another new scale in florida - tropical research and education center
TRANSCRIPT
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Another New Scale in Florida
Catharine MannionUniversity of Florida, IFAS
Tropical Research and Education Center
Greg HodgesDivision of Plant Industry
FDOACSPhoto: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
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Exotic Soft Scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
• 2008 – Reported from Monroe County on croton
• Continues to spread and now found in several southern Florida Counties
• New to science; it is currently being described
• Hosts – Numerous ornamental and fruit host ; many native plants in Florida
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
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Exotic Soft Scale
• Initially identified as Philephedra sp. nr. crescentiae (Cockerell)
• Does not produce an egg sac
• It was then determined to most likely be an undescribed species in an undescribed genus of unknown origin.
Photo: K. Amarsakare, UF/IFAS
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Host Range
• Polyphagous species• Over 50 host species recorded in
Florida• In retail, it is moving around on croton• In landscapes, other popular plants
include ficus species, gumbo limbo and annona species.
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Distribution
• Has been reported in the following Counties:– Brevard, Broward, Collier, Duval, Hernando,
Highlands, Hillsborough, Indian River, Lake, Lee, Marion, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pinellas, Putnam, St. Lucie, Sarasota, Seminole
• Established in the following Counties (found in environs): Broward, Lee, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach.
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Adult Females• Greenish yellow appearance with dark striations
• Approximately 2.3 x 1.4 mm
Photos: K. Amarsakare, UF/IFAS
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Old adult female
Young adult female
Photo: G. Hodges, DPI/FDOACS
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Adult Males• Small orange bodied gnat‐like insects with white wax tail filaments
• Approximately 3.0 x 0.6 mm
Photos: K. Amarsakare, UF/IFAS
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Adult female
Adult male
Photo: G. Hodges, DPI/FDOACS
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Immature States• First Instar
• Second Instar
• Third instar – female
• Third instar ‐male
Pho
tos:
K. A
mar
saka
re, U
F/IF
AS
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Crawlers
Photo: G. Hodges, DPI/FDOACS
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Development on CrotonMean Days (± SD)
First 12.6 ± 0.6
Male Female
Second 10.4 ± 1.3 11.6 ± 0.89
Third 3.9 ± - 0.8 6.9 ± 0.97
Fourth 2.8 ± 0.8
Adult (cumulative)
29.7 ± 1.9 31.1 ± 2.1
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ReproductionEach female lays an average of 388 eggs
Pho
to: H
. Gle
nn a
nd K
. Am
arsa
kare
, UF/
IFA
S
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Similar Scale SpeciesPhilephedra tuberculosa (produces egg sac)
Pho
to: H
. Gle
nn, U
F/IF
AS
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New ScaleMottled, green
with black specks
Philephedra tuberculosa
Uniform green in color
Photos: G. Hodges, DPI/FDOACS
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Philephedra tuberculosa • Adult female produces a large white egg sac (the new scale does not produce an egg sac)
Photos: G. Hodges, DPI/FDOACS
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Similar Scale SpeciesYoung females of urbicola and green shield scale
G. Hodges, DPIG. Hodges, DPI
Green shield scale
Urbicola scale
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DamageCan build rapidly to high densities on some hosts; plant decline
Pho
to: H
. Gle
nn, U
F/IF
AS
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Damage• Plant decline; leaf drop
• Excessive amount of honeydew and sooty mold
Photo: C. Mannion, UF/IFAS
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Masses of immature males
Adult and immature females
Pho
tos:
G. H
odge
s, D
PI/F
DO
AC
S
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Other Common Scales Associated with Sooty Mold
Soft scales (green scale, green shield scale, mango scale, Philephedra sp., wax scale, nigra scale
Pho
tos:
G. H
odge
s, D
PI/F
DO
AC
S
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Other Common Scales Associated with Sooty Mold
• Kermesidae– Allokermes species (oak gall
scales), only on Quercusspecies
• Kerriidae– Paratachardina pseudolobata
(Lobate lac scale), multiple hosts
Photos: G. Hodges, DPI/FDOACS
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Other Common Scales Associated with Sooty Mold
• Pseudococcidae– Mealybugs
• Margarodidae– Icerya purchasi
(Cottony cushion scale)
Photos: G. Hodges, DPI/FDOACS
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Natural Enemies• Several natural enemies have been identified
• Most common is the predator, Cryptolaemus sp. (mealybug destroyer)
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
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Predator: Mealybug Destroyer• In the landscape – confusion that this predator is the cause of plant damage/decline
Photos: C. Mannion, UF/IFAS
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Natural Enemies• Metaphycus flavus
• Parasite of soft scales; commercially available
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
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Natural Enemies• Predator: Laelilla coccidivora
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
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Scale Management• Monitoring and detection
– Inspect all plant parts closely – Presence of honeydew, sooty mold and ants
• Could also be other scales or insectws
• Biological control– Conserve natural enemies (numerous
predators and parasites occur naturally which can provide good control)
– Release natural enemies (need proper identification of pest)
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Scale Management• Oils and soaps
– Requires frequent application and thorough coverage• Insecticides/Insect Growth Regulators
– Contact sprays are most effective against the crawler stage; thorough coverage is critical
– Systemic insecticides– Rotate among insecticide groups
• Methods of insecticide application– Foliar application– Soil application (drench, granular formulations, injection)– Tree injection– Bark spray
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Chemical Name
Florida Registered Products
Chemical Class
Cyfluthrin Bayer Advanced Garden Power Force Multi-Insect Killer Pyrethroid
DysulfotonBayer Advanced Garden 2-in-1 Systemic Azalea, Camellia & Rhododendon Care
Organophosphate
Imidacloprid Bayer Advanced Garden Tree & Shrub Insect Control Neonicotinoid
Potassium salts M-pede; Safer’s soap Insecticidal soap
Permethrin Spectracide Rose & Flower Insect Spray Botanical
Over-the-counter/homeowner Pesticide Options
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Chemical Name
Florida Registered Products Chemical Class
AcephateAcephate Pro 75 OrganophosphateOrthene TT&O Spray 97, WSP
Acetamiprid TriStar NeonicotinoidAzadirachtin Azatin XL Plus IGR
Bifenthrin Talstar Flowable; GC;Nursery Flowable Pyrethroid
Carbaryl Sevin SL; 80 WSP CarbamateClothianidin Arena; Aloft* Neonicotinoid
Cyfluthrin
Tempo 20 WP GC; Power Pak PyrethroidTempo UltraTempo 2
Examples of Professional Pesticide Options
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Chemical Name
Florida Registered Products Chemical Class
Deltamethrin DeltaGard GC 5SC; T&O 5SC Pyrethroid
Dinotefuran Safari 20 SG NeonicotinoidFenpropathrin Tame 2.4 EC Spray FenpropathrinFish Oil Organocide Biorational
Horticultural Oil
Triact 70
BiorationalSunspray 6ESunspray 11EVolck
Imidacloprid
Marathon 1%; 60 G & N in WSP, II; Discus* NeonicotinoidMerit 2; 75; Allectus*Coretect
Examples of Professional Pesticide Options
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Chemical Name
Florida Registered Products Chemical Class
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Scimitar CS PyrethroidScimitar WP, WSP
Malathion Malathion 5, 57EC, 8, 8-E, 8F Organophosphate
PermethrinPermethrin Pro Termite-Turf Ornamental
Pyrethroid
Potassium salts Insecticidal Soap Insecticidal soapPyriproxyfen Distance IGR
Thiamethoxam Flagship 25 WG; NeonicotinoidMeridian
Examples of Professional Pesticide Options
Scale Insects and Mealybugs on Ornamental Plants; Pub. ENY-323; http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG005
* Combination products – neonicotinoid + pyrethroid
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New Soft Scale• Wide host range
• Favorites in South Florida include crotons and gumbo limbo
• Excessive honeydew and sooty mold• Do not confuse with other scales
• Plant decline and leaf drop
• Life cycle – approximately one month
• Several natural enemies found
• Insecticides may be necessary for serious infestations
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Catharine MannionResearch and Extension Specialist
Ornamental Entomology
University of Florida, IFASTropical Research and Education Center
18905 SW 280th StreetHomestead, FL 33031
http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/mannion