announcements class listserve will be established sometime next week after i create class roster....

Announcements

Class listserve will be established sometime next week after I create class roster.

Have your clicker devices ready to work by next week.

Some of you have been asking me about whether or not to hand in questions posted to assigned readings. These are for study purposes only and you do not have to hand in. I STRONGLY advise you do them to prepare for exams!

3 x 5 cards due today.

Summary of Lecture 2

The atmosphere is composed of chemically active and inert gases. The “important” gases affect the Earth’s energy budget and/or atmospheric chemistry. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone are good examples.

We defined mass, force, weight, density, and pressure. Know how each of these are derived, what they physically mean, and their SI units of measurement.

Pressure can be thought of as the weight of a column of air above you, and it decreases exponentially with height. A simple equation was presented with relates the variation in pressure with height.

Temperature changes with height are more complicated and have to do with radiative processes in different parts of the atmosphere. Places where the lapse rate changes define the various atmospheric layers.

NATS 101Section 6: Lecture 3

Weather vs. Climate

Weather vs. Climate

Tucson NWS homepage: www.nws.noaa.gov/twc/

Definition of Weather

Weather: Condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place.

Comprised of:

Air temperature: Degree of hotness or coldness Air pressure: Force of the air aboveHumidity: Amount of water vapor in the airClouds: Water droplets (liquid) or ice crystals (solid) above the surfacePrecipitation: Water that falls clouds and reaches groundVisibility: Farthest distance one can see.Wind: Horizontal movement of air

Surface Station Model (U.S.)

Notes: Temperature and Wind

Stations outside U.S. use degrees Celsius for temperature

Wind barb direction reverses in southern hemisphere.

Surface observations typically reported every three to six hours in U.S. at designated observing sites with a three letter identifier (e.g. NWS offices, airports).

Surface Station Model (U.S.)

Notes: Pressure

Leading 10 or 9 is not plotted for surface pressure

Greater than 500 = 950 to 999 mb

Less than 500 = 1000 to 1050 mb

988 998.8 mb200 1020.0 mb

Sky Cover, Weather Symbols on a Surface Station Model

Surface Pressure Tendency

Wind Speed

How to read:

Half barb = 5 knots

Full barb = 10 knots

Flag = 50 knots

1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 1.15 mph

= 65 knots

Wind direction The direction of the barb reflects which way the wind is coming from

WESTERLYFrom the west

NORTHERLYFrom the north

EASTERLYFrom the east

SOUTHERLYFrom the south

270°

360°

90°

180°

Now, let’s read a surface map for an “interesting” weather day …

Eastern Colorado

Snowstorm12-29-06

(From UCAR RAP website)

What was happening in Colorado?

(CNN images)

LIMON, COLORADO

AMARILLO, TEXAS

Limon, Colorado (LIC)

Weather conditions

STATION IDENTIFIER


Weather conditions

Temperature: 21°FTEMPERATURE


Weather conditions

Temperature: 21°FDewpoint: 18°F

DEWPOINT


Weather conditions

Temperature: 21°FDewpoint: 18°FPressure: Not available

PRESSURE


Weather conditions

Temperature: 21°FDewpoint: 18°FPressure: Not availableSky conditions: Overcast

SKY CONDITIONS


Weather conditions

Temperature: 21°FDewpoint: 18°FPressure: Not availableSky conditions: OvercastWind: North-northwesterly at 30 knots, gusting to 34 knots.

WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION


Weather conditions

Temperature: 21°FDewpoint: 18°FPressure: Not availableSky conditions: OvercastWind: North-northwesterly at 30 knots, gusting to 34 knots.Precipitation: Moderate Snow

PRECIPITATION


Weather conditions

Temperature: 21°FDewpoint: 18°FPressure: Not availableSky conditions: OvercastWind: North-northwesterly at 30 knotsPrecipitation: Moderate SnowVisibility: Quarter mile

VISIBILITY

Amarillo, Texas (AMA)

Weather conditions

STATION IDENTIFIER


Weather conditions

Temperature: 35°F

TEMPERATURE


Weather conditions

Temperature: 35°FDewpoint: 33°F

DEWPOINT


Weather conditions

Temperature: 35°FDewpoint: 33°FPressure: 1014.4 mb

PRESSURE


Weather conditions

Temperature: 35°FDewpoint: 33°FPressure: 1014.4 mbSky conditions: Overcast

SKY CONDITIONS


Weather conditions

Temperature: 35°FDewpoint: 33°FPressure: 1014.4 mbSky conditions: OvercastWind: Northwesterly at 10 knots

WIND SPEED AND

DIRECTION


Weather conditions

Temperature: 35°FDewpoint: 33°FPressure: 1014.4 mbSky conditions: OvercastWind: Northwesterly at 10 knotsPrecipitation: Light rainPRECIPITATION


Weather conditions

Temperature: 35°FDewpoint: 33°FPressure: 1014.4 mbSky conditions: OvercastWind: Northwesterly at 10 knotsPrecipitation: Light rainVisibility: Five miles

VISIBILITY

Weather symbols

Fronts mark the boundary between air masses with different characteristics.

Typically where “interesting” weather happens.

Weather Map: 12-29-06

(UCAR RAP website)

COLD AIRCOLD AIR

WARM AIRWARM AIR

What about what is happening above the ground?

Upper Air Measurements

Weather balloons, or radiosondes, sample atmosphere up to 10 mb.

They measure:•Temperature•Moisture•Pressure

They are tracked to get winds using global positioning satellites (GPS)

North American Upper Air Network

Observations typically taken twice per day at the same time (00 and 12 GMT)

Note the scarcity of observations over Mexico—and the Mexican government may even cut these!

Upper Air Sounding (Skew T Log P Diagram)

Denver Sounding on 12-29-06 Gives a graphical display of information from the radiosonde:

Temperature (Red)Dewpoint (Green)Winds (right side)

Note the changes in temperature and moisture with height.

UCAR RAP website

To completely understand the everything here requires some a lot more background …

Just introducing you to the CONCEPT of the diagram now, we’ll talk more about its particulars later in the course…

Upper Air Station Model(At specific pressure level)

500-mb Map: 12-29-06

500-mb Conditions at Denver (DEN)


Height of 500-mb Surface: 5620 m

500-mb HEIGHT


Height of 500-mb Surface: 5620 mTemperature: -20° C

TEMPERATURE


Height of 500-mb Surface: 5620 mTemperature: -20° CDewpoint: -22° C

DEWPOINT DEPRESSION


Height of 500-mb Surface: 5620 mTemperature: -20° CDewpoint: -22° C Winds: Southeasterly at 25 knots

WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION

Practice it yourself for today’s weather using the UCAR RAP website…

www.rap.ucar.edu/weather

http://www.rap.ucar.edu/weather

Definition of Climate

Climate: The statistical characteristics of weather elements over a given period of time.

Some examples:

•Seasonal or yearly average rainfall in the U.S.

•Dominant patterns of sea surface temperatures (e.g. El Niño)

•Daily average temperature at a weather station

•Variability of snowfall

Major factors for AZ:

1. Winter storms2. Summer

monsoon

Note the dependence of rainfall with elevation

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

Currently, conditions in the Pacific are near normal.

Tucson Snowfall

Some Good Places on the Web for Climate Information

National Weather Servicewww.nws.noaa.gov

Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, COwww.cdc.noaa.gov

Climate Prediction Center, NCEP, Camp Springs, MDwww.cpc.noaa.gov

Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NVwww.wrcc.dri.edu

National Climate Data Center, Asheville, NCwww.ncdc.noaa.gov.

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/

http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/

http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/

http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/

Summary of Lecture 3

Defined the difference between weather and climate.

Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place: temperature, pressure, humidity, clouds, precipitation, visibility and wind. Be familiar with how each of these is defined.

Looked at surface and upper air station models (as well as weather symbols) and how to interpret them to diagnose the weather. Went through an example of a snowstorm in Colorado in late December.

Climate is the statistical characteristics of weather elements over a given period of time. Several examples of climate data were presented for various time and space scales.

Reading Assignment

Ahrens, Chapter 2, pp. 27-35 (8th ed.)

pp. 29-37 (9th ed.)

Chapter 1 Questions

Questions for Review (8th ed.): 21,22,24

Question for Review (9th ed.): 21,22,27

Questions for Thought: 1

Also, use the UCAR website to practice reading surface and upper air station data.



announcements class listserve will be established sometime next week after i create class roster....

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