anthropology 10
DESCRIPTION
slides about the australopithecines and paranthropoidsTRANSCRIPT
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The australopithecines
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Australopithecus anamensis
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Found:
September 1994
Where:
Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya
Team leaders:
Meave Leaky, Alan Walker
Temporal Range:
4.1 to 3.9 million years ago
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• Their name means “southern ape of the lake”• Teeth and jaws strongly resemble those of older fossil apes. • Relative large, broad premolars and molars with relatively thick
tooth enamel• May at times have eaten hard, abrasive foods, but they likely
were plant-eaters in general, relying on both fruits and tough foods such as nuts.
• Bipedal – Tibia• Single wrist bone• Human-like limbs• Reconstructed as forested habitats near streams
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Australopithecus afarensis
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Found:
November 1974
Where:
Hadar, Ethiopia and other sites in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania
Team leaders:
Donald C. Johanson
Temporal Range:
3.9 to 2.9 million years ago
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• Prognathic face and a relatively small brain• Jaw muscles are quite large• Strong sexual dimorphism similar to that found of Au.
Anamensis• Face and cranium was ape-like• Teeth is intermediate between ape and human• Bipedal but incorporated climbing• Used stone tools
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Australopithecus africanus
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Found:
October 1924
Where:
Taung, South Africa
Team leader:
Raymond Dart
Temporal Range:
3.0 to 2.0 million years ago
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• Foramen magnum had a forward positioning• Broad, short pelvis and valgus knee - bipedal• Curved phalanges (finger bones) – stayed in trees• Larger brain than Au. afarensis• Large posterior teeth, smaller anterior teeth• Less prognathic face• Had anterior or nasal pillars – adaptation to chewing
hard food• Woodland and open woodland savannas
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Australopithecus Garhi
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Found:
November 1997
Where:
Bouri, Ethiopia
Team leaders:
Berhane Asfaw, Tim White
Temporal Range:
2.5 million years ago
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• “Garhi” means “surprise” in Afar language• Gracile skeletal system – no strong chewing characteristics• Different dentition – adapting to chew tougher, harder food• Postcranial remains show more human-like limb proportions• Forearm to upper arm proportions were more ape-like• Longer femur – bipedal; like H. sapiens• Prognathic face, canines are larger than its molars• Presence of a sagittal crest• Larger posterior teeth than Au. afarensis• May be oldest hominin to make stone tools• Edge of a lake surrounded by grasslands
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Paranthropus aethiopicus
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KNM-WT-17000
Nickname: Black Skull
Site: West of Lake Turkana in Kenya
Date of discovery: 1985
Discovered by: Alan Waker and Richard Leakey
Believed to exist during: 2.7 to 2.3 million years ago
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• Aethiopicus – “from Ethiopia” • “Black Skull” (KNM-WT-17000) became black because of the mineral
absorption over the years. Found in 1985• Omo 18 – Southern Ethiopia, 1967. French expedition led by Camille
Arambourg and Yves Coppens• Strong protruding face• Large megadont teeth; large sagittal crest to provide a large area to
anchor the large chewing muscles to the skull• Tough and fibrous food• Habitat: Savanna• bipedal
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Photo credits to: Karen Carr Studio
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Photos retrieved from: www.macroevolution.net/paranthropus-aethiopicus.html
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Paranthropus robustus
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Site: Kromdraai, South Africa
Date of discovery: 1938
Discovered by: Robert Broom
Believed to exist during: 1.8 to 1.2 million years ago
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• dish-shaped head• Large megadont cheek teeth; chewing at the back of the jaw; large sagittal crest; post canine teeth• High level of sexual dimorphism• Nuts, seeds and roots• “Robustus” – teeth and face• Habitat: Open Woodland• Bipedal
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Photo credits to: Karen Carr Studio
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SK 46 SK 48
Photos retrieved from: http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/paranthropus-
robustus
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Paranthropus boisei
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Found:July 1959Where: Olduvai Gorge, TanzaniaFound by: Mary LeakeyTemporal range: 2.3 to 1.4 million years ago
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/paranthropus-boisei
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http://frontiersofzoology.blogspot.com/2011/04/muhalululu-and-ngoogounogounmbar.html
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Foramen Magnum : short and heart-shapedBi-Pedal: YesPelvis: Similar to the Australopithecus walkTeeth: Pre-molar and molar, very lage; front , very smallSagittal Crest:: Large and more positioned forward Diet: Very hard, brittle foodSpine: Spinal Cord passed the center of skull, Rib Cage is cone shapedLegs: were human like but arms were longer
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Australopithecus sediba
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Found:
15 August 2008
Where:
Malapa Cave, South Africa
Found by:
Matthew Berger
Temporal range:
1.95 to 1.75 million years ago
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• Teeth: Small molars and pre-molars• Bi-Pedal: Yes but has a unique way of walking
• Pelvis : Small even if brain is small• Spine: Curvature
• Limbs: long upper limbs (climbing)• Diet:Harder food, dicots and monocots
• Teeth and Femur characteristics are similar to Autrolopithecus BUT some tooth traits and its broad lower
chest resemble humans
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REFERENCES
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species
http://www.macroevolution.net.html
http://eol.org/pages/4454196/details
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/paranthropus-boisei
http://www.becominghuman.org/node/paranthropus-boisei-essay
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-sediba
http://earth-pages.co.uk/tag/australopithecus-sediba/
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v487/n7405/full/nature11185.html
http://www.aaas.org/news/science-australopithecus-sediba-may-have-paved-way-homo