antenna systems: mono & multi beams beam forming...
TRANSCRIPT
OBJECTIVES OF THE LECTURETo provide the technical backgrounds and tools for the analysis and the design of RF telescope like antenna system
To recognize the major incoming constraints and challenges of a telescope antenna
CONTENTS
• I n t r o du c t i o n
• Ba s i c Con c ep t s
• An tenna Pa rame te r s & Ru l e s O f Thumb
• Te l e s cope An tenna Con f i g u ra t i o n s
• Op t i c s & Beam Fo rm i n g Ne two r k
• S i n g l e & Mu l t i Beam
• SW Too l s Fo r Ana l y s i s And De s i g n
ELECTRIC FIELD
MAGNETIC FIELD
The nature of time harmonic wave of the Electromagnetic Field into the free space. Direct analogy with light, sound and … water waves
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
y
x
z
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
c = Light Velocity 30 x 1010 , mm
λ = Wavelenght , mm
ν = Frequency , GHz
τ = Time , sec
h = Planck Constant
E = Quantum Energy
λ = c τ
ν = c / λ
E = h ν
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
3‐30 kHz Very Low Frequency (VLF)30‐300 kHz Low Frequency (LF)300‐3000 kHz Medium Frequency (MF)3‐30 MHz High Frequency (HF)30‐300 MHz Very High Frequency (VHF)
300‐3000 MHz UltraHigh Frequency (UHF)3‐30 GHz SuperHigh Frequency (SHF) Microwaves30‐300 GHz Extreme High Frequency (EHF) Millimeter Waves
Near Infrared, Far Infrared,Light,UltraViolet, Far UltraViolet, X rays γ rays
MAXWELL EQUATIONSTHE BASIC LAWS OF THE EM WAVES PROPAGATION INTO THE FREE SPACE
Integral & Differential Form
If the E wave is travelling in the positive z‐direction, the instantaneus total vector field E is:
E1 = amplitude of wave linearly polarized in x direction
E2 = amplitude of wave linearly polarized in y direction
δ = time‐phase angle by which Ey leads Ex
The EM Field – Harmonic Wave
EM FIELD POLARIZATION
“ Polarization of a radiated wave” is defined as thatproperty of an electromagnetic wave describing thetime varying direction and relative magnitude of theelectric‐field vector; specifically, the figure traced as afunction of time by the extremity of the vector at afixed location in space and the sense in which it istraced, as observed along the direction of propagation
Polarization may be classified as linear, circular, orelliptical:
E1
General Spatial Representation of the E field
LINEAR POLARIZATION:
For E1 = 0 → linear polarization in y direction
For E2 = 0 → linear polarization in x direction
If δ = 0 and E1 = E2→ the wave is lin. pol. in a plane at an angle of °45 with respect to the x axis ( τ= °45 )
Circularly Polarised Field
ANTENNA AS A TRANSITION DEVICE
THE ANTENNA IS A MEANS FOR RADIATING OR RECEIVING RADIO WAVES.
THE ANTENNA SHOWS THE SAME BEHAVIOUR IN TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING
ANTENNA : THE RADIATION MECHANISM
• When the electromagnetic waves are within the transmission line and antenna , their existence is associated with the presence of the charges inside the conductors.
• However, when the waves are radiated, they form closed loops and there are no charges to sustain their existence:
• The electric charges are required to excite the fields but are not needed to sustain them into the free space as electromagnetic waves
ANTENNA TELESCOPE : BASIC REFLECTOR ANTENNA PRINCIPLES
PARABOLIC REFLECTOR ANTENNA PRINCIPLES (Quasi Optic System)
The reflector antenna is conceptually oneof the simplest of antenna types,consisting in its basic form of a primaryradiator or feed to distributeelectromagnetic energy, and a curvedreflecting surface to collimate this energyover a larger secondary aperture.
DESIGN CRITERIA AND ANTENNA COMPONENTS
• Antenna Optics
• Feeds for Reflector Antennas
• Antenna Components
• Guidelines for Antenna Design
• Rules of thumb
CONIC SECTIONS GENERATING REFLECTOR ANTENNAS
REFLECTOR ANTENNA CONFIGURATIONS
• SINGLE ON SET OR FRONT FED
• SINGLE OFFSET
• DUAL REFLECTOR CASSEGRAIN ON SET
• DUAL REFLECTOR CASSEGRAIN OFFSET
• DUAL REFLECTOR GREGORIAN ON SET
• DUAL REFLECTOR GREGORIAN OFFSET
• SPECIAL OPTICS & SHAPED REFLECTORS
SINGLE ONSET REFLECTOR
Feed
Focus = Feed Phase Center
Axial Symmetrical Reflector
D=Aperture Diameter
F= Focal Lenght
DUAL ONSET REFLECTORCASSEGRAIN & GREGORIAN
Cassegrain :Main Reflector Paraboloid(Diameter D, Focal Lentgh f )Sub Reflector Hyperboloid(Eccentricity e >1)Gregorian :Main Reflector ParaboloidSub Reflector Ellipsoid(Eccentricity e <1)
Equivalent Focal Lenght=
feefe
11
−+
=
ONSET CONFIGURATION:THE BLOCKAGE
GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION OF OFFSET PARABOLIC REFLECTOR
GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS
• D Diameter of Radiation Aperture
• ΨB Offset Angle
• ΨS Illumination Angle
• ΨL Clearance Angle
• Fe Equivalent Focal LengthBcosscos
scos1FFeΨ+Ψ
Ψ+=
DUAL OFFSET CASSEGRAIN
DUAL OFFSET GREGORIAN ANTENNA
BASIC FEED HORN CONFIGURATIONS
CORRUGATED HORN
Corrugated HornsCORRUGATED HORN
CLASSIFICATION OF REFLECTOR ANTENNAS BASED ON PATTERN, REFLECTOR AND FEED TYPES
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA SYSTEM
RADIATION PATTERN
RADIATION POWER DENSITY
RADIATION INTENSITY
DIRECTIVITY
GAIN
ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
HALF POWER BEAM WIDTH
BEAM EFFICIENCY
BAND WIDTH
POLARIZATION
INPUT IMPEDANCE
ANTENNA RADIATION EFFICIENCY
EQUIVALENT AREA
ANTENNA TEMPERATURE
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA SYSTEM
ANTENNA TEMPERATURE
NOISE FIGURE
EIRP
EIRP DENSITY
FRIIS EQUATION
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA SYSTEM
POWER UNITS
dB = Log(P / Prif)
dBm = Log (P / 1mW)
dBW = Log (P / 1W)
dBi = Log (P / Piso)
dBc = Log (P / Piso‐c)
RADIATION PATTERN
It’s “ a mathematical function or a grafical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates”
The Antenna is a point source coincident with the origin of the reference system
REFERENCE COORDINATE SYSTEMSCARTESIAN AND SPHEREICAL
PRINCIPAL PATTERNS
•The E‐PLANE is the plane containing the electric‐field vector and the direction of maximum radiation
•The H‐PLANE is the plane containing the magnetic‐field vector and the direction of maximum radiation
The polarization characteristics of an antenna can be represented by its POLARIZATION PATTERN that is the spatial distribution of the polarizations of a field vector excited (radiated) by an antenna taken over its radiation sphere. At each point on the radiation sphere the polarization is usually resolved into a pair of orthogonal polarization represented by its magnitude:
CO‐POLARIZATION & CROSS‐POLARIZATION
(The co‐polarization must be specified at each point on the radiation sphere)
RADIATION PATTERN LOBES
A RADIATION LOBE is a portion of the radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively weak radiation intensity
MAIN BEAM: radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation
SIDE LOBE: any lobe except a major lobe
NEAR‐IN SIDE LOBES: radiation lobes adjacent to the main lobe
FAR SIDE LOBES: radiation lobes that occupy the overall solid angle off the main lobe direction
BACK LOBE: radiation lobe whose axis make an angle of approximately ±180O with the respect to the beam direction
• DIRECTIVITY: is the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions
D = U/ Uo = 4πU/ Prad
D = directivity ( dimensionless)
U = radiation intensity ( W/ unit solid angle)
Uo= radiation intensity of isotropic source
( W/ unit solid angle)
Prad = total radiated power (W)
GAIN: is the ratio of the intensity, in a given direction, to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically:
G = 4π radiation intensity/total input
(accepted) power
G = 4πU(θ,Φ)/ Pin (dimensionless)
GAIN CALCULATION
DIRECTIVITY D(dBi) = 10Log( (G10 + G3) / 2 )
where: G3 = 31000 / (Фe3 x Фh3)G10 = 91000 / (Фe10 x Фh10)
Фe3, Фh3 = 3 dB beamwidths in the E‐planes and H‐planesФe10, Фh10 = 10 dB beamwidths in the E‐planes and H‐planes
INSERTION LOSS OF THE FEED SYSTEM ηf
Gain (dBi) = D (dBi) – ησ ‐ ηf
ANTENNA EFFICIENCY: takes into account losses at the input terminals and within the structure of the antenna
eo = er ec ed
eo = total efficiency
er = reflection eff. =
= (1‐ |Γ|2)
ec = conduction eff.
ed = dielectric eff.
Γ = (Zin‐ Zo)/ (Zin + Zo)
HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH: Is the angle between the two directions in which the radiation intensity is one‐half the maximum value of the beam.
MAIN BEAM 1st approximation :D = 10 log[cosn θ]
n = 150
MAIN BEAM vs u = k a sin (θ)
n = 150
BEAM EFFICIENCY: indicates the amount of power in the major lobe compared to the total power; for an antenna with its major lobe directed along the z axis (θ = 0), BE is defined by:
BE = (power transmitted (received) within
cone angle θ1 ) / (power transmitted
(received) by the antenna)
θ1 = angle where the first null or minimum
occurs
ANTENNA CLASSIFICATION
ISOTROPIC RADIATOR hypothetical lossless antenna having equal radiation in all directions (G = 0 dB). It is often taken as a reference for expressing the directive properties of actual antennas
DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA has the property of radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions than in others
RULES OF THUMBGAIN-HPBW-10dBBW-1dBBW
ηλ
π LogDLogdBiG 1020)( −=
DdB
λϑ 60(deg)3 =
cos shape beammain by the torelated 31
θϑϑ
n
dBdB ⎯ →⎯
dBdB 310 2 ϑϑ ×≅
RULES OF THUMB CROSS POL
pcdB HPBW θθ ≅= )21(3
‐ Relationship between HPBW and cross polar peaks:
‐ The cross polar energy radiated by the antenna isthe scalar product of two main components:
• cross polar scattered by the reflector
• cross polarised field produced by the feed chain
BANDWIDTH
It is the range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristics, conforms to a specified standard.
BW% = 100minmaxminmax2 •
+−
ffff
ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE
TSYST = TLNA + TREF( 1 – 1/a ) + TANT/a
α = attenuation coeff. of transmission line [Np/m] a = feed losses = e2αl →α = log(a)/2 = B → αdB = 10Log[B]TREF = 290 K = 17°C (IEEE STANDARD)TANT = effective temperature seen by an antenna from its
surroundingsTLNA = low noise amplifier temperature
NOISE FIGURE:
G/ Ta [dB / °K]
G = Gain [dBi]
Ta = Antenna temperature [°K ]
WHERE ANTENNA NOISE COMES FROM:
NOISE AT THE OUTPUT TERMINALS
EXTERNAL NOISE PICKED UP
+
INTERNAL NOISE ( THERMAL NOISE)
Paris, May 2004Course on Antennas for Satellite Earth
Stations57
EXAMPLE: EXTERNAL NOISE SOURCES
EXTERNAL NOISE SORCES: includes static ( man made and natural), cosmic (solar and galactic), atmospheric, ionospheric and terrestrial (ground or sea) sources.
To study noise temperature, we use the BLAKE CURVES:
BLAKE CURVES
REALISTIC ANTENNAS
An expression for a realistic estimate of the antenna noise temperature is given by:
TANT = {Ta’ ( 1 – Tg/Ttg) + Tg } α + Tta (1 ‐ α)
TANT = external noise temperature + internal,where:
Ta’ = sky temperature given by the Blake curves
Tg = ground noise temperature comp.
Ttg = effective thermal temp. of the ground
Tta = effective thermal temp. of the lossy part of
the antenna
DESIGN GUIDELINESFROM RF SPECIFICATIONS
GAIN REFLECTOR DIAMETER
CROSS POLAR FOCAL LENGHT/ DIAMETEROPTICSFEED
1st SIDE LOBE PRIMARY PATTERN
NEAR IN SIDELOBES OPTICS
FAR SIDE LOBES OPTICS & STRUCTURE
ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
General Expression of Antenna Efficiency η
η = ηsr x ηss x ηi x ηb x ηcp x ηε x ηφ x ηr
THE FACTORS LIMITING THE ANTENNAEFFICIENCY
• ηsr Primary Spillover Efficiency (subreflector)
• ηsr Secondary Spillover Efficiency (reflector)
• η i Illumination Efficiency (aperture)
• ηb Blockage Efficiency (aperture)
• ηcp Cross Polar Efficiency (aperture)
• ηε Surface Error Efficiency (aperture)
• ηФ Phase Efficiency (aperture)
• ηr Radiation Efficiency (feed chain ohmic losses)
REFLECTOR SURFACEERRORS
The surface deviations of a antenna reflector
may be of three main different types:
• Systematic
• Random
• Periodic
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
THE SYSTEMATIC ERRORS TYPICALLY COME FROM THE PRESSING PROCESS OF METALLIC OR SMC OR CFRP SHEETS WHEN EVERY REFLECTOR OF A LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION IS REMOVED FROM THE MOULD.
THESE EFFECTS CAN BE EASILY OVERCOME BY MOVING THE FEED HORN AROUND THE NOMINAL FOCAL POINT AND THEN CORRECTING THE BOOM AND THE HORN HOLDER.
RANDOM ERRORS
THESE ERRORS CAN BE CONSIDERED AS ARISING FROM THREE MAIN SOURCES:
SURFACE CONTOUR ROUGHNESS
MANUFACTURING IMPERFECTIONS IN THE MOULD
THERMOELASTIC AND MECHANICAL DISTORTIONS.
RUZE (“ANTENNA TOLERANCE THEORY”, Proc IEEE, Vol.54,1966)
TREATED A RANDOMNESS CAUSED BY BUMP AND DENTS WITH A GAUSSIAN PROFILE AND RANDOM HEGHT AND SPACING BY DEFINING AN RMS SURFACE ERROR TOLERANCE,ε, WITH A CORRELATION DISTANCE,c.
THE FEED SUB SYSTEM
THE PORPUSE OF THE FEED SUB SYSTEM:
TO ACHIEVE THE MOST “EFFICIENT” REFLECTOR ILLUMINATION IN AMPLITUDE AND PHASE AND IN COPOLAR AND CROSS‐POLAR
TO SEPARATE THE FREQUENCY BANDS AND POLARISATIONS
IN CASE OF CP ‐ TO CONVERT LINEAR IN CIRCULAR POLARISATION
TO MATCH THE LNA AND THE HPA INPUT PORTS
FEEDS FOR REFLECTOR ANTENNAS
FEED Passive Antenna Sub System may include (all or partly ):
• HORN
• WAVEGUIDE INTERFACES / DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS
• POLARISER
• DIPLEXER-DUPLEXER
• FILTERS
EXEMPLE OF FEED CHAIN
WAVEGUIDE PROPAGATION BACKGROUND
THE PROPAGATION OF EM FIELD WHICH FOLLOWS THE MAXWELL EQUATIONS IN THE FREE SPACE,
( PROPAGATION CONSTANT k 0 = 2π/λ0 ), IS MODIFIED INTO THE WAVEGUIDES BY THE CONDUCTIVE WALLS, (PROPAGATION CONSTANT k z = 2π/λg )
THE EM FIELD INTO THE WAVEGUIDE CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A SUM OF ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE THE “MODES” OF THE WAVEGUIDE
WAVEGUIDE PROPAGATION BACKGROUND
TWO MAIN WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED:
‐ SQUARE / RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
‐ CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE
EVERY MODE HAS A PROPAGATION VELOCITY WHICH CAN BE REAL (PROPAGATION MODE) OR IMAGINARY (EVANESCENT) MODE AS FUNCTION OF THE WG DIMENSIONS
)( 220 tz kkk −=
WAVEGUIDE PROPAGATION BACKGROUND
EVERY MODE WITH CUT OFF FREQ. fc ,PROPAGATES WITH WAVELENTGH λg.
Side = 2a
Diameter = 2r
20
1 ⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
=
ffc
gλλ
OMTBLOCK DIAGRAM
OMTCONFIGURATIONS
OMTCONFIGURATIONS
POLARISERMECHANISM
SCHEMES OF POLARISERS
MULTIBEAM ANTENNA
C O L L I M AT E D B E A M S :
Coaxial FeedsSub Reflectors FSS ( Frequency Selective Surfaces )
D I S P L A C E D B E A M S :
Feed Array on the Reflector Focal Plane
Coaxial Feed Double Band and Double Polarisation ( Cassini Mission)
COLLIMATED BEAMS – COAXIAL FEED
COLLIMATED BEAMS – BEAM FORMING
Off-Axis Reflector Antenna
On-Axis Reflector Antenna
Multi Displaced Beams
Snell Law
Fermat Principle
Multi Displaced Beams
Multi Displaced Beams
Snell Law
Θ2
E2, H2
Θ1
E1, H1
nΘi
Θr
Fermat Principle ( Conservation of Energy)
Multi Displaced Beams
Example of Multi-Feed System
BEAM FORMING
Planck Array of Feeds on the Focal Plane
Effects of the Astigmatism of the Displaced Beams: Example by Grasp
Shaping of the surfaces of the antenna reflectors in order to reduce the astigmatism effects in the focal plane zones relevant to each beam.
By overlapping to the nominal conic surfaces with polynomials of different types and degrees.
Multi Displaced Beams : Design Method
SW Tools : ( Among several on the market)
Multi-reflector Antennas : Program GRASP
Waveguide Components Analysis :CST Microwave StudioHFSSFEKO