Dayananda Sagar College of EngineeringDepartment of Civil Engineering

“Anthropogenic Activities and its

Impact along the Coastal Region

of Mangaluru, India”

Presented by

Dr. H.K. Ramaraju (PI)

Professor and Head, Dept of Civil Engineering

Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, K S Layout,

Bangalore-560 078

1

CONTENTS

Introduction

Materials and Methodology

Results and Discussions

Conclusions

References

2

INTRODUCTION

Coastal environment is persistently stressed from anthropogenic

activities and other developmental activities

Due to the rapid industrialization, water and soil gets polluted

and causing a huge impacts on the environment. Most of the

wastewater discharged into the surrounding water bodies or

land disturbs the ecological balance and deteriorates the water

quality and soil properties

Coastal anthropogenic activities such as disposal of untreated or

partially treated sewage and industrial effluents and their

possible impacts hinder the coastal environment are discussed

by considering physicochemical characteristics.

Huge amount of pollution load from the major industries located

nearby are discharging into the sea directly or through the west

flowing rivers of the area, Gurupura and Nethravathi. Due to

this Soil properties were also affected.

The present study focused on the deviation of the values of the

different physicochemical parameters of water and soil in the

coastal area of Mangaluru.

3

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Study Area-Mangaluru

Mangaluru coast is a belt of about 22 Kms with Arabian Sea in

the West and the Western Ghats in the East

Mangalore city is situated in the southern part of India on the

coastal side of Karnataka. The study area for the present study

consists of Baikampady Industrial area where majority of

industries were located, areas nearby coastal belt and

Netravathi-Gurupur river mouth.

The cluster area is surrounded on the West by Arabian Sea,

East by Kunjathbail, South by Mangalore city and North by

Surathkal.

The major rivers Gurupura is located adjacent to the boundary

of Baikampady Industrial cluster & Nethravathi is located at a

distance of 20 km from the Baikampady Industrial cluster

towards South.

4

Baikampady Industrial cluster is located at 8 km away on

Northern side of Mangalore city.

The Baikampady Industrial Cluster is declared as critically

polluted area with a CEPI score of 73.68

The Baikampady Industrial cluster consists of a major

Refinery, storage of crude and finished petroleum products,

LPG storage & bottling,

Fertilizer plant,

Pharmaceutical industry,

Brewery,

Edible oil processing units,

Sea food processing units,

Lead refining unit,

Cashew processing units,

Paint & Dispersion unit,

Iron ore pelletization plant and

Pig Iron plant etc

5

Figure 1 Map showing the Boundary of Mangaluru Taluk 6

7

Glimpse of Study Area :

Fig 2 Aerial View of Waste water stream near

Chitrapura8

9

Figure 5 Death of fishes at

Nethravathi-Gurupura Estuary

Figure 4 Stream Near Thokur Bridge

flowing towards Gurupura River

Figure 3 Aerial View of Waste water stream near Panambur Beach

10

Figure 6 Aerial View of Nethravathi Gurupura Estuary

11

METHODOLOGY

14 Surface Water samples and four soil samples were collected from

randomly selected locations of the study area (SW1 to SW14 and S1 to

S4) respectively, during the month of January 2019

The sampling was done during the morning hours and samples were

protected from direct sunlight during transportation. The water

samples and soil samples from the sampling locations were collected in

well cleaned polythene bottles and polypropylene covers respectively.

Physicochemical analysis of the collected water samples was done by

adopting standard methods (APHA 1995).

12

Fig 7 Map Showing the Surface water sampling

Locations and soil Sampling Locations in the study area 13

14

Figure 8 Surface water sampling near HPCL Figure 9 Surface water sampling at Thokur

Bridge

Figure 10 Sea water sampling at Nethravathi-

Gurupura Estuary

Figure 11 Surface water sampling near

Chitrapura

15

Figure 12 Surface water sampling near Panambur

BeachFigure 13 Surface Water Sampling in Thokur Lake near MRPL

Figure 14 Surface water Sampling near Adani Wilmar Ltd. Figure 15 Backside of MRPL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The physicochemical characteristics of water samples

pH:

It is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in water. Its valuedetermines whether water is acidic or alkaline. In the present studypH ranges between 6.62 to 8.2. pH range of 7 to 8 has beenconsidered good for fish culture (Jhingran, 1997).

Fig 16 Mean values of pH in study site

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sample Code

pH

16

Turbidity:

Turbidity of samples depends on the quantity of solid matters

present in the suspension state. Turbidity in water samples

ranges from 0.7 NTU to 17.3 NTU. Clay, silt, organic matter,

plankton and other microscopic organisms cause turbidity in

water recognized as a valuable limiting factor in the biological

productivity of water bodies (Kishore et al., 2005). In the

present study high turbidity value of 17.3 NTU recorded in the

surface water SW/9 collected near BPCL.

Fig 17 Mean values of Turbidity in study site

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

N T

U

Sample Code

Turbidity

17

Electrical Conductivity:

Electrical conductivity is a measure of capacity of a substance or

solution to conduct electric current. It mainly depends on the

amount of dissolved solids in water. Its values range between

1000 µs/cm to 44500 µs/cm. High values of E.C. is found in the

sample SW/14 of Chitrapura. Usually the large variation in E.C.

is mainly attributed to geochemical process like ion exchange,

reverse exchange, evaporation silicate weathering, rock water

interaction, sulfate reduction and oxidation processes (Ramesh

K, 2008)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

µs/c

m

Sample Code

Conductivity

Fig 18 Mean values of Electrical Conductivity in study site

18

Total Dissolved Solids:

The various kinds of minerals present in the water denote the

amount of dissolved solids. The total dissolved solid varied from

650 mg/l to 28925 mg/l. High values of TDS is recorded in

SW/14 of chitrapura sea. It has been reported that TDS might

reduce the hydraulic conductivity of irrigated area and that

growing concerns are met as total dissolved solids content in

water surpasses 480 mg/l (C Zidi et al, 2017).

Fig 19 Mean values of Total dissolved Solids in study site

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

mg

/l

Sample Code

Total Dissolved Solids

19

Total alkalinity:

Alkalinity in natural water is due to free hydroxyl ions and

hydrolysis of salts formed by weak acids and strong bases.

Higher alkalinity favours the growth of phytoplankton (Francis

Andrade et al., 2011). In the present study the total alkalinity

recorded ranged from 100.53 mg/l to 252 mg/l and high value is

observed in the sample SW/11 of N-G Estuary.

Fig 20 Mean values of Total Alkalinity in study site

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

mg

/l

Sample Code

Total Alkalinity

20

Total hardness:

It is a measure of variable complex mixtures of anions andcations Calcium and magnesium play an important role inantagonizing the toxic effects of various ions and neutralizingthe excess acid produced (Das & Srivastava, 2003). The totalhardness in the study varies between 45.6 mg/l to 7400 mg/l.High values of total hardness was observed in the sampleSW/14 of Chitrapura. The high levels of hardness increasestoxicity of zinc to fish (Lloyd, 1960)

Fig 21 Mean values of Total Hardness in study site

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

mg

/l

Sample Code

Total Hardness

21

Chlorides:

Chlorides are mineral salts and, so are not affected by biological

action of sewage. It naturally occurs in all types of water. The

chloride content in the water sample varied from 200 mg/l to 14463

mg/l. Highest chloride content is recorded in the sample SW/14 of

Chitrapura.

Fig 22 Mean values of Chlorides in study site

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

mg

/l

Sample Code

Chlorides

22

Sulphates:

It is a naturally occurring anion in all kinds of natural waters.

Higher concentration of sulfate indicates the pollution by

industrial and domestic waste and also by the biological

oxidation of sulphur to sulphate. The sulphate content in the

surface water samples varied from 15.36 mg/l to 999.60mg/l

Fig 23 Mean values of Sulphates in study site

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

mg

/l

Sample Code

Sulphates

23

Dissolved Oxygen:

It is the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. In the present

study DO values ranged from 1.21 mg/l to 5.4 mg/l. SW/9 of

surface water near BPCL and SW/12 of N-G Estuary point were

recorded lowest DO value. DO is very important and in some

instances even limiting factor for maintaining aquatic life

(Francis Andrade 2011). The minimum value observed was may

be due to the discharge of untreated sewage that causes

Eutrophication and other harm effects.

Fig 24 Mean values of Dissolved Oxygen in study site

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

mg

/l

Sample Code

D O

24

Biochemical Oxygen Demand:

Biochemical oxygen demand gives the content of microorganisms

and its organic matter load present in the sample. In the present

study BOD ranges from 9 mg/l to 45 mg/l and high value of BOD

is observed in the sample SW/10 of Gurupura river.

Fig 25 Mean values of Total Hardness in study site

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

SW/1 SW/2 SW/3 SW/4 SW/5 SW/6 SW/7 SW/8 SW/9 SW/10 SW/11 SW/12 SW/13 SW/14

mg

/l

Sample Code

B O D

25

Chemical Oxygen Demand:

COD is a measure of oxygen equivalent of the organic matter

content of water that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong

chemical oxidant. Thus, COD is a reliable parameter for judging

the extent of pollution in water (Amirkolaie, 2008). In the

present study COD values ranged from 72 mg/l to 1032 mg/l.

High value of COD is recorded in the sample SW/14 near

chitrapura.

Fig 26 Mean values of Chemical Oxygen Demand in study site

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

mg

/l

Sample Code

C O D

26

The physicochemical characteristics of soil samples

0

2

4

6

8

S7 S8 S9 S10

sample code

Figure 27 pH of the soil samples

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

S7 S8 S9 S10

%

dS

/m

sample code

O C in %

E C in ds/m

Figure 28 Electrical Conductivity at 25°C and organic carbon of the soil samples

27

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4

mg

/kg

sample code

Available S

Available Zn

Available Fe

Available Cu

Figure 29 Available S, Available Zn, Available Fe, Available Cu of soil samples

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

S7 S8 S9 S10

kg

/acre

sample code

Available P2O5

Available K2O

Figure 30 Available P2O5 and Available K2O of the soil samples

28

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

S7 S8 S9 S10

mg

/kg

sample code

Available Ca

Available Mg

Figure 31 Available Ca and Available Mg of soil samples

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

S7 S8 S9 S10

mg

/kg

sample code

Available Mn

Available B

Figure 32 Available Mn and Available B of the soil samples

29

CONCLUSIONS

The present study was carried out with a view to identify

anthropogenic activities and their impacts along the coastal

region of Mangaluru, and the conclusions of the same are as

follows.

The study reveals that Electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved

Solids and Chlorides concentration of the samples SW/1 (bridge

near Thokur), SW/2 (Panambur), SW/3 (Near TOIL), SW/5 (Near

AWM), SW/7 (Chitrapura) were met above the standard limits as

per IS: 2296-1982 Standard: Inland Surface Water Class – E.

Electrical conductivity, Chlorides, Sulphates and TDS

concentration in Gurupura river ( SW/10 and SW/11) exceeds

limits as per IS: 2296-1982 Standard: Inland Surface Water

Class – E. Low values of DO were found in almost all the

samples, this is may be because of excessive algae and

phytoplankton growth driven by high levels of phosphorus and

nitrogen.30

DO level in the Nethravathi-Gurupura Estuary point was foundlower than prescribed standards i.e. 4 mg/l as per the Environment(Protection) Rules, 1986: Class SW-Ⅰ. Fishes were found dead andfloating on the water at Nethravathi-Gurupura Estuary point (DO2.3 mg/l).

BOD concentration in Gurupura river (SW/10 and SW/11) exceedsthe limit of 3 mg/l as per IS: 2296-1982 Standard: Inland SurfaceWater Class – E. BOD concentration in the Panambur sea water wasfound higher than prescribed standards i.e. 3 mg/l as per theEnvironment (Protection) Rules, 1986: Class SW-ⅠⅠ.

High COD values were also found in almost all the collected surfacewater samples.

And with respect to soil samples, values of pH, organic carbon,available magnesium, available sulphur, available manganese,available Boron were met below the Normal range. Decrease in thesoil pH is may be due to the release of organic acids by thedecomposition of organic substances

It is evident from study that anthropogenic activities near the coastalregion have resulted in the deviation in the values of physicochemicalcharacteristics of the samples. Thus there is an urgent need to arrestthe spread of pollution of water and soil near the coastal area. 31

Dakshina Kannada district is drained by Netravathi, Gurupur,

Mulki, Kumaradhara, Payasvini and and Shambhavi rivers

which originate in the Western Ghats and flow westwards to

join the Arabian Sea

The average rainfall of Dakshina Kannada district is 3882 mm

and is received mainly during the southwest monsoon season

extending from June to September. About 85% of the annual

rainfall occurs during the monsoon months. Post - monsoon

season yields about 8% and the balance of annual rainfall from

December to March. (CGWB)

Average rainfall of neighboring districts like Udupi,

Chikkamagalur, Hassan, Kodagu are 4041mm, 1882mm,

967mm and 2639 mm respectively. (CGWB)

The Quantity of waste water generation from the major

industries of Mangalore was nearly 15 MLD, this waste water

will reach the neighboring Gurupura river and finally reaches

the Arabian Sea.

32

The average groundwater development in Dakshina Kannada

district is nearly 60%. Inspite of copious rainfall, during summer

season many parts of the district face acute scarcity of water due

to highly undulating nature of the terrain and unfavourable sub-

surface conditions.

The annual runoff in the Nethravathi river basin ranged from

13.6 to 41.2% of annual rainfall with a mean of 29%. The mean

annual runoff varied spatially from 774 to 1527 mm in different

sub-basins. The mean annual runoff was higher in urban land

(2040 mm), followed by orchard (1511 mm), forest (987 mm)

etc.(Geethu Krishnan et al.,2017)

However, there is scope for arresting the sub-surface flow at

suitable locations through the construction of sub-surface dams.

The surface runoff can also be arrested by constructing check

dams, vented dams etc throughout the district at appropriate

places. This can assure availability of water during peak

requirement period. Such measures are necessary in areas of

Bantwal and Mangalore taluks which are categorised as critical33

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Das AK And Srivastava NP (2003) Ecology Of Sarani Reservoir (MP) In The Context Of Fisheries.

Pollut. Res. 22, 533-539.

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Basin, Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 8(4):970-973

Francis Andrade (2011), Studies on Mangalore coastal water pollution and its sources Indian Journal

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