

    (89.8%) working members are working on full time basis, while only 5.9% are working on part time basis. Als4.3% are working on casual basis.

    Further, the study intended to identify the occupation of the working members. As per the study result

    unskilled workers (both in formal or informal sectors) constitute more than one-third (35.3%) of the tot

    working population, followed by 18.9% are the businessman / trader / shopkeeper, 10.8% are the skille

    worker, and 10.4% are the farmer. Very few have reported to be in white-collar jobs.

    During the survey, very few PAPs reported of having household business. Most of them own shops. Very fe

    also PAPS also reported of having domestic petty business and a majority of them hardly earn Rs.2000

    month from it. The study also observed that landed property is possessed by few PAPs.

    The survey also found that very few PAPs have the landed property. Most of the PAPs who have lande

    property reported that they have agricultural land, while the rest have non-agricultural land. But majority of th

    PAPs reported of owning more than one house.

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    7.0 CHAPTER VII: INFASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND COMMUNITY RESOURCESThrough the present study, information was collected on the status of infrastructure facilities available in th

    villages. The findings of the study are highlighted below:

    7.1 Physical Infrastructure

    On the whole, around two-fifths of the respondents have expressed their gross dissatisfaction about th

    available road facilities. Majority of households do not have individual water connections. PAPs are relying o

    common sources for water and face a lot of hardship as the pressure of water is quite low and the duration o

    supply is very less. Thus, water supply is a crucial problem to be addressed. More than a half of the PAPs a

    not satisfied with the present situation and have demanded improvement in the water supply.

    As per the present study, around one-third of the PAPs have got toilets in their houses and the rest attend th

    natures call in open fields. The dissatisfaction level of villagers regarding the availability of septic tank

    confirms this. Less than one-tenth of them have expressed satisfaction with this facility and around a half

    them have indicated the non-availability of such facilities.

    Significantly, cent percent villages in Navi Mumbai area are electrified. Almost two-thirds of the PAPs a

    satisfied with this service provision. Load shedding and consequent power failure at frequent intervals

    certain villages are reported which cause inconvenience to the villagers. This is reflected in the response

    nearly one-third of the PAPs, who want improvement in the service. In many of the affected villages, PAP

    suffer difficulties because of the lack of transport facilities. Many PAPs of Owe and Valavli have complaine

    about the lack of proper transport facility.

    7.2 Social Infrastructure

    Though primary schools exist in almost all the villages, high schools are not available in many of themColleges are very few and villagers particularly of remote areas face problems in sending children to hig

    school or colleges due to lack of proper transport facilities. Half of the PAPs are not satisfied with the quality

    schooling and more than one-fourth of them are totally dissatisfied with the existing infrastructure. It is als

    observed about a half of the respondents have pointed out the lack of any medical facilities in their villages.

    As regards the recreational and community facilities, nearly 70% of the PAPs have pointed out their absen

    and another 7% are totally dissatisfied with the existing provisions.

    Religious institutions are active in almost all the villages and temples and mosques are regularly maintaine

    Vill d t l / h h/ t t t k f th l I ill t l

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    constructed mostly with the contributions from builders and contractors operating in the area. Villagers a

    generally satisfied with these facilities as nearly 90% of the respondents expressed their satisfaction

    Playgrounds are not available in most of the affected villages. Nearly 86% of the respondents have mentione

    non-existence of these facilities and a few of them are totally dissatisfied with the status of existin

    playgrounds. Banking network does not cover most of the affected villages. Some villages, which are closer

    developed nodes, have the access to the banking services. The postal services are also not satisfactory. Les

    than one-fourth of the PAPs are satisfied with this facility.

    7.3 Community Resources

    As stated earlier, there is a drastic change in the land use pattern of the Navi Mumbai region. In 1973, half

    the total area (344 sq. km) was cultivable land; tidal flats and salt pans constituted nearly one-fourth of th

    total area, and 14.5% was covered by forests and hills. Industrial area was confined to only 8.5% of the lan

    area and defence set ups and MSEB occupied less than 1.4% of the total area. Gaothans constituted on

    0.8% of the Navi Mumbai area. There is now a drastic change in the land use pattern of the region. This

    evident from the projected land use pattern which shows that nearly two-fifths of the total space of this regio

    is demarcated for residential purposes. An increase in land allocation for residential use and the airport is

    line with a reduction in allocation for the regional parks and no development zones. Thus, many communi

    resources, which used to be the source of livelihood and recreation for the population under focus, would nbe available to them. To understand the changing pattern and the pre and post project scenario in terms of th

    availability of these resources, the team enquired about the perception of respondent PAPs in this regard.

    The striking change in the land use pattern is evident from the responses of PAPs. As many as 90.8% of th

    PAPs acknowledged the accessibility to some kind of community resources prior to the Navi Mumbai projec

    In contrast, only 37.7% of PAPs have mentioned about the availability of any such resources presently. Pond

    and water resources used to be accessible to 44.1% of the PAPs and another 20.1% had access to fore

    resources in the nearby area. Earlier, salt production was one of the main activities and 17.6% of the PAP

    have mentioned of having access to salt pans in the area. Availability of grazing ground was acknowledged b

    8.4% of the respondents. In fact, quite a few PAPs expressed their inability to keep cattle due to the changin

    situation as grazing grounds are not available. Regarding the scarce resources presently available, barrin

    a few, others have mentioned these resources to be the original resources. Only a very few (0.7%) PAPs hav

    mentioned that some resources were made available by CIDCO and another few (1.5%) stated that thes

    were provided either by some other agencies or created by the community itself.

    On the whole, the study findings reflect that the status of infrastructure facilities in the villages is by and larg

    ti f t d ill f bl d t l k f d fi i f t i b i iti R di

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    the physical infrastructure, water problem is acute in some villages and, on the whole, nearly one-third of th

    PAPs are grossly dissatisfied with the service provision and another one-fourth are partly satisfied, and the

    seek some improvement in the water supply. Proper drainage and sewerage system are by and large missin

    in many villages which is reflected in the responses of half of the respondents, indicating the lack of th

    facility. Less than one-tenth of the PAPs are fully satisfied with the existing provision. The internal roads of th

    villages are rarely pucca and some villages are still isolated and not properly connected to the nearby village

    or developed nodes. Nearly two-fifths of the respondents are dissatisfied with the condition of roads and mo

    than 30% are only partly satisfied. Hence, only around one-third of them seem to be happy with the conditio

    of roads. Around a half of the PAPs seem to be happy with the transport and communication facility. Howeve

    there are significant variations across villages, regarding all the infrastructure provisions.

    Public amenities like schools are available upto the lower level (the primary) in almost all the villages. Hig

    schools are available only in limited villages. Educational achievements of the PAPs are of a very low leve

    The existence of primary schools in almost all the villages had some dent on the literacy rate, but a very few

    the PAPs have made it even to the matriculation level. Inaccessibility to junior or senior colleges can only b

    one of the reasons for it. Several respondents found higher level of education of no use, given limited jo

    opportunities in the area. Several families have availed the benefit of stipend for some vocational training b

    they have stated of not making much use of it, as they could not get employment in the formal sector. CIDC

    spends a large amount of its rehabilitation expenditure on the education of children of PAPs but it is not havinmuch effect as in very few villages higher level schools are available and parents are reluctant to send the

    children, especially girls, to the far off schools.

    The other important social infrastructure, the medical facility, is in a dismal state. In many villages no suc

    facility is available. Recreational facilities are lacking in most of the villages and only 18% respondents, on th

    whole, have expressed their satisfaction with the existing facilities. Playgrounds are not available in most

    the villages. Significant changes in the land use pattern have depleted the age-old community resources. Mo

    than 90% of the PAPs mentioned about having access to these resources prior to the CIDCO project. No

    less than two-fifths of the respondents have expressed the availability of such resources. Within th

    panchayat boundaries of few villages, a few industrial units have come up which pay tax to their panchayats.

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    8.0 CHAPTER VIII: SOCIAL IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PROJECTThe land requirement of the airport works out to 2054 Ha. Consisting of 1615 Ha for airport zone an

    remaining for the development of connectivity, construction of interchanges, diversion and training of river

    laying of utilities, etc. The above lands are already notified for the development of Navi Mumbai city and airpo

    is one of its components of infrastructure development. The entire land required for the airport developme

    belongs to 16 villages spread over in two Talukas mentioned above. The 2054 Ha. Land consists of 1154 H

    of land in possession of the Corporation, 443 Ha. Government land under transfer to CIDCO and 457 Ha.

    private land. The process of acquiring the 457 Ha. Of private land is already made by the corporation and th

    notification of the same would be issued after completion of all requisite formalities. The present Social Impa

    Assessment is being conducted precisely to assess the socio-economic conditions and the likely impact of th

    project on the Project Affected Persons.

    The following table gives the village-wise land status:

    8.1 Status of Land for the Airport Project

    The total land required for the proposed Airport project is cited below:

    Table 8.1 Status of Land for the Airport Project

    S. no. Village Land

    Required

    Land in

    Possession of

    CIDCO

    Land not in

    possession

    Pvt. Land

    to be

    acquired

    Government land

    be transferred

    1 Vadghar 68.042 53.391 14.651 14.166 0.485

    2 Kopa 197.866 186.728 11.138 8.401 2.737

    3 Pargaon 157.831 0.794 155.693 67.067 88.626

    4 Pargaon-Dungi 150.314 24.693 125.621 93.687 31.934

    5 Owale 333.146 100.558 232.506 180.879 51.627

    6 Ulwe 279.336 263.054 16.645 12.459 4.186

    7 Targhar 145.9248 144.2362 2.388 1.194 1.194

    8 Panvel-A 61.937 61.936 0.000 0.001 0.000

    9 Waghiwali 226.975 0.000 226.975 59.040 167.935

    10 Kamothe 197.369 109.823 87.553 0.652 86.901

    11 Bambavi 126.715 124.296 2.419 2.419 0.000

    12 Vahal 20.81 20.81 0.000 0.000 0.000

    13 Kundevahal 9.197 0.000 9.197 9.197 0.000

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    14 Dapoli 11.282 6.087 4.115 4.115 1.080

    15 Sonkar 63.585 57.499 0.000 0.000 6.060

    16 Manghar 3.372 0.000 3.372 3.372 0.000

    Total 2053.702 1153.905 899.413 456.649 442.765

    56.19% 43.79% 22.24% 21.56%

    A total of 10 settlements from 7 revenue villages are required to be acquired as the same falls in the airpo

    zone. Based on the 2001 census, the population of these settlements is above 15000 spread in 311

    households. The following table shows the details of settlement population, household, revenue village and th

    location of the settlements.

    8.2 Settlements, Population, Gaothans within Airport Project Area

    The details regards to the above points has been described in the below table:

    Table 8.2 Settlement Areas, Population and Gaothans within Airport Project Area

    S. No Revenue village Settlements Gaothans Area (Ha.) Population No of

    Households

    1 Targhar Kombadbhuje 1.92 2991 620

    Targhar 1.61

    2 Ulwe Ulwe 3.72 2028 423

    Ganeshpuri

    3 Owel Vaghivlipada 1 520 65

    Mulgaon

    (Upper Owel)

    1.6 642 76

    4 Pargaon Koli 0.84 2417 476

    5 Kopar Kopar 1.094 1243 251

    6 Vadghar Chinchpada 3.15 5320 1140

    7 Vaghivli Vaghivli 1.65 418 62

    Grand Total 16.584 15579 3113

    8.3. PROJECT IMPACTS

    Infrastructure development projects bring numerous benefits, boost up economic growth but also caus

    adverse social impacts.

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    8.3.1 Likely Positive Impacts

    The study observed majority of PAPs are in favour of establishment of new International Airport in Na

    Mumbai. More than two-third of the PAPs perceive better infrastructure will be made available for the localitie

    A majority also perceive new employment as well as business opportunities will come after the establishme

    of the new airport. Finally, they perceive, the living standard and life style of the PAPs will improve after th

    establishment of New Airport..

    8.3.2 Adverse Impacts

    Overall impacts of proposed project have been ascertained through the survey. The project impacts have bee

    broadly classified as impacts on land, structures (residential, commercial, residential cum commercial an

    others), impacts on other immovable assets, impact on other property assets, impact on community proper

    resources (religious structures, pir dargah, school, passenger shelter, etc) and impacts on their livelihood. F

    the first time, CIDCO is going to acquire gaothans. This is certainly going to create adverse impact on th

    PAPs. Besides, the change in living standard of the PAPs, the environmental hazards are also likely to crea

    adverse impact. All these factors need to be given adequate care during the implementation of R & R Plan b

    CIDCO.

    8.3.3 Impact on Land

    As mentioned earlier, for the establishment of the new International Airport at Navi Mumbai, total land require

    is 2054 ha out of which, CIDCO has already 1341 ha land in its possession. The Government of Maharasht

    is expected to transfer 256 ha land. 457 ha land is to be acquired from the private persons i.e., villagers of th

    ten settlements.

    Table 8.3 Land Requirement Status

    Total Land required 2054 ha

    Total land in possession of CIDCO 1341 ha

    Total land available with Government 256 ha

    Total Land to be acquired from Private Persons /

    Villagers

    457 ha

    As per the above statistics, 457 ha land are required to be acquired from the villagers. The study further trie

    to find out the present status of these lands. The data reflects that out of the total land, 303 ha are agricultur

    lands, 154 ha are non-agricultural land and 10ha are Gaothans.

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    8.3.3.1 Impact of Land on Households

    Table 8.4 Total Land to be Acquired

    Total Land to be acquired from HH 457 haTotal Agricultural land 303 ha

    Total non-agricultural land 154 ha

    Total Gaothans 10 ha

    Further, the study tried to find out average size of land-holding. The study finding further reveals that averag

    size of landholding of HH is 0.4 ha.

    8.3.3.2 Impact of Land on Households

    Table 8.5 Average Landholding Size

    Average size of Landholding 0.4ha

    Average size of Agricultural landholding 0.1

    Average size of non-agricultural land holding 0.05

    Average size of Gaothans (households) 349

    The above figures certainly indicate that land (both gaothans and agricultural lands)is certainly going to impa

    the livelihood of the project affected families residing in these seven revenue villages.

    8.4 Project Affected Persons

    As per the census survey, a total of 15,579 persons comprising 8030 males and 7549 females from 131

    families would be affected by the project. List of affected villages highlighting the population figure is given

    the table below. Maximum number of households has 4-6 family members followed by households havin

    more than 8 members. The average size of household works out to be 5.

    The details with regard to households, population and family size is given in the below tables:

    8.4.1 Number of Households in the project Villages

    Table 8.6Number of Households in the Project Villages

    Village No. of Households

    Kopar 251

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    Owle 141

    Paragaon 476

    Targhar 620

    Ulwe 423

    Vadghar 1140

    Vaghivali 62

    Total 3113

    8.4.2 Total Population of the project Villages

    Table 8.7 Total Population of the Project Villages

    Village Population

    Kopar 1243

    Owle 1162

    Paragaon 2417

    Targhar 2991

    Ulwe 2028

    Vadghar 5320

    Vaghivali 418

    Total 15579

    8.4.3 Population distribution on Gender

    Table 8.8 Population distribution on Gender

    Gender Number Percentage

    Male 8030 51.5

    Female 7549 48.5

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    8.4.4 Vulnerable families by category

    A total of 331 affected families/households have been identified as vulnerable. The table belowprovid

    distribution of vulnerable families as per the criteria indicated. Women Household Families comprise maximu

    percentage of the total vulnerable families. 98 ST families are also going to be affected. Therefore, th

    vulnerability of affected families needs to be verified by CIDCO during implementation of RAP so as to provid

    them additional assistance in the R&R Policy.

    Table 8.9 Vulnerable families by category

    Ownership of structure Vulnerable families/households

    BPL Disabled WHH SC ST Total

    Legal 15 18 130 32 74 269

    Encroacher - - 15 11 12 38

    Squatter 2 - 3 7 12 24

    Total % 17 18 148 50 98 331

    8.5 Impacts on Livelihood

    The livelihood of 3113 families would be disrupted due to the construction of new airport in Navi Mumba

    Distribution of project affected families is presented in 8.4.1. The proposed project is certain to affect a

    sections of the society.

    The economic activities performed by the local people play important role in local economy. Thus the propose

    project will largely affect them as they derive their livelihoods from local based economic activities. Therefor

    suitable rehabilitation measures need to be provided in the entitlement matrix so that they are able

    compensate the losses suffered with rehabilitation assistance mostly, if not fully.

    Further, approximately 303 ha of agricultural land plots would also be affected due to land acquisitio

    Similarly, 16.58 ha gaothans will also be affected. All the 3113 families are required to be resettled. As

    consequence there would be loss of livelihood depending on the area of land lost. Shifting of the populatio

    from their native village to a new location may create additional impact on the livelihood of the affecte

    persons. Therefore, provision for resettlement and rehabilitation assistance as per the degree of loss

    proposed to be provided in the R&R Policy. The resettlement and rehabilitation policy need to provide suppo

    for livelihood restoration for vulnerable people as well as the general population as per the degree of loss.

    8.6 Impacts on Common Property Resources (CPRs)

    The habitation along the road is invariably linked with the establishment of common property resources. A tot

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    passenger shelters at Bus stops. Distribution of CPRs affected as per ownership is given in Table 8.10. Effo

    needs to taken to minimise impact on religious and community structures/places as far as possible. CIDC

    while implementing the RAP need to consult local community with regard to relocation/rehabilitation of CPR

    Budget provision for relocation / rehabilitation and enhancement of CPRs should be included in the RAP.

    Table 8.10Distribution of Affected CPRs

    Present use of structure No. of CPRs

    Government Community Panchayat Total

    Religious - 16 - 16

    Govt. School - - 10 10

    Government Building - - 5 5Passenger shelter at bus

    stop

    2 4 - 6

    Total 2 20 15 37

    8.7 Profile of Owners of Structure and Other Assets Affected

    A total of 3113 households and their structures and other assets will be affected during the implementation

    the project. About 69 per cent of the affected persons are in the age group of 15-59 years and the overall se

    ratio (number of females per thousand males) is 889 which are very less (Census 2001). The dependenc

    ratio is 74.35. Almost, one-third population are unmarried.

    The working status of the family members suggests that almost 90 percent of the PAPs are working as fu

    time while only 10 percent PAP family members are working either as part time or as casual employee. Wi

    regard to occupation, it is observed almost one-third is unskilled workers. On the contrary, 19 percent ar

    doing business / owning shops / traders, followed by skilled workers (11%), farmers (10 %), fishermen (8 %

    and transport operators (7 %). Further, it is observed monthly income of seventy five percent households

    less than Rs 10000/-. Thus resettlement and rehabilitation assistance under the project should provid

    necessary economic support to maintain their economic condition during the transition phase.

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    9 CHAPTER IX: AWARENESS AND PRECEPTION OF AFFECTED PERSONS ON NAV

    MUMBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PROJECT

    The study also tried to assess the awareness level of the PAPS on Navi Mumbai International Airport Projec

    It also tried to gauge the perception of the PAPs on various issues relating to the project. The study finding

    are highlighted below:

    Table 9.1 Awareness about International Airport in Navi Mumbai

    Particulars Number Percentage

    Aware 431 93.3

    Not Aware 28 6.0

    Can not say 3 0.6

    The study observed that most (93.3%) of the PAPs are aware of the international airport on Navi Mumbai. Ve

    few (6%) PAPs are not aware of the project, while only 3 PAPs preferred not to answer to the survey tea

    whether they are aware or not aware.

    Table 9.2 Support the decision of the Government to establish International Airport

    Particulars Number Percentage

    Support 320 69.2

    Oppose 70 15.1

    Neither support nor oppose 54 11.6

    Can not say 18 3.8

    Majority (69.2%) PAPs support the decision of the government to establish the international airport, whi

    15.1% PAPs oppose the decision of the government to establish the international airport. It was also observethat more than one tenth PAPs (11.6%) are neutral on the governments decision for the project. They neith

    support nor oppose the governments decision. Also 18 PAPs (3.8%) preferred not to answer to the surve

    team whether they support or oppose the governments decision to establish the international airport.

    Table 9.3 Are you going to lose only land/ only house/both land and house?

    Particulars Number Percentage

    Only Land 83 17.9Only House 56 12.1

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    The study further tried to observe the major gains that the PAPs would envisage due to the establishment

    the international airport. More than one-fifth (23.1%) PAPs expect that the infrastructures would be develope

    for the project, while 14.5% expect that their living standard and life style would be improved for the projec

    Also more than one-tenth PAPs each expect that there would be possibility of more business opportunity an

    job opportunity. 6.7% PAPs expect that their income would rise for the project and 6% PAPs expect that the

    would be better accessibility to markets, educational institutions, health services, etc. Very few (3.2%) PAP

    opined that there would be major gains to envisage due to the establishment of the international airport, whi

    1.5% said that they do not know whether any major gains would be envisaged or not due to the establishmen

    of the international airport.

    Table 9.6 What would be your preference, if you have to dislocate from this place?

    Particulars Number Percentage

    Self relocation 56 12.1

    Project assisted relocation 247 53.4

    Others 43 9.3

    Do not know / Too early to say 116 25.1

    Majority (52.4%) PAPs have the preference of project assisted relocation if they will have to move away fro

    their living place, while more than one-tenth (12.1%) PAPs have the preference of self relocation if they w

    have to move away. Also, near about one-tenth PAPs have other preferences if they will have to move away,

    large chunk (one-fourth) of PAPs do not know what to do if they will have to move away from their living plac

    for the establishment of the international airport.

    Table 9.7 Has anyone from Government approached to acquire your land / house?

    Particulars Number PercentageYes 123 26.6

    No 312 67.5

    Do not know 27 5.8

    When asked to the PAPs whether someone from the government had approached them to acquire their land

    house, majority (67.5%) PAPs said that nobody from the government had approached them, while only 26.6

    said that they had been approached by someone from the government for the same. Very few (5.8%) PAP

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    preferred not to answer the study team whether they had been approached by the government people

    acquire their land / house.

    Table 9.8 What should the Government do before acquiring your Land?

    Particulars Number Percentage

    Announcement of prior

    rehabilitation and resettlement

    package

    148 32.0

    Transparency 43 9.3

    Effective Environment

    safeguard measures

    57 12.1

    Land price should be

    calculated on current market

    price

    68 14.7

    Immediate hand over of

    Compensation Money

    29 5.9

    Immediate hand over of

    alternate Home made for the

    PAPs

    16 3.2

    Alternate Home should be built

    with in 2-3 kms of the project

    House

    24 5.1

    Better co-ordination of CIDCO

    with affected villages

    37 8.0

    Others 24 5.1

    Do not know 16 3.4

    Near about one-third (32%) PAPs suggested that the government should announce prior rehabilitation an

    resettlement packages before acquiring their land and gaothans; while 14.7% suggested that the governme

    should calculate their land price on current market price; 12.1% suggested that the government should tak

    effective environment safeguard measures. About one-tenth (9.3%) PAPs suggested that the governme

    should ensure transparency while acquiring their land or gaothans; while 8% PAPs opined for bettecoordination of CIDCO with effected villagers. Few PAPS also suggested for immediate hand over o

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    compensation money, alternate home to be built within 2-3 kms of the project area, immediate hand over

    alternate home made for the PAPs.

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    10 CHAPTER X: PERCEPTION OF AFFECTED PERSONS ON PAST REHABILITATIO

    MEASURES OPTED BY CIDCO

    Project Affexted Persons expressed their deep dissatisfaction regarding the rehabilitation package. Durin

    initial phase of the survey, the team eye witnessed an agitation by the PAPs of Vaghivlivada village. O

    investigators were mobbed at certain villages too. In the last phase of the survey work, a general meeting o

    S