annual meeting september 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · gastrointestinal bleeding death 0.88...

21
Annual Meeting September 14, 2019

Upload: others

Post on 31-Jul-2021

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Annual MeetingSeptember 14, 2019

Page 2: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Direct Oral Anticoagulant Use in Chronic Kidney Disease

Clarissa Reichmann, PharmD, BCACP, BCGP, CACPAssistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice

Roseman University of Health Sciences

Advanced Clinical PharmacistIntermountain Healthcare

Page 3: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Disclosure

I have no conflicts of interest to disclose.The off-label uses of drugs will be discussed.

Page 4: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this activity, pharmacists should be able to successfully: 1. Interpret results of recent studies regarding the use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Page 5: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this activity, pharmacy technicians should be able to successfully: 1. Identify Direct Oral Anticoagulants that have been studied in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Page 6: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Paradox•Increased risk of bleeding

• Major bleeding• 5.5 fold higher in patients with

estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <15 ml/min/1.73 m2 and urine albumin-creatinine ratio more than 300 mg/g compared with those with normal kidney function.

•Increased risk of thromboembolism• Stroke

• 5-10 fold higher compared to general population

Bleeding Clotting

Page 7: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Anticoagulation in CKDVITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS (VKAS)

•Narrow therapeutic index•Variability in patient response

• Dietary interactions• Dietary restrictions

• Drug interactions• High comorbid burden• Polypharmacy

DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS (DOACS)

•Stable pharmacokinetics• Few drug and food interactions

•Rapid onset• No need for initial bridging

Page 8: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

DOACs in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

Page 9: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Randomized Controlled TrialsRE‐LY (2009)

Dabigatran vs. warfarin

Stroke or Systemic Embolism Major bleeding

Dabigatran 150 mg BID vs. warfarinOverall: 0.66 (0.53‐0.82) 0.93 (0.81‐1.07)

CrCl: 30‐49 ml/min 0.56 (0.37‐0.85) 1.01 (0.79‐1.30)

Dabigatran 110 mg BID vs. warfarinOverall: 0.91 (0.51‐1.32) 0.80 (0.69‐0.93)

CrCl: 30‐49 ml/min 0.85 (0.59‐1.24) 0.99 (0.77‐1.28)

Page 10: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Randomized Controlled TrialsARISTOTLE (2011)

Apixaban vs. warfarin

Stroke or Systemic Embolism Major bleeding

Overall: 0.88 (0.61‐1.22) 0.69 (0.60‐0.80)

CrCl: 30‐49 ml/min 0.79 (0.55‐1.14) 0.50 (0.38‐0.66)

Page 11: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Randomized Controlled Trials

ROCKET‐AF (2011)Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin

Stroke or Systemic Embolism Major bleeding

Overall: 0.79 (0.66‐0.96) 1.04 (0.90‐1.20)

CrCl: 30‐49 ml/min 0.84 (0.75‐1.23) 0.95 (0.72‐1.26)

Page 12: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Randomized Controlled TrialsENGAGE AF‐TIMI

Edoxaban vs. warfarin

Stroke or Systemic Embolism Major bleeding

High‐dose edoxaban vs. warfarinOverall: 0.79 (0.63‐0.99) 0.82 (0.71‐0.95)

CrCl: 30‐49 ml/min

0.87 (0.72‐1.04) 0.76 (0.58‐0.98)

Low‐dose edoxaban vs. warfarinOverall: 1.07 (0.87‐1.31) 0.47 (0.41‐0.55)

CrCl: 30‐49 ml/min 1.22 (not reported) 0.37 (not reported)

Page 13: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

•Trial to Evaluate Anticoagulation Therapy in Hemodialysis Patients with AF• Study completed August 2019, data not readily available

•Compare Apixaban and Vitamin-K Antagonists in Patients with AF and ESKD• Estimated completion December 2021

More Randomized Controlled Trials Coming…

Page 14: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

DOACs in Observational Cohort Studies

Page 15: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Bleeding Risk Increased

Study Interventions Outcome Measured Hazard Ratio

Chan et al.

Dabigatran or rivaroxaban vs. warfarin or aspirin Major bleeding

Dabigatran vs. warfarin1.76 (1.44‐2.15)

Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin1.45 (1.09‐1.93)

Shin et al. Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban vs. warfarin

All bleeding (major/minor) 1.21 (1.03‐1.42)

Page 16: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Bleeding Risk Decreased

Siontis et. alApixaban vs. warfarin

Stroke or systemic embolism

Major Bleeding Intracranial Bleeding

Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death

0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Page 17: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Thrombosis Risk DecreasedWeir et al.

Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin

Ischemic Stroke

Composite of VTE, MI, Stroke Major Bleeding

eCrCl ≥ 80 ml/min

0.82 (0.31‐2.20) 0.49 (0.27‐0.90) 1.20 (0.66‐2.20)

eCrCl >50‐<80 ml/min

0.46 (0.20‐1.10) 0.97 (0.56‐1.66) 1.25 (0.75‐2.12)

eCrCl≤ 50 ml/min

0.09 (0.01‐0.72) 0.56 (0.26‐1.18) 1.20 (0.66‐2.20)

**Dialysis patients excluded**

Page 18: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

•There are limited data available regarding the use of DOACs in CKD• Patients with CKD may benefit from DOAC use• Risk of bleeding may be increased, especially in patients with advanced kidney disease

• Future studies are needed

In Summary…

Page 19: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Which of the following drugs are currently being evaluated in a randomized controlled trial in patients with CKD?A) RivaroxabanB) ApixabanC)DabigatranD)Edoxaban

Test Question-For Technicians

Page 20: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

Which of the following were limitations of the observational studies evaluating the use of DOACs in CKD?A) Short duration of DOAC treatmentB) Dialysis patients were sometimes excludedC) Multiple drugs were sometimes grouped together during evaluationsD) A, B, C

Test Question-For Pharmacists

Page 21: Annual Meeting September 14, 2019 · 2020. 2. 28. · Gastrointestinal Bleeding Death 0.88 (0.69‐1.12) 0.72 (0.59‐0.87) 0.79 (0.49‐1.26) 0.86 (0.72‐1.02) 0.85 (0.71‐1.01)

1. Ha JT, Badve S, Jun M.  Recent evidence for direct oral anticoagulants in chronic kidney disease.  Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2019; 28:2510261.  

2. Herzog CA, Asinger RW, Berger AK, et al.  Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease.  A clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2011; 80:572‐586.

3. Molnar AO, Bota SE, Garg AX, et al.  The risk of major hemorrhage with CKD.  J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2825‐2832.

4. Yang F, Hellyer J, Than C, et al.  Warfarin utilization and anticoagulation control in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease.  Heart 2017; 103:818‐826.

5. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, et al.  Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fbirllation.  N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1139‐1151.

6. Granger C, Alexander JH, McMurray JV, Lopes RD, et al.  Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.  N Engl J Med 2011; 356:981‐992. 

7. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, et al.  Rivaroxaan versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.  N Engl J Med 2011; 365:883‐891.

8. Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, et al.  Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.  N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2093‐2104.

9. Shin J, Secora A, Alexander G, et al.  Risks and benefits of direct oral anticoagulants across the spectrum of GFR among incident and prevalent patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018: 13:1144‐1152.

10. Weir MR, Berger JS, Ashton V, et al.  Impact of renal function on ischemic stroke and major bleeding rates in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients treated with warfarin or rivaroxaban: a retrospective cohort study using real‐world evidence.  Curr Med Res Opin 2017; 33:1891‐1900.

11. Siontis K, Zhang X, Eckard A, et al.  Outcomes associated with apixaban use in patients with end‐stage kidney disease and atrial fibrillation in the United States.  Circulation 2018: 138:1519‐1529.

12. Chan KE, Edelman ER, Wenger J, et al.  Dabigatan and rivaroxaban use in atrial fibrillation patients on hemodialysis.  Circulation 2015; 131:972‐979.

References