announcements - mcmaster universityannouncements topics: - section 7.7 (improper integrals);...
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AnnouncementsTopics:
- section7.7(improperintegrals);sections3.1+3.2(DTDSs)
*Readthesesectionsandstudysolvedexamplesinyourtextbook!
Homework:- reviewlecturenotesthoroughly- workonpracticeproblemsfromthetextbookandassignmentsfromthecoursepackasassignedonthecoursewebpage(underthe“SCHEDULE+HOMEWORK”link)
DynamicalSystems
• Discrete-timedynamicalsystemsdescribeasequenceofmeasurementsmadeatequallyspacedintervals
• Continuous-timedynamicalsystems,usuallyknownasdifferentialequations,describemeasurementsthatarecollectedcontinuously
Discrete-TimeDynamicalSystems
Adiscrete-timedynamicalsystemconsistsofaninitialvalueandarulethattransformsthesystemfromthepresentstatetoastateonestepintothefuture.
Discrete-TimeDynamicalSystemsandUpdatingFunctions
Letrepresentthemeasurementofsomequantity.Therelationbetweentheinitialmeasurementandthefinalmeasurementisgivenbythediscrete-timedynamicalsystemTheupdatingfunctionacceptstheinitialvalueasinputandreturnsthefinalvalueasoutput.Note:representspresenttimeandrepresentsonetime-stepintothefuture
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mt+1 = f (mt )€
mt
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mt+1
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m
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f
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mt
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mt+1
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t
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t +1
Solutions
Definition:Thesequenceofvaluesoffor0,1,2,…isthesolutionofthediscrete-timedynamicalsystemstartingfromtheinitialconditionThegraphofasolutionisadiscretesetofpointswiththetimeonthehorizontalaxisandthemeasurementontheverticalaxis.
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mt
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t =
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mt+1 = f (mt )
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m0.
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mt
Example:ADiscrete-TimeDynamicalSystemfor
aBacterialPopulation
Colony InitialPopulationbt(millions)
FinalPopulationbt+1(millions)
1 0.47 0.94
2 3.30 6.60
3 0.73 1.46
4 2.80 5.60
5 1.50 3.00
6 0.62 1.24
Data:
Example:ADiscrete-TimeDynamicalSystemfor
aTreeGrowth
Tree InitialHeight,ht(m)
FinalHeight,ht+1(m)
1 23.1 23.9
2 18.7 19.5
3 20.6 21.4
4 16.0 16.8
5 32.5 33.3
6 19.8 20.6
Data:
Example:ADiscrete-TimeDynamicalSystemfor
AbsorptionofPainMedicationApatientisonmethadone,amedicationusedtorelievechronic,severepain(forinstance,aftercertaintypesofsurgery).Itisknownthateveryday,thepatient’sbodyabsorbshalfofthemethadone.Inordertomaintainanappropriatelevelofthedrug,anewdosagecontaining1unitofmethadoneisadministeredattheendofeachday.
BasicSolutions
BasicExponentialDiscrete-timeDynamicalSystemIfwithinitialcondition,thenBasicAdditiveDiscrete-timeDynamicalSystemIfwithinitialcondition,then
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bt+1 = rbt
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b0
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bt = b0rt .
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ht+1 = ht + a
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h0
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ht = h0 + at.
CobwebbingCobwebbingisagraphicaltechniqueusedtodeterminethebehaviourofsolutionstoaDTDSwithoutcalculations.Thistechniqueallowsustosketchthegraphofthesolution(asetofdiscretepoints)directlyfromthegraphoftheupdatingfunction.
CobwebbingAlgorithm:1. Graphtheupdatingfunctionandthediagonal.
2. Plottheinitialvaluem0onthehorizontalaxis.Fromthispoint,moveverticallytotheupdatingfunctiontoobtainthenextvalueofthemeasurement.Thecoordinatesofthispointare(m0,m1).
3. Movehorizontallytothepoint(m1,m1)onthediagonal.Plotthevaluem1onthehorizontalaxis.Thisisthenextvalueofthesolution.
4. Fromthepoint(m1,m1)onthediagonal,moveverticallytotheupdatingfunctiontoobtainthepoint(m1,m2)andthenhorizontallytothepoint(m2,m2)onthediagonal.Plotthepointm2onthehorizontalaxis.
5. Continuealternating(or“cobwebbing”)betweentheupdatingfunctionandthediagonaltoobtainasetofsolutionpointsplottedalongthehorizontalaxis.
Cobwebbing
Example:Startingwiththeinitialcondition,sketchthegraphofthesolutiontothesystembycobwebbing3steps. €
b0 =1
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bt+1 = 2bt
Cobwebbing
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ASolutionFromCobwebbing
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(b0,b1)
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(b1,b2)
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b1
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(b2,b2)
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b2
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(b2,b3)
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(b3,b3)
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b3
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Cobwebbing
Example:ConsidertheDTDSforthemethadoneconcentrationinapatient’sblood:Cobwebfor3stepsstartingfrom(i) (ii) (iii)
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M0 =1
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Mt+1 =12Mt +1
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M0 = 5
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M0 = 2
Cobwebbing-
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Equilibria
Definition:ApointiscalledanequilibriumoftheDTDSifGeometrically,theequilibriacorrespondtopointswheretheupdatingfunctionintersectsthediagonal.
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m*
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mt+1 = f (mt )
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f (m*) = m* .
Equilibria
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Equilibria
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SolvingforEquilibria
Algorithm:1. Writetheequationfortheequilibrium.2. Solvefor3. Thinkabouttheresults.
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SolvingforEquilibria
Examples:Findtheequilibria,iftheyexist,foreachofthefollowingsystems.(a) (b)
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Mt+1 =12Mt +1
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xt+1 =axt1+ xt
Cobwebbing
Example:ConsidertheDTDSforapopulationofcodfishwhereisthenumberofcodfishinmillionsandistime.Supposethatinitiallythereare1millioncodfish.Determinetheequilibriaandthebehaviourofthepopulationovertimebycobwebbing.
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nt+1 = −0.6nt + 5.3
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nt
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t
Cobwebbing
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ASolutionFromCobwebbing
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Solution:
StabilityofEquilibria
Anequilibriumisstableifsolutionsthatstartneartheequilibriummoveclosertotheequilibrium.
Anequilibriumisunstableifsolutionsthatstartneartheequilibriummoveawayfromtheequilibrium.