annexure-vii-sia

8/6/2019 ANNEXURE-VII-SIA

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CITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION OF MAHARASHTRA LIMITED

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

August 2010

DHI (India) Water & Environment Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi


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CITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONOF MAHARASHTRA LIMITED

Social Impact Assessment of Navi Mumbai InternationalAirport

III Floor, NSIC-STP Complex, NSIC

Bhawan, Okhla Industrial Estate, Delhi

110020, India

Tel: +91 11 4703 4500

Fax:+91 11 4703 4501

e-mail: [email protected]

Web: www.dhgroup.com

ClientCIDCO

Clients representative

S. Sinha

ProjectSocial Impact Assessment of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Project No:17082010

Authors

Dr. G.B. Nanda

Date17 August 2010

Approved by

Ajay Pradhan

1 Project Report GB N AJP/ ZST AJP 17/08/2010

Revision Description By Checked Approved Date

Key words

SIA

Classification

Open

Internal

Proprietary

Distribution No of copies

CIDCODHI

Mr. S. SinhaMr. Ajay Pradhan, Managing Director

11
http://www.dhgroup.com/http://www.dhgroup.com/http://www.dhgroup.com/


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CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 11.0 CHAPTER- I: BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 72.0 CHAPTER-II: STUDY OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE SIZE................................. 123.0 CHAPTER- III: GENERAL PROFILE OF PAP VILLAGES ......................................................... 164.0 CHAPTER IV: HOUSING STATUS OF PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGES.................................... 215.0 CHAPTER V: SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS...................................................... 246.0 CHAPTER VI: ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS................................. 287.0 CHAPTER VII: INFASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND COMMUNITY RESOURCES.......................... 328.0 CHAPTER VIII: SOCIAL IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PROJECT .............................. 359.0 CHAPTER IX: AWARENESS AND PRECEPTION OF AFFECTED PERSONS ON NAVI MUMBAI

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PROJECT................................................................................ 4210.0 CHAPTER X: PERCEPTION OF AFFECTED PERSONS ON PAST REHABILITATION MEASURESOPTED BY CIDCO........................................................................................................... 4711.0 CHAPTER XI: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................... 51


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ha land after completion of all requisite formalities. The SIA is conducted precisely to assess the socio

economic conditions of affected persons and impact of the project.

The Study Findings:

Housing Condition of the Project Affected Families

Housing condition is one of the important indicators of the general living condition of the affected populatio

Exhaustive information on various aspects of these assets has been collected. Housing characteristics lik

type, plot area, built-up area, ownership of house, year of occupation, and facilities available were collected

understand their living environment and quality of life.

The findings reveal that barring a few respondent-PAPs, (less than 5%), others have their houses in thoriginal gaothan, though the gaothan boundaries are almost frozen after CIDCOs acquisition of land. Only

few (around 4%) of the PAPs have mentioned having residential premises on encroached lands. Houses o

encroached lands, though not significant, are a common feature in most of the villages.

The survey findings also indicate that with more than eighty two per cent of the PAPs residing in kutchcha

semi-pucca structures, the overall situation is not very bright. It can be deciphered from the findings that on

18% PAPs are living in pucca structures. In a village such as Targhar, lesser proportion of PAPs have non

pucca structures. In contrast, in villages like Kopar, Ulwe, and Valavli, more than 90% PAPs have kutchch

or semi-pucca premises.

Around one-fifth PAPs have large houses, with a built up area of more than 1000 sq ft. More than one-thi

PAPs have a built up area of up to 500 sq ft. The scenario is more or less similar across all village

Information was also collected on the plot area of the house. A few important results have emerged from th

analysis of the housing data. These indicate that a majority of the PAPs are still confined to the gaotha

boundaries, which are almost frozen.

Only 22.8% households have individual connections for drinking water. In most of the villages, inadequa

sources of water are a crucial problem and people fetch water from the neighbouring villages.

In a nutshell, few PAPs are having poor living conditions as they reside in non-pucca houses with built up are

less than 500 sq.ft. It is quite natural that the old housing structures would have low market value and that

evident from the self estimation of the cost of the house by PAPs.

Social Indicators

The establishment of International Airport will not only bring an alteration in the physical and geographic

characteristics of the region, but also, significant changes in the social fabric, demographic profile and cultur


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heritage are discernible. Therefore, information relating to socio-demographic background of the proje

affected population was collected during the survey.

The religious, caste and linguistic profiles of the PAPs indicate that the population under focus is homogenou

Barring a few, PAPs are predominantly Hindus. Almost 90% of them fall under the Other Backward Caste

category. Out of the rest, about half belong to the Scheduled Tribe. On the whole, the project-affected peop

belong to the backward castes. Within these castes, a large proportion belongs to the agri sub - caste. Apa

from the agri, the other major sub-caste in this region is koli. People belonging to this community a

generally the fisher folk. Almost all the PAPs are Marathi speaking. The above three indicators clearly point

the homogenous religious, caste and linguistic background of the project-affected population.

Demographic Indicators

There is a fall in the family size over the years and the average family size, as per the survey data, is 5

comparison to 8 members per family in 1970. But, the reduction in the family size may be due to gradu

dismantling of the joint family system. As evident from the survey results, on an average, 2.2 families a

formed out of the original family. Three-fifths of the population is married and live with their spouse. The ag

profile of the population indicates that more than a half of the PAPs fall into 19 to 60 years age group. Lack

employment opportunities, since losing their lands, have turned the families into single-earner household

The result is that the economic dependency ratio is close to 75%. Sex ratio of the population, which is a robuindicator of social development, unfortunately has declined over the years, and it is only 889. The effectiv

literacy rate has gone up at the overall level. The literacy rate for the population under focus is 79.08 %.

Economic Indicators

With the changing economic scenario of the area it is imperative to understand the alterations in the econom

profile of this affected population. A careful attempt was made to collect information on certain sensitiv

economic indicators despite usual hurdles in collecting authentic information under such circumstances. Th

study observed a low work participation rate among the PAPs which clearly indicates the dependence of fam

members on a single earner. The dependency ratio is quite high and has increased over the years. It

evident from the survey that effectively, 90 percent of the PAPs are full time workers. A sex-wise analys

reveals that 94% males are working full-time, whereas, the corresponding figure for the females is only 6%

Out of the total working PAPs, only 11.3% are females and in comparison to male workers a greater proportio

of the female workers are into casual or part time jobs.

An age-wise distribution of the working population shows that 95% of them belong to 19 to 60 years of ag

More than a half of the households have single working member in the family and around one-fourth have tw


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working members. Nearly 13% of the PAPs have more than 3 working members in the family, wherea

around one-tenth of the families do not have a single working member.

Since most of the households have minimum number of working members, the household monthly income

very low. The study findings illustrate that 44.2% households have a monthly income of Rs 2500 to Rs 500

while 30.9% households have a monthly income of Rs 5001 to Rs 10000. Only one-fifth (21%) household

have the monthly income of above Rs 10,000. The households having more number of working members a

found to be having more monthly income compared to the households having less number of workin

members.

During the survey, very few PAPs reported having household businesses. Most of them own shops. Very fe

PAPS reported having domestic petty business and a majority of them hardly earn Rs.2000 a month from it.

The study indicates that unskilled workers (both in formal or informal sectors) constitute more than one-thi

(35.3%) of the total working population, followed by 18.9% businessmen / traders / shopkeepers, 10.8% th

skilled worker, and 10.4% farmers. Very few have reported to be in white-collar jobs.

Social Impact of the Project on Land, Community Property Resources, Livelihood of the Project Affected

Persons including Vulnerable Sections

Impact on Land

As discussed, the establishment of the new International Airport at Navi Mumbai requires 2054 ha of land, o

of which, CIDCO has already 1341 ha in possession. The Government of Maharashtra is expected to transf

256 ha of Government land. The remaining 457 ha is expected to be acquired from private individuals i.e

villagers of the ten settlements. The data further reflects that out of the total land, 303 ha are agricultural land

154 ha are non-agricultural land and 10 ha are Gaothans.

The study also tried to find out average size of landholding. The findings reveal that average size

landholding of households is 0.4 ha. The data indicates that acquisition of land (both gaothans an

agricultural lands) is certain to impact the livelihood.

Impact on Project Affected Persons

As per the census survey, a total of 15,579 persons comprising 8030 males and 7549 females from 311

families would be affected by the project. The socio-demographic particulars of PAPS reflect that the averag

size of household works out to be 5.

Impact on Vulnerable families by category

A total of 331 affected families/households have been identified as vulnerable. Women Household Familie

comprise maximum percentage of the total vulnerable families. 98 ST families are also going to be affected.


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Impact on Livelihood

The livelihood of 3113 families would be disrupted due to the construction of new airport in Navi Mumbai. Th

economic activities performed by the local people play an important role in the local economy. Thus th

proposed project will largely affect them as they derive their livelihoods from local based economic activities.

Further, approximately 303 ha of agricultural land plots would also be affected due to land acquisitio

Similarly, 16,584 ha in gaothans will also be affected. As a consequence there would be loss of livelihoo

depending on the area of land lost. All the 3113 families are required to be resettled. Shifting of the populatio

from their native village to a new location may create additional impact on the livelihood of the affecte

persons. Therefore, provision for resettlement and rehabilitation assistance as per the degree of loss has to b

incorporated in the R&R Policy. The resettlement and rehabilitation policy needs to provide support f

livelihood restoration for vulnerable people as well as the general population as per the degree of loss.

Impacts on Common Property Resources (CPRs)

The habitation along the road is invariably linked with the establishment of common property resources. A tot

of 37 CPRs are likely to be affected. These include religious structures, schools, govt structures an

passenger shelters at Bus stops. Effort needs to taken to minimise impact on religious and communi

structures/places as far as possible.

Adverse Impact of the project

Overall impacts of proposed project have been ascertained through the survey. The project impacts have bee

broadly classified as impacts on land, structures (residential, commercial, residential cum commercial an

others), impacts on other immovable assets, impact on other property assets, impact on community proper

resources (religious structures, pir dargah, school, passenger shelter, etc) and impacts on their livelihood. F

the first time, CIDCO is going to acquire gaothans. This is certainly going to create adverse impact on th

PAPs. All these factors need to be given adequate care during the implementation of R & R Plan by CIDCO.

Conclusion and Recommendations

During the survey, it was observed that villagers in the project affected area are settled there since long tim

with well embedded and close knit social relationship among them which would be at stake if they will b

relocated elsewhere. Livelihoods of the PAPs would be affected on displacement from the place for th

purpose of bringing up the proposed Airport. With no secondary business at present, it may be very difficult o

their part to sustain themselves and with the given socio-economic condition of the PAPs it would not be ea

to find an alternative means on their own. In addition, this makes the PAPs obstructive as they have to b

detached from their homestead land.


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However, it was observed during the primary surveys that a strong 69.2% of the PAPs supported the proje

provided they are given assistance towards promoting alternative means of livelihood or skill enhanceme

programmes.

Major findings related to key issues such as general perception about the project, suggestions to mitiga

hardships resulting from dislocation and loss of livelihood, the details of which are presented below:

Most of the people are aware of the project;

People were convinced about the importance of the New Airport region since it will bring developme

and enhance economic opportunities;

People consented to cooperate if adequate compensation is given and Rehabilitation an

Resettlement Plan is made clear to them before initiating the process of land acquisition;

PAPs stated that backlog of compensation (under 12.5 scheme) should be cleared before initiatin

land acquisition process;

Most people preferred to resettle near their previous place of business and residence;

Cultivators preferred cash compensation at market rate. Land for land option was least preferred;

Requests were made by the affected people for transparency in decision-making process with spec

reference to Airport project on regular basis;

Generally people were not opposed to their relocation in nearby places and supportive response

were obtained from 69.2% of PAPs;

PAPs wanted to know when land acquisition process would commence;

People suggested that adequate safety measures should be undertaken particularly in reference

environmental issues.

In line with the objectives of the study, there is hence a need to ensure that the project affected persons a

better off on account of the project than they were before. The negative impacts on persons affected by th

project should be avoided and compensated in the best possible manner. Broad entitlement framework

different categories of project-affected people should be formulated in a transparent manner. Appropria

grievance redressal mechanism should be established by the implementing bodies. Finally, all informatio

related to resettlement preparation and implementation needs to be made transparent and affected person

participation should be ensured while planning and implementing the project.


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1.0 CHAPTER- I: BACKGROUNDGovernment of Maharashtra through City & Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra Ltd. decided develop second Airport for Mumbai Region at Navi Mumbai called Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA

NMIA is proposed to develop in accordance with Policy ofAirport Infrastructure and Procedure Guidelines f

setting up a greenfield airport formulated by the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. NMIA

proposed to be developed on Public-Private partnership basis by setting up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SP

in which CIDCO and Airport Authority of India (AAI) will hold equity to the extent of 26% and the rest will b

held by a private developer. The SPV will design the Airport project, raise required resources, issu

engineering procurement contract to build, operate and manage the Airport during the concession period an

finally transfer back the Airport asset to government after recovering their investment. Efforts are on to car

out necessary studies to develop the project to bring it to a bidding stage for selection of the project develop

for commissioning of NMIA by 2013-14

The NMIA project is going to affect a number of households, minor business activities and structures in th

airport area and the same are required to be re-located. Resettlement of project affected persons (PAPs)

required to be an integral part of the NMIA project. A preliminary estimate indicates that approximately 311

families will have to be re-located due to the NMIA project. Accordingly, keeping in view the R & R policy

Government of Maharashtra and National Policy of Re-settlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affecte

Families-2007, the present Social Impact Assessment (SIA) was proposed by CIDCO. The SIA study wa

proposed based on the principle that the affected persons are better off on account of the project than the

were before. This approach ensures greater acceptability of the project to the people and is expected t

facilitate its effective implementation.

The SIA study was very important because the project activities involve expropriation of land from the curre

owners/users. The expropriation of land necessitates the eviction of the existing users and acquisition of lan

from the titleholders. Acquisition of land, eviction of gaothans may cause social disruption and economic los

for Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and their families.

It is therefore important that disturbance and loss to PAPs due to project are minimized through prop

planning. Therefore, Social Impact Assessment (SIA) of the project sites is very crucial to minimize its advers

social impacts. The SIA reveals critical social concerns and attempts to assess the extent and magnitude

impact because of the launching of the project. The broad objective of preparation of the SIA is primarily


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generate a baseline understanding containing the features and populace in the immediate vicinity of th

proposed project work.

Social Impact Assessment study of the project is an important component of project preparation. GOI an

GOM regulations require SIA during the design stage to avoid or reduce or mitigate potential negative impac

of project action and enhance positive impacts, sustainability and development benefits. The assessmen

also contribute to engineering design and result in the preparation of social action plans governing proje

implementation and the resettlement and rehabilitation of those who may be displaced.

1.1 Development of Navi Mumbai and the Role of City Industrial & Development Corporation

Maharashtra (CIDCO)

The Government of Maharashtra recognizing the need of decongestion of city of Mumbai decided to create

counter magnet trans-harbour and duly constituted the City Industrial & Development Corporation

Maharashtra (CIDCO) in the year 1970, as a State Government enterprise, registered under the Companie

Act, 1956, and entrusted the task of development of the area notified for the new town of Navi Mumbai. Th

proposed development, Navi Mumbai International Airport is a subset of development of the New Town of Na

Mumbai.

The Corporation started functioning as a company fully owned by the State Government with initial subscribe

capital of Rs. 3.95 crores from the State Government. It was entrusted with developing necessary social an

physical infrastructure and was also entitled to recover all costs of development from the sale of land an

constructed properties.

CIDCO's corporate mission is to plan and create an environment-friendly, model, urban settlement with fu

fledged physical and social infrastructure to meet residential, commercial and industrial needs of th

population at present and in the years to come. Over 40 years' experience in urban development has earneCIDCO a reputation as the premier town planning and agency in Maharashtra as well as in India.

The growth of Navi Mumbai was aimed at decongesting Mumbai in respect of both population and commerci

activities by shifting industries, market and office activities making the new city sustainable physicall

economically and environmentally.

Navi Mumbai is planned over an area of 344 sq. km for a target population of 20 lakhs and 8 lakhs jobs and f

this purpose, land falling in 95 villages of Thane and Raigad districts was notified, excepting the exitingaothans. Out of the total land required, 50 sq.kms. falls under two municipal councils of Panvel and Uran an


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the areas under MIDC, MSEB, Defence Department and gaothans. CIDCO was to acquire a net area of 29

sq. kms. for the project, of which 166 sq. kms. 57% were private lands, 27 sq. kms. 9% were salt pan land

and 101 sq. kms. (34%)were government lands. The notification for the entire land (private and salt pan) wa

done in 1970, under the Land Acquisition Act of 1894. The CIDCO data reflects that 67.5% of the tot

earmarked land has been acquired so far. Almost all demarcated salt pan lands and more than 70% of privat

agricultural lands have been acquired. However, only a half of the government lands demarcated fo

acquisition have been acquired so far. No displacement of settlements / gaothans was envisaged and th

villages are retained at their existing locations and surrounding area was acquired by the Government

Maharashtra and vested in CIDCO for development and disposal for various activities required for ci

development. The existing 95 settlements are being integrated into the city development to minimize th

disparity in the quality of physical, commercial and social infrastructure, between the urban and rural areas.

1.2 Navi Mumbai International Airport Project

Enhancement in aviation facilities in Mumbai is absolutely essential for keeping the leadership of Maharasht

in attracting Foreign Direct Investment thereby creating a place of pride for itself and add to the prosperity

its people. Therefore a second airport in the Mumbai Region has become imperative, as the existing airport

Mumbai, is fast reaching saturation level. To meet the growing demand of air travel CIDCO is soon going

develop a new airport.

The location of the proposed airport at Navi Mumbai has been considered on several parameters. Promine

among these is the fact that Navi Mumbai is expected to absorb the future growth in population, business an

commercial activity of the region. The availability of physical and social infrastructure coupled wi

environmental friendly site with minimum resettlement and rehabilitation makes the Navi Mumbai airpo

project technically and financially viable.

Navi Mumbai is located in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) and is adjacent to Mumbai. Mumb

Metropolitan Region consists of seven municipalities and has a population of 18.8 million. The region is th

fifth most populous urban center in the world and is growing. The region accounts for nearly 25% of industri

output and 40% of foreign trade in India. In terms of air linkages, MMR is primarily served by Chhatrapa

Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) located in Mumbai. CSIA handles nearly 27% air traffic and 31% air carg

of the country. The CSIA even with the proposed expansion of facilities would be able to handle an average

20 million passengers per annum due to constraints on airfield capabilities and non-availability of land fo

expansion.


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CSIA has experienced unprecedented annual growth of more than 16 % in the last few years, reflective of th

Countrys economic boom and the deregulation of the aviation sector. However, this landlocked airpo

surrounded by residential and business / commercial land users, with no room to spare, is severely restraine

on the air and landside growth. Additionally, the airport has undertaken a 2 billion dollar expansion initiativ

starting December, 2006, to improve the existing conditions and to increase overall capacity of the facility. Th

expansion is estimated to be completed by the end of 2010 but it is anticipated that CSIA, in its expande

form, will reach saturation point by 2012-2013.

As the financial and commercial hub of India, Mumbai generates 5% of National GDP and contributes abo

40% of Indias Tax revenue to sustainwhichs aviation facilities need to be improved in order to meet the ev

increasing demand of air travel. In view of this, there is an imperative requirement for a Greenfield airport, ne

Mumbai, to sustain the requirements of the booming Indian aviation sector. Considering the limitation

enhancing the capabilities of the present airport coupled with high ground access time to reach the existin

Airport, the Government of Maharashtra has offered to develop the second Airport in Navi Mumbai to enhanc

the aviation facilities in the region on Public-Private partnership basis. The project is proposed to be develope

through PublicPrivate partnership by setting up a special purpose company with equity participation from C

Industrial and Development Corporation (CIDCO), Airport Authority of India (AAI), Financial institutions an

Private Entrepreneurs.

The airport would be one of the world's few ''greenfield'' international state-of-the-art airports offering wor

class facilities to passengers cargo, aircrafts and airlines. The site of the airport is located in an area of 161

hectares accommodating two parallel runways for independent parallel operation with provision of full leng

taxi ways on either side of the runways. The airfield has been designed to accommodate the new larg

aircrafts compatible to aerodrome code 4-F, conforming to specifications of International Civil Aviatio

Organisation (ICAO).

Navi Mumbai International Airport will support the rapidly growing air travel needs of Mumbai Metropolita

Region. It is expected to absorb annually 10 million passengers in its first operational year 2014, doubling t

25 million by 2020 followed by 45 million passengers in 2025 and ultimately 60 million by 2030.

The Navi Mumbai Airport would act as a powerful instrument in the growth of Maharashtra, particularly to th

Mumbai, Nashik, Pune and Ahmednagar belt. Enhanced aviation facilities, particularly in Cargo handling w

open up huge opportunity for export of agriculture produce, floriculture and high tech value industries to th

world market.


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2.0 CHAPTER-II: STUDY OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE SIZEThe Social Impact Assessment was carried out in all 10 affected settlements covering 7 revenue villages. Th

study involved extensive base-line survey, identification of constraints (common property resources, and oth

social concerns), impact assessment on structures, and extent of land acquisition, consultations at villag

level, and collection and collating of secondary data.

The output is in the form this social assessment report which contains a brief description of the proje

highlighting constraints, if any; economic and development profile of the area emphasizing poverty alleviatio

and welfare schemes of Government; socio-economic condition of the villages based on primary dat

discussions highlighting concerns of the people and expectations from the project; and assessment of impac

on structures, common property resources and land requirement. This SIA also provides a baseline again

which mitigation measures and support will be measured and includes comprehensive examination of people

assets, incomes, important cultural or religious networks or sites and other sources of support such a

common property resources. Analyses of survey results cover the needs and resources of different groups an

individuals, including intra- household and gender analysis.

2.1 Objective of the Study (SIA)

The broad objective of preparation of the current SIA has been to create a baseline understanding containin

the features and populace in the immediate vicinity of the proposed project work to be undertaken as well a

the structures likely to be affected during the process. The study will cover issues relating to social problem

and suggests general as well as typical mitigation measures to remove social problems that the PAPs ar

expected to experience, loss of livelihood, displacement and loss of access to community facilities etc.

This study was undertaken with multiple objectives, though the central idea behind the exercise was to maout the socio-economic profile of the project affected people (PAPs) and assess the impact of the project o

various social and community indicators.

The specific objectives of the SIA have been as follows:

1. Identify PAPs by type and extent of loss;

2. Study the present Housing Status of the PAPS

3. Study the present demographic and socio-economic profile of the PAPs;

4 Identify the possible adverse effects of the project on the people and the area;


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5. Assess the awareness level and perception of the PAPs on the Airport project;

6. Study the opinion of the PAPs on rehabilitation policies of CIDCO

7. Suggest culturally and economically appropriate measures for mitigation of adverse effects of th

project.

2.2 Study Methodology

The Social Impact Assessment has been prepared on the basis of information collected in respect of th

people affected by the projects and also the area coming under the affected zone. In order to capture data fo

the present exercise, both Primary as well as Secondary sources were systematically tapped. While empiric

study/survey was conducted in the affected area to identify the affected persons and list out the advers

impacts of the project, secondary source information was collected from a number of quarters such as froCensus data, Statistical Hand book, office of the CIDCO, land records from Revenue Department and a host

other literature.

Thus, the secondary sources information complemented the empirical data elicited through field survey fro

the affected people and other stakeholders. Since the Socio-Economic Survey is on the basis of which the S

is prepared, it is necessary to describe the various stages of the exercise.

2.3 Social Assessment Process

The study depended extensively on primary data collected through surveys, socio-economic survey schedu

and secondary data collected through census, and qualitative inputs through discussions with PAPs, loc

villagers and officials of CIDCO and also FGDs(Focussed Group Discussions) in the impacted areas etc. Th

entire exercise was done in a consultative process with the impacted persons and other key stakeholders. Th

study was conducted in six phases as has been reflected below:

Stage I: Identifying tools and strategy for the study

StageII: Review of literature and understanding the context

StageIII: Preliminary field visit and pre-testing of the tools of study

StageIV: Field Data Collection using different kinds of research tools

StageV: Analysis of Data and preparation of Draft SIA

StageVI: Finalization of SIA

2.4 Tools used for the Empirical Study

In the study, a number of tools could have been used to collect empirical data using highest level

professional skills. However, the following tools were used:


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There are problems associated with any large sample survey. Necessary steps were taken to reduce thes

errors to the minimum. Given the large sample size, it was decided to go for a precoded questionnair

Appropriate open-ended questions were also included to register the subjective responses. A pilot survey wa

conducted before finalizing the survey instrument. Given the sensitivity of the issue and the long list of querie

to be made, sufficient time was spent with the respondents. A total of 20 field staffs were deployed in the fie

for the purpose. Instead of overcrowding one village, the field staff were divided into smaller teams and sent

different settlements. The investigators went through one-day rigorous training programme to understand th

relevant issues, how to build the rapport with the respondents and also how to administer the questionnaire

mock sessions.


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for the administrators. Not surprisingly, their leaders are co-opted into the development process, and they hav

gained heavily, at the cost of other (local) common people in the region.

3.2 Village Profiles

The houses in this study area consist of mostly pucca / semi - pucca structures. However, proper plannin

of most of the village is lacking. Migrants working in various industrial units located around these villages sta

there on rental basis. The lack of infrastructural facilities like proper roads, drainage system and safe drinkin

water is highly visible, even though the residents possess big houses, luxurious cars, bikes etc. Such

haphazard growth of these villages may provide future challenges posed mainly by migrant population fro

outside. Presently they are one of the main sources of income (through rental housing) for the averag

villagers.

3.3 Gram Panchayat

The Gram Panchayat and the activities of its members are very well seen in the village, while in some villag

the Panchayat offices are located in good localities. The reservation of seats for women in these Panchaya

has been followed strictly. It is further observed that in some villages, women candidates occupy even the no

- reserved seats.

The number of members in a Gram Panchayat are in the range of 7 to 17. It is significantly noticed in one o

the villages that the number of women in the Gram Panchayat is as high as 7, including the position

Sarpanch and Dy. Sarpanch; which clearly reveals that wherever men are not able to settle their disputes fo

electing such positions among the men folk, they look forward to women candidates in their place, as wome

are more non controversial and also safe for men to deal the affairs of the Panchayat indirectly witho

occupying the positions. The significance of sharing power in Panchayats is increasing rapidly due to a high

role to be played by village Panchayats under the 73rd Constitutional Amendment; more so, new avenues

resources are emerging for Panchayats, due to the growing role of lands development all around.

3.4 Social Amenities

A majority of the villages have Anganwadis. Almost all the villages have youth clubs or Tarun Mitra Manda

Usually there is more than one youth club in a village. The clubs are usually backed by different politic

parties. These clubs provide facilities to play games like carrom, cricket and kabaddi. They organis

tournaments and award prizes. Some of the youth clubs also provides gymnasium facilities. A few club

organise welfare activities like blood donations, pulse polio programmes etc.


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These youth clubs, apart from organising sports meets, also organise Ganapati puja and Navratri festiva

annually. Some of them also support banjo music troupes. On the whole, in addition to their cultur

activities, the youth clubs have become an important means of social and political mobilisation both in the o

villages and the new satellite townships in Navi Mumbai.

Mahila Mandals are also a common feature. While some are involved exclusively in religious functions, othe

organise tailoring classes or help women to find jobs in the nearby industries.

The residents of these villages have the benefit of modern amenities like cable TV, beauty parlours, ha

dressing shops etc. Their life styles are becoming cosmopolitan with the migrants from different parts of th

country settling down in these villages and influencing the original inhabitants.

All the villages are characterized by places of worship. Each village generally has many temples or in a fe

cases, mosques. It is observed in all the villages that the original temples are being renovated and enlarged

size. Huge amounts are being spent for the purpose. Many of the temples could be enlarged, as fund

became available after the temple lands were acquired and compensation was paid by CIDCO. Villagers als

collect hefty donations for such works from the builders who carry out construction work in their areas, an

also from the commercial units.

In this area, people celebrate all Hindu festivals with lot of fun and fair. The Ganesh festival celebrations la

for more than twenty-one days rather than usual eleven days in other places. During these days, people vis

other houses to get Ganapati darshan. This is one occasion for the people to exhibit their lavishness in th

form of wearing costly gold ornaments that draws attention of others and traveling by luxury cars. As regard

the decorative gold ornaments, both male and female members appear to compete among themselves, whi

is highly visible for outsiders. In fact, displaying (by wearing) rich ornaments is a highly practiced status symb

in this community. The other festival, which we saw being celebrated, was Gatari Amavasya. On the day of th

festival, people drink alcohol and celebrate the feast with non-vegetarian food. This day is the last day befo

the month of Shravan, which is considered an auspicious month. Apart from the above festivals, they celebra

Holi, Diwali etc. with a grand fervour.

In spite of imbibing many urban traits, the villagers have not given up some traditional ways which are at th

core of their identity. The old family and clan associations are still very much in vogue. Marriages still follo

the rules of community endogamy and clan exogamy. The political battles are still won and lost on the basis

t d it d i


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3.5 Physical Infrastructure

Majority of the villages in the study area have schools run by Zilla Parishad and they are mostly up to th

upper primary level. Almost all the schools occupy pucca buildings. The mid-day meal scheme at school lev

is well implemented in the area. The hygiene of the site / kitchen where the food preparation under the me

scheme takes place varies among the villages. All the children of the area have accessibility to schools an

this shows that the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme is well implemented in the study-area.

The health care services in the study villages are in poor condition. Though the villagers have multistorie

buildings, luxurious cars, but the availability of public health service to them is very poor. Though sever

villages have one or two private doctors, their authenticity and capability is dubious. Though health ca

services are the prime concern for the people, the availability and accessibility of the health services in thes

villages is not very adequate with the nearest hospital being at Kharghar MG Hospital 6km away.

All the villages are fully electrified and many houses have individual meters. Though water connections hav

been provided to all the villages, there are considerable variations in water supply. In some villages, house

have individual connections while in others there is a dependence on public taps. Wells are also a source

water in some villages.

The drainage and sewerage systems also show considerable variations. In a majority of the villages, thphysical infrastructure is hardly developed and one finds open drains and no sewerage system. A few house

have their own individual toilets. Community toilets have been constructed by CIDCO in most of the village

However, in many villages, the toilets are not maintained properly and suffer from inadequacy of water. Henc

people have not given up their old habits of going to the open fields for easing themselves. Such a habit

proving difficult as new houses and industries are coming up and open fields are fast disappearing.

Almost all the villages have shops, grocery shops being the most common and nearly all the villages hav

ration shops. There is a distinct contrast between villages in the neighbourhood of developed nodes an

those in the interior. In the former, there are numerous shops, many specialized and a clearer demarcation

commercial and residential areas. In the latter, shops are few and small; they are generally operated fro

residential premises.

Banks are not found in almost all the villages. The villages are dependent on the developed nodes in the

proximity for facilities like a post office, police station etc. The villages are well connected by road and the

are served by buses.


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4.0 CHAPTER - IV: HOUSING STATUS OF PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGESBroadly speaking, a house with a mud floor, enclosed by walls usually made of bricks and with a roof

country or Mangalore tiles, represented the dwelling of a majority of the villagers in these regions. The physic

structures in the villages have undergone significant changes over the years. Housing condition is one of th

important indicators of the general living condition of the population in question. Exhaustive information o

various aspects of these assets has been collected. Housing characteristics like type, plot area, built-up are

ownership of house, year of occupation, and facilities available are discussed here, mainly to understand the

living environment and quality of life.

Barring a few respondent-PAPs (less than 5%), others have their houses in the original gaothan, though th

gaothan boundaries are almost frozen after CIDCOs acquisition of land. Only a few (around 4%) of the PAP

have mentioned having residential premises on encroached lands. Houses on encroached lands, though n

significant, are a common feature in most of the villages. The delay in implementing 12 and half % schem

have led to the encroachment on the CIDCO acquired lands, as the existing gaothan space can no mor

contain natural expansion of the population. Due uncertainty prevails about such unauthorized construction

CIDCO has the same in consultation and approval of the Government to regularise such construction.

Table 4.1-Housing Status

Particulars Number Percentage

Location of the House

Original Gaothan 439 95.0

GES Plot 1 0.3

12.5 Land 3 0.6

Any other 19 4.0

Type of House

Kutchcha 57 12.3

Semi Pucca 322 69.8

Pucca House 83 18.0

Plot Area of House (in sq. ft.)

Upto 500 160 34.5

501-1000 196 38.2

1001-2000 96 21.0

2001-5000 26 5.8


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More than 5000 2 0.4

Average

Built-up Area of House (in sq.ft.)

Upto 500 182 39.6

501-1000 191 41.2

1001-2000 74 16.4

2001-5000 13 2.8

More than 5000 1 0.1

Average

Source of Drinking Water

Well 48 10.7

Hand pump 18 4.1

Tubewell 6 1.4

Individual Connection 106 22.8

Others 282 61.0

Separate Kitchens

Yes 404 87.4

No 58 12.6

Separate Bathroom / ToiletsSeparate Bathroom / Toilets

Yes 79 17.7

No 383 81.7

Electric Connection

Yes 446 99.1

No 12 0.9

House Ownership Status

Owned 449 99.2

Rented 9 0.8

Year of Occupancy of the Present House

Prior to 1950 288 66.8

1950-1970 16 3.7

1971-1980 26 5.4

1981-1990 78 14.5

1991 and above 44 9.5


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The survey results indicate that with more than eighty two per cent of the PAPs residing in kutcha or sem

pucca structures, the overall situation is not very bright. It can be deciphered from the findings that only 18

PAPs have pucca structures. In village such as Targhar, lesser proportion of PAPs have non-pucca structure

In contrast, in villages like Kopar, Ulwe, and Valavli, more than 90% PAPs have kutcha or semi -puc

premises.

Around one-fifth PAPs have large houses, with the built up area of more than 1000 sq ft. More than one-thi

PAPs have the built up area of up to 500 sq ft. The scenario is more or less similar across villages. Informatio

was also collected on the plot area of the house.

A few important results have emerged from the analysis of the housing data. These indicate that a majority

the PAPs are still confined to the gaothan boundaries, which are almost frozen.

Only 22.8% households have individual connections for the drinking water. In most of the villages, inadequa

sources of water are a crucial problem and people fetch water from the neighboring villages.

In a nutshell, few PAPS are having poor living conditions as they reside in non-pucca houses with built up are

less than 500 sq.ft.. Most of the houses of the PAPs are old houses and only very few are recently constructe

premises. It is quite natural that the old housing structures would have low market value and that is evide

from the self estimation of the cost of the house by PAPs.


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5.0 CHAPTER V: SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

The establishment of International Airport will not only bring an alteration in the physical and geographic

characteristics of the region, but also, significant changes in the social fabric, demographic profile and cultur

heritage. The cosmopolitan environment dominates the socio-cultural fabric of the region, as the migrato

population is now higher in number than the original population and occupies majority of the geographic

space. Thus, the overall living condition of the original population, which is more or less confined to th

gaothans are influenced. This analysis is confined to the assessment of socio-demographic background of th

project affected population.

5.1 Social Background

The religious, caste and linguistic profiles of the PAPs indicate that the population under focus is homogeno

on these parameters. Barring a few, PAPs are predominantly Hindus. Almost 90% of them fall under the Oth

Backward Castes category. Out of the rest, about half belong to the Scheduled Tribes. On the whole, th

project-affected people belong to the backward castes. Within these castes, a large proportion belongs to th

agri sub- caste. Apart from the agri, the other major sub-caste in this region is koli. People belonging to th

community are generally the fisher-folk. Almost all the PAPs are Marathi speaking. The above three indicato

clearly point out the homogenous religious, caste and linguistic background of the project-affected population

Table 5.1Social Indicators


SOCIAL INDICATORS

Religion

Hindu 450 98.8

Muslim 5 1.2

Christian -

Neo-Buddhist 7 1.5

Caste

Upper Caste 14 3.2

OBC 404 87.6

SC 4 1.0

ST 26 5.6

Neo-Buddhist 7 1.5

N.A 7 1.2Mother Tongue


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Marathi 460 99.4

Hindi 2 0.6

5.2 Demographic Indicators

There is a fall in the family size over the years and the average family size, as per the survey data, is 5

comparison to 8 members per family in 1970. But, the reduction in the family size may be due to gradu

dismantling of the joint family system. As evident from the survey results, on an average, 2.2 families a

formed out of the original family. Three fifths of the population is married and live with their spouse. The ag

profile of the population indicates that more than a half of them fall into 19 to 60 years age group. Lack o

employment opportunities, since their losing their lands, have turned the families into single-earn

households. The result is that the economic dependency ratio is close to 75%.Table 5.2Demographic Indicators


Gender

Male 244 52.9

Female 218 47.1

Marital Status

Married 269 58.4

Unmarried 157 34.0

Divorced / Separated 9 0.2

Widow / Widower 33 7.3

Literacy Rate

Literacy Rate excluding 0-6 age

group population

79.08

Male Effective Literacy Rate 90.94

Female Literacy Rate 67.23

Sex Ratio 889/1000

Family Size

Single 9 2.0

2-3 46 10.0

4-5 153 33.1

6-7 152 32.9

8 or more 102 22.1

Average Family Size 462 5.0

Dependency Ratio 74.35


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Division of Household after Land Acquisition in the past

Yes, divided 250 54.1

No, not divided 212 45.9

Number of Households formed out of the Original After Land Acquisition

None (Families remained as it is,

i.e. joint families)

212 45.9

2 families made out of one joint

family

81 17.5


family

78 16.9


family

44 9.5


family

26 5.7

6 and more 20 4.5

Average

Distribution of Family Members by Age

Upto 5 years 47 10.2

6-14 years 63 13.8

15-19 years 52 11.3

20-29 years 102 22.2

30-39 years 71 15.3

40-49 years 55 11.8

50-59 years 37 8.0

60 years and above 34 7.4

Distribution of Family Members by Education (excluding 0-6 age group population)

Illiteracy 47 20.3

Primary 70 11.2

Secondary 151 31.2

SSC 113 22.5

HSC/ Inter 52 10.2

Graduation and above 24 5.1

Sex ratio of the population, which is a robust indicator of social development, unfortunately has declined ove

the years, and it is only 889. This is a comparatively low figure as the sex ratio for the rural segment of th

region is higher as per the results of latest Census The effective literacy rate has gone up at the overall leve


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The literacy rate for the population under focus is 79.08%. There is an improvement in the overall literacy rat

of the PAPs over the years. In the present scenario, it seems that though the literacy ratio for the region, o

the whole, has improved. Sex differentials in the literacy achievements across villages are revealed. At overa

level, the literacy ratio for the males is around 90%, whereas, the same for their female counterparts is 67

only.

This favourable literacy ratio, which is better than other rural areas of this region, however, does not indicate

great achievement in the educational sphere. According to the survey findings, very few PAPs have attaine

graduation or a higher degree. Several factors may be responsible for this paradoxical situation. Th

educational infrastructure available in most of the villages is only up to the primary level. Lack of prop

transport facility and financial constraints restrict many families to send their children to other villages

developed nodes for education. Secondly, the lack of job opportunities has brought a kind of despondenc

among the parents. Thirdly, the quality of education seems to be very poor and thus the educated youth o

these villages are unable to perform well in higher levels, and cannot compete with students of other village

and the developed nodes. Again, the parental attention is lacking in general, as most of them have po

educational background.


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Tempo 24 5.1

Tractor 13 2.8

Truck 26 5.6

Jeep 25 5.4

Car 97 20.9

Boat 11 2.3

Number of Working Members in the families

0 46 9.9

1 241 52.1

2 115 24.9

3 46 10.0

4 10 2.2

5 4 0.9

Households Monthly Income

2500-5000 204 44.2

5001-10000 142 30.9

10001-15000 52 11.3

15001-20000 20 4.4

20001 plus 24 5.3N.A 18 3.9

Average monthly Income against the family size

One member household 2625.00

2 member household 4923.96







More than 9 members 13319.06

Working Status of the family Members

Full Time 601 89.8

Part Time 39 5.9

Casual 29 4.3

Distribution of Workforce by Occupation

Fisherman 53 7 9


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Farmer 70 10.4

Broker / Real Estate 16 2.4

Business / Trader / Shop keeper 127 18.9

Managerial / Supervisory 21 3.2

Skilled Worker 72 10.8

Unskilled Worker 237 35.3

College / School Teacher 9 1.4

Clerk 14 2.1

Transport operator 43 6.5

Part time- (Others) 7 1.1

Place of Work

No response 9 1.4

Government Office 57 8.3

Private sector office 85 12.7

Industrial unit 80 12.0

Commercial Unit 51 7.6

Land 64 9.6

Sea 47 7.0

College / School 14 2.1 AMPC 2 0.4

Others 260 38.8

The study observed that almost all the surveyed houses have the television, gas connection and mobi

phones in their houses, while most houses (71.6%) have refrigerators in their houses. Nearly one-third (31.3%

houses have landline phone and more than one-fifth (22.7%) houses have washing machine. Only 8.4

houses have computers and of that, very few have the internet connection.

The study further monitored that majority of the PAPs are having motorcycle / scooter / moped, while mor

than one-fifth PAPs are having car. Also, more than one fifth PAPs are having auto rickshaw. Out of the tot

surveyed PAPs, 26 are having truck, 25 are having jeep, 24 are having tempo, 13 are giving tractor and 1

PAPs are having boat.

The study then tried to explore the number of working members in the households. It was observed th

majority (52.1%) households have only one working member, while one-fourth (24.9%) households have tw

working members While one-tenth families have three working members only 14 surveyed households hav


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more than three working members. It was also surprising to observe that one-tenth of the surveye

households do not have any working members.

Since most of the households have minimum number of working members, the household monthly income

very low. The study findings illustrate that 44.2% households have the monthly income of Rs 2501 to Rs 500

while 30.9% households have the monthly income of Rs 5001 to Rs 10000. Only one-fifth (21%) household

have the monthly income of above Rs 10000. The households having more number of working members ar

found to be having the more monthly income compare to the households having less number of workin

members. During the survey, 18 households did not want to disclose their monthly household income to th

survey team.

During the survey, it was also observed that the larger family size is having larger income. The averag

monthly income of a family having one member is Rs 2625, while it is Rs 4924 in case of two membe

household. The average monthly income of a three member family is Rs 7254; of a four member family

6930.

When the study tried to know the working status of the working members in the family, it was found that mo

(89.8%) working members are working on full time basis, while only 5.9% are working on part time basis. Als4.3% are working on casual basis.

Further, the study intended to identify the occupation of the working members. As per the study result

unskilled workers (both in formal or informal sectors) constitute more than one-third (35.3%) of the tot

working population, followed by 18.9% are the businessman / trader / shopkeeper, 10.8% are the skille

worker, and 10.4% are the farmer. Very few have reported to be in white-collar jobs.

During the survey, very few PAPs reported of having household business. Most of them own shops. Very fe

also PAPS also reported of having domestic petty business and a majority of them hardly earn Rs.2000

month from it. The study also observed that landed property is possessed by few PAPs.

The survey also found that very few PAPs have the landed property. Most of the PAPs who have lande

property reported that they have agricultural land, while the rest have non-agricultural land. But majority of th

PAPs reported of owning more than one house.


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7.0 CHAPTER VII: INFASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND COMMUNITY RESOURCESThrough the present study, information was collected on the status of infrastructure facilities available in th

villages. The findings of the study are highlighted below:

7.1 Physical Infrastructure

On the whole, around two-fifths of the respondents have expressed their gross dissatisfaction about th

available road facilities. Majority of households do not have individual water connections. PAPs are relying o

common sources for water and face a lot of hardship as the pressure of water is quite low and the duration o

supply is very less. Thus, water supply is a crucial problem to be addressed. More than a half of the PAPs a

not satisfied with the present situation and have demanded improvement in the water supply.

As per the present study, around one-third of the PAPs have got toilets in their houses and the rest attend th

natures call in open fields. The dissatisfaction level of villagers regarding the availability of septic tank

confirms this. Less than one-tenth of them have expressed satisfaction with this facility and around a half

them have indicated the non-availability of such facilities.

Significantly, cent percent villages in Navi Mumbai area are electrified. Almost two-thirds of the PAPs a

satisfied with this service provision. Load shedding and consequent power failure at frequent intervals

certain villages are reported which cause inconvenience to the villagers. This is reflected in the response

nearly one-third of the PAPs, who want improvement in the service. In many of the affected villages, PAP

suffer difficulties because of the lack of transport facilities. Many PAPs of Owe and Valavli have complaine

about the lack of proper transport facility.

7.2 Social Infrastructure

Though primary schools exist in almost all the villages, high schools are not available in many of themColleges are very few and villagers particularly of remote areas face problems in sending children to hig

school or colleges due to lack of proper transport facilities. Half of the PAPs are not satisfied with the quality

schooling and more than one-fourth of them are totally dissatisfied with the existing infrastructure. It is als

observed about a half of the respondents have pointed out the lack of any medical facilities in their villages.

As regards the recreational and community facilities, nearly 70% of the PAPs have pointed out their absen

and another 7% are totally dissatisfied with the existing provisions.

Religious institutions are active in almost all the villages and temples and mosques are regularly maintaine

Vill d t l / h h/ t t t k f th l I ill t l


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constructed mostly with the contributions from builders and contractors operating in the area. Villagers a

generally satisfied with these facilities as nearly 90% of the respondents expressed their satisfaction

Playgrounds are not available in most of the affected villages. Nearly 86% of the respondents have mentione

non-existence of these facilities and a few of them are totally dissatisfied with the status of existin

playgrounds. Banking network does not cover most of the affected villages. Some villages, which are closer

developed nodes, have the access to the banking services. The postal services are also not satisfactory. Les

than one-fourth of the PAPs are satisfied with this facility.

7.3 Community Resources

As stated earlier, there is a drastic change in the land use pattern of the Navi Mumbai region. In 1973, half

the total area (344 sq. km) was cultivable land; tidal flats and salt pans constituted nearly one-fourth of th

total area, and 14.5% was covered by forests and hills. Industrial area was confined to only 8.5% of the lan

area and defence set ups and MSEB occupied less than 1.4% of the total area. Gaothans constituted on

0.8% of the Navi Mumbai area. There is now a drastic change in the land use pattern of the region. This

evident from the projected land use pattern which shows that nearly two-fifths of the total space of this regio

is demarcated for residential purposes. An increase in land allocation for residential use and the airport is

line with a reduction in allocation for the regional parks and no development zones. Thus, many communi

resources, which used to be the source of livelihood and recreation for the population under focus, would nbe available to them. To understand the changing pattern and the pre and post project scenario in terms of th

availability of these resources, the team enquired about the perception of respondent PAPs in this regard.

The striking change in the land use pattern is evident from the responses of PAPs. As many as 90.8% of th

PAPs acknowledged the accessibility to some kind of community resources prior to the Navi Mumbai projec

In contrast, only 37.7% of PAPs have mentioned about the availability of any such resources presently. Pond

and water resources used to be accessible to 44.1% of the PAPs and another 20.1% had access to fore

resources in the nearby area. Earlier, salt production was one of the main activities and 17.6% of the PAP

have mentioned of having access to salt pans in the area. Availability of grazing ground was acknowledged b

8.4% of the respondents. In fact, quite a few PAPs expressed their inability to keep cattle due to the changin

situation as grazing grounds are not available. Regarding the scarce resources presently available, barrin

a few, others have mentioned these resources to be the original resources. Only a very few (0.7%) PAPs hav

mentioned that some resources were made available by CIDCO and another few (1.5%) stated that thes

were provided either by some other agencies or created by the community itself.

On the whole, the study findings reflect that the status of infrastructure facilities in the villages is by and larg

ti f t d ill f bl d t l k f d fi i f t i b i iti R di


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the physical infrastructure, water problem is acute in some villages and, on the whole, nearly one-third of th

PAPs are grossly dissatisfied with the service provision and another one-fourth are partly satisfied, and the

seek some improvement in the water supply. Proper drainage and sewerage system are by and large missin

in many villages which is reflected in the responses of half of the respondents, indicating the lack of th

facility. Less than one-tenth of the PAPs are fully satisfied with the existing provision. The internal roads of th

villages are rarely pucca and some villages are still isolated and not properly connected to the nearby village

or developed nodes. Nearly two-fifths of the respondents are dissatisfied with the condition of roads and mo

than 30% are only partly satisfied. Hence, only around one-third of them seem to be happy with the conditio

of roads. Around a half of the PAPs seem to be happy with the transport and communication facility. Howeve

there are significant variations across villages, regarding all the infrastructure provisions.

Public amenities like schools are available upto the lower level (the primary) in almost all the villages. Hig

schools are available only in limited villages. Educational achievements of the PAPs are of a very low leve

The existence of primary schools in almost all the villages had some dent on the literacy rate, but a very few

the PAPs have made it even to the matriculation level. Inaccessibility to junior or senior colleges can only b

one of the reasons for it. Several respondents found higher level of education of no use, given limited jo

opportunities in the area. Several families have availed the benefit of stipend for some vocational training b

they have stated of not making much use of it, as they could not get employment in the formal sector. CIDC

spends a large amount of its rehabilitation expenditure on the education of children of PAPs but it is not havinmuch effect as in very few villages higher level schools are available and parents are reluctant to send the

children, especially girls, to the far off schools.

The other important social infrastructure, the medical facility, is in a dismal state. In many villages no suc

facility is available. Recreational facilities are lacking in most of the villages and only 18% respondents, on th

whole, have expressed their satisfaction with the existing facilities. Playgrounds are not available in most

the villages. Significant changes in the land use pattern have depleted the age-old community resources. Mo

than 90% of the PAPs mentioned about having access to these resources prior to the CIDCO project. No

less than two-fifths of the respondents have expressed the availability of such resources. Within th

panchayat boundaries of few villages, a few industrial units have come up which pay tax to their panchayats.


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8.0 CHAPTER VIII: SOCIAL IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PROJECTThe land requirement of the airport works out to 2054 Ha. Consisting of 1615 Ha for airport zone an

remaining for the development of connectivity, construction of interchanges, diversion and training of river

laying of utilities, etc. The above lands are already notified for the development of Navi Mumbai city and airpo

is one of its components of infrastructure development. The entire land required for the airport developme

belongs to 16 villages spread over in two Talukas mentioned above. The 2054 Ha. Land consists of 1154 H

of land in possession of the Corporation, 443 Ha. Government land under transfer to CIDCO and 457 Ha.

private land. The process of acquiring the 457 Ha. Of private land is already made by the corporation and th

notification of the same would be issued after completion of all requisite formalities. The present Social Impa

Assessment is being conducted precisely to assess the socio-economic conditions and the likely impact of th

project on the Project Affected Persons.

The following table gives the village-wise land status:

8.1 Status of Land for the Airport Project

The total land required for the proposed Airport project is cited below:

Table 8.1 Status of Land for the Airport Project

S. no. Village Land

Required

Land in

Possession of

CIDCO

Land not in

possession

Pvt. Land

to be

acquired

Government land

be transferred

1 Vadghar 68.042 53.391 14.651 14.166 0.485

2 Kopa 197.866 186.728 11.138 8.401 2.737

3 Pargaon 157.831 0.794 155.693 67.067 88.626

4 Pargaon-Dungi 150.314 24.693 125.621 93.687 31.934

5 Owale 333.146 100.558 232.506 180.879 51.627

6 Ulwe 279.336 263.054 16.645 12.459 4.186

7 Targhar 145.9248 144.2362 2.388 1.194 1.194

8 Panvel-A 61.937 61.936 0.000 0.001 0.000

9 Waghiwali 226.975 0.000 226.975 59.040 167.935

10 Kamothe 197.369 109.823 87.553 0.652 86.901

11 Bambavi 126.715 124.296 2.419 2.419 0.000

12 Vahal 20.81 20.81 0.000 0.000 0.000

13 Kundevahal 9.197 0.000 9.197 9.197 0.000


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14 Dapoli 11.282 6.087 4.115 4.115 1.080

15 Sonkar 63.585 57.499 0.000 0.000 6.060

16 Manghar 3.372 0.000 3.372 3.372 0.000

Total 2053.702 1153.905 899.413 456.649 442.765

56.19% 43.79% 22.24% 21.56%

A total of 10 settlements from 7 revenue villages are required to be acquired as the same falls in the airpo

zone. Based on the 2001 census, the population of these settlements is above 15000 spread in 311

households. The following table shows the details of settlement population, household, revenue village and th

location of the settlements.

8.2 Settlements, Population, Gaothans within Airport Project Area

The details regards to the above points has been described in the below table:

Table 8.2 Settlement Areas, Population and Gaothans within Airport Project Area

S. No Revenue village Settlements Gaothans Area (Ha.) Population No of

Households

1 Targhar Kombadbhuje 1.92 2991 620

Targhar 1.61

2 Ulwe Ulwe 3.72 2028 423

Ganeshpuri

3 Owel Vaghivlipada 1 520 65

Mulgaon

(Upper Owel)

1.6 642 76

4 Pargaon Koli 0.84 2417 476

5 Kopar Kopar 1.094 1243 251

6 Vadghar Chinchpada 3.15 5320 1140

7 Vaghivli Vaghivli 1.65 418 62

Grand Total 16.584 15579 3113

8.3. PROJECT IMPACTS

Infrastructure development projects bring numerous benefits, boost up economic growth but also caus

adverse social impacts.


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8.3.1 Likely Positive Impacts

The study observed majority of PAPs are in favour of establishment of new International Airport in Na

Mumbai. More than two-third of the PAPs perceive better infrastructure will be made available for the localitie

A majority also perceive new employment as well as business opportunities will come after the establishme

of the new airport. Finally, they perceive, the living standard and life style of the PAPs will improve after th

establishment of New Airport..

8.3.2 Adverse Impacts

Overall impacts of proposed project have been ascertained through the survey. The project impacts have bee

broadly classified as impacts on land, structures (residential, commercial, residential cum commercial an

others), impacts on other immovable assets, impact on other property assets, impact on community proper

resources (religious structures, pir dargah, school, passenger shelter, etc) and impacts on their livelihood. F

the first time, CIDCO is going to acquire gaothans. This is certainly going to create adverse impact on th

PAPs. Besides, the change in living standard of the PAPs, the environmental hazards are also likely to crea

adverse impact. All these factors need to be given adequate care during the implementation of R & R Plan b

CIDCO.

8.3.3 Impact on Land

As mentioned earlier, for the establishment of the new International Airport at Navi Mumbai, total land require

is 2054 ha out of which, CIDCO has already 1341 ha land in its possession. The Government of Maharasht

is expected to transfer 256 ha land. 457 ha land is to be acquired from the private persons i.e., villagers of th

ten settlements.

Table 8.3 Land Requirement Status

Total Land required 2054 ha

Total land in possession of CIDCO 1341 ha

Total land available with Government 256 ha

Total Land to be acquired from Private Persons /

Villagers

457 ha

As per the above statistics, 457 ha land are required to be acquired from the villagers. The study further trie

to find out the present status of these lands. The data reflects that out of the total land, 303 ha are agricultur

lands, 154 ha are non-agricultural land and 10ha are Gaothans.


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8.3.3.1 Impact of Land on Households

Table 8.4 Total Land to be Acquired

Total Land to be acquired from HH 457 haTotal Agricultural land 303 ha

Total non-agricultural land 154 ha

Total Gaothans 10 ha

Further, the study tried to find out average size of land-holding. The study finding further reveals that averag

size of landholding of HH is 0.4 ha.

8.3.3.2 Impact of Land on Households

Table 8.5 Average Landholding Size

Average size of Landholding 0.4ha

Average size of Agricultural landholding 0.1

Average size of non-agricultural land holding 0.05

Average size of Gaothans (households) 349

The above figures certainly indicate that land (both gaothans and agricultural lands)is certainly going to impa

the livelihood of the project affected families residing in these seven revenue villages.

8.4 Project Affected Persons

As per the census survey, a total of 15,579 persons comprising 8030 males and 7549 females from 131

families would be affected by the project. List of affected villages highlighting the population figure is given

the table below. Maximum number of households has 4-6 family members followed by households havin

more than 8 members. The average size of household works out to be 5.

The details with regard to households, population and family size is given in the below tables:

8.4.1 Number of Households in the project Villages

Table 8.6Number of Households in the Project Villages

Village No. of Households

Kopar 251


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Owle 141

Paragaon 476

Targhar 620

Ulwe 423

Vadghar 1140

Vaghivali 62

Total 3113

8.4.2 Total Population of the project Villages

Table 8.7 Total Population of the Project Villages

Village Population

Kopar 1243

Owle 1162

Paragaon 2417

Targhar 2991

Ulwe 2028

Vadghar 5320

Vaghivali 418

Total 15579

8.4.3 Population distribution on Gender

Table 8.8 Population distribution on Gender

Gender Number Percentage

Male 8030 51.5

Female 7549 48.5


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8.4.4 Vulnerable families by category

A total of 331 affected families/households have been identified as vulnerable. The table belowprovid

distribution of vulnerable families as per the criteria indicated. Women Household Families comprise maximu

percentage of the total vulnerable families. 98 ST families are also going to be affected. Therefore, th

vulnerability of affected families needs to be verified by CIDCO during implementation of RAP so as to provid

them additional assistance in the R&R Policy.

Table 8.9 Vulnerable families by category

Ownership of structure Vulnerable families/households

BPL Disabled WHH SC ST Total

Legal 15 18 130 32 74 269

Encroacher - - 15 11 12 38

Squatter 2 - 3 7 12 24

Total % 17 18 148 50 98 331

8.5 Impacts on Livelihood

The livelihood of 3113 families would be disrupted due to the construction of new airport in Navi Mumba

Distribution of project affected families is presented in 8.4.1. The proposed project is certain to affect a

sections of the society.

The economic activities performed by the local people play important role in local economy. Thus the propose

project will largely affect them as they derive their livelihoods from local based economic activities. Therefor

suitable rehabilitation measures need to be provided in the entitlement matrix so that they are able

compensate the losses suffered with rehabilitation assistance mostly, if not fully.

Further, approximately 303 ha of agricultural land plots would also be affected due to land acquisitio

Similarly, 16.58 ha gaothans will also be affected. All the 3113 families are required to be resettled. As

consequence there would be loss of livelihood depending on the area of land lost. Shifting of the populatio

from their native village to a new location may create additional impact on the livelihood of the affecte

persons. Therefore, provision for resettlement and rehabilitation assistance as per the degree of loss

proposed to be provided in the R&R Policy. The resettlement and rehabilitation policy need to provide suppo

for livelihood restoration for vulnerable people as well as the general population as per the degree of loss.

8.6 Impacts on Common Property Resources (CPRs)

The habitation along the road is invariably linked with the establishment of common property resources. A tot


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passenger shelters at Bus stops. Distribution of CPRs affected as per ownership is given in Table 8.10. Effo

needs to taken to minimise impact on religious and community structures/places as far as possible. CIDC

while implementing the RAP need to consult local community with regard to relocation/rehabilitation of CPR

Budget provision for relocation / rehabilitation and enhancement of CPRs should be included in the RAP.

Table 8.10Distribution of Affected CPRs

Present use of structure No. of CPRs

Government Community Panchayat Total

Religious - 16 - 16

Govt. School - - 10 10

Government Building - - 5 5Passenger shelter at bus

stop

2 4 - 6

Total 2 20 15 37

8.7 Profile of Owners of Structure and Other Assets Affected

A total of 3113 households and their structures and other assets will be affected during the implementation

the project. About 69 per cent of the affected persons are in the age group of 15-59 years and the overall se

ratio (number of females per thousand males) is 889 which are very less (Census 2001). The dependenc

ratio is 74.35. Almost, one-third population are unmarried.

The working status of the family members suggests that almost 90 percent of the PAPs are working as fu

time while only 10 percent PAP family members are working either as part time or as casual employee. Wi

regard to occupation, it is observed almost one-third is unskilled workers. On the contrary, 19 percent ar

doing business / owning shops / traders, followed by skilled workers (11%), farmers (10 %), fishermen (8 %

and transport operators (7 %). Further, it is observed monthly income of seventy five percent households

less than Rs 10000/-. Thus resettlement and rehabilitation assistance under the project should provid

necessary economic support to maintain their economic condition during the transition phase.


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9 CHAPTER IX: AWARENESS AND PRECEPTION OF AFFECTED PERSONS ON NAV

MUMBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PROJECT

The study also tried to assess the awareness level of the PAPS on Navi Mumbai International Airport Projec

It also tried to gauge the perception of the PAPs on various issues relating to the project. The study finding

are highlighted below:

Table 9.1 Awareness about International Airport in Navi Mumbai


Aware 431 93.3

Not Aware 28 6.0

Can not say 3 0.6

The study observed that most (93.3%) of the PAPs are aware of the international airport on Navi Mumbai. Ve

few (6%) PAPs are not aware of the project, while only 3 PAPs preferred not to answer to the survey tea

whether they are aware or not aware.

Table 9.2 Support the decision of the Government to establish International Airport


Support 320 69.2

Oppose 70 15.1

Neither support nor oppose 54 11.6

Can not say 18 3.8

Majority (69.2%) PAPs support the decision of the government to establish the international airport, whi

15.1% PAPs oppose the decision of the government to establish the international airport. It was also observethat more than one tenth PAPs (11.6%) are neutral on the governments decision for the project. They neith

support nor oppose the governments decision. Also 18 PAPs (3.8%) preferred not to answer to the surve

team whether they support or oppose the governments decision to establish the international airport.

Table 9.3 Are you going to lose only land/ only house/both land and house?


Only Land 83 17.9Only House 56 12.1


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The study further tried to observe the major gains that the PAPs would envisage due to the establishment

the international airport. More than one-fifth (23.1%) PAPs expect that the infrastructures would be develope

for the project, while 14.5% expect that their living standard and life style would be improved for the projec

Also more than one-tenth PAPs each expect that there would be possibility of more business opportunity an

job opportunity. 6.7% PAPs expect that their income would rise for the project and 6% PAPs expect that the

would be better accessibility to markets, educational institutions, health services, etc. Very few (3.2%) PAP

opined that there would be major gains to envisage due to the establishment of the international airport, whi

1.5% said that they do not know whether any major gains would be envisaged or not due to the establishmen

of the international airport.

Table 9.6 What would be your preference, if you have to dislocate from this place?


Self relocation 56 12.1

Project assisted relocation 247 53.4

Others 43 9.3

Do not know / Too early to say 116 25.1

Majority (52.4%) PAPs have the preference of project assisted relocation if they will have to move away fro

their living place, while more than one-tenth (12.1%) PAPs have the preference of self relocation if they w

have to move away. Also, near about one-tenth PAPs have other preferences if they will have to move away,

large chunk (one-fourth) of PAPs do not know what to do if they will have to move away from their living plac

for the establishment of the international airport.

Table 9.7 Has anyone from Government approached to acquire your land / house?

Particulars Number PercentageYes 123 26.6

No 312 67.5

Do not know 27 5.8

When asked to the PAPs whether someone from the government had approached them to acquire their land

house, majority (67.5%) PAPs said that nobody from the government had approached them, while only 26.6

said that they had been approached by someone from the government for the same. Very few (5.8%) PAP


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preferred not to answer the study team whether they had been approached by the government people

acquire their land / house.

Table 9.8 What should the Government do before acquiring your Land?


Announcement of prior

rehabilitation and resettlement

package

148 32.0

Transparency 43 9.3

Effective Environment

safeguard measures

57 12.1

Land price should be

calculated on current market

price

68 14.7

Immediate hand over of

Compensation Money

29 5.9

Immediate hand over of

alternate Home made for the

PAPs

16 3.2

Alternate Home should be built

with in 2-3 kms of the project

House

24 5.1

Better co-ordination of CIDCO

with affected villages

37 8.0

Others 24 5.1

Do not know 16 3.4

Near about one-third (32%) PAPs suggested that the government should announce prior rehabilitation an

resettlement packages before acquiring their land and gaothans; while 14.7% suggested that the governme

should calculate their land price on current market price; 12.1% suggested that the government should tak

effective environment safeguard measures. About one-tenth (9.3%) PAPs suggested that the governme

should ensure transparency while acquiring their land or gaothans; while 8% PAPs opined for bettecoordination of CIDCO with effected villagers. Few PAPS also suggested for immediate hand over o


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compensation money, alternate home to be built within 2-3 kms of the project area, immediate hand over

alternate home made for the PAPs.


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10 CHAPTER X: PERCEPTION OF AFFECTED PERSONS ON PAST REHABILITATIO

MEASURES OPTED BY CIDCO

Project Affexted Persons expressed their deep dissatisfaction regarding the rehabilitation package. Durin

initial phase of the survey, the team eye witnessed an agitation by the PAPs of Vaghivlivada village. O

investigators were mobbed at certain villages too. In the last phase of the survey work, a general meeting o

S

annexure-vii-sia

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