anthropology june paper-iii

8/11/2019 Anthropology June Paper-III

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1. ¯ÖÆ»Öê ¯Öé Âš Ûê ‰ ̄ Ö¸ ×®ÖµÖŸÖ Ã£ÖÖ®Ö ¯Ö¸ †¯Ö®ÖÖ ¸Öê»2. »Ö‘Öã ¯ÖÏ ¿®Ö ŸÖ£ÖÖ ×®Ö²ÖÓ¬Ö ¯ÖÏÛ Ö¸ü Ûê ¯ÖÏ ¿®ÖÖë Ûê ˆ¢Ö¸ü, ¯ÖÏŸµÖêÛ ¯ÖÏ ¿®Ö Ûê ®Öß“Öê

µÖÖ ¯ÖÏ¿®ÖÖë Ûê ²ÖÖ¤ ´Öë ×¤µÖê Æã‹ ×¸ŒŸÖ Ã£ÖÖ®Ö ¯Ö¸ Æß ×»Ö×Ü … ‡ÃÖÛê ×»Ö‹ Û Öê ‡Ô †×ŸÖ×¸üŒŸÖ Û ÖÝÖ•Ö Û Ö ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê ÝÖ ®ÖÆüà Û ¸ü®ÖÖ Æî

3. ¯Ö¸ßõÖÖ ¯ÖÏ Ö¸´³Ö ÆÖê ®Öê ¯Ö¸, ¯ÖÏ ¿®Ö-¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö †Ö¯ÖÛ Öê ¤ê ¤ß •ÖÖµÖê ÝÖß … ¯ÖÆ»Öê ¯ÖÖÑ “Ö ×´Ö®Ö™ †Ö¯ÖÛ Öê ¯ÖÏ ¿®Ö-¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö ÜÖÖê »Ö®Öê ŸÖ£ÖÖ ˆÃÖÛ ß ×®Ö´®Ö •ÖÖÑ “Ö Ûê ×»Ö‹ ×¤µÖê •ÖÖµÖë ÝÖê, ×•ÖÃÖÛ ß •ÖÖÑ “Ö †Ö¯ÖÛ Öê †¾Ö¿µÖ Û ̧ ®Öß Æî :(i) ¯ÖÏ ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ÃŸÖÛ Ö ÜÖÖê»Ö®Öê Ûê ×»Ö‹ ˆÃÖÛê

Û ÖÝÖ•Ö Û ß ÃÖß»Ö Û Öê ± Ö›Ì »Öë … ÜÖã »Öß Æã‡Ô µÖÖ ×²Ö®ÖÖ Ã™ßÛ ̧ - ÃÖß»Ö Û ß ¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö Ã¾ÖßÛ Ö¸ü ®Ö Û ̧ ë …

(ii) Û ¾Ö¸ü ¯Öé Âšü ¯Ö¸ü ”û¯Öê ×®Ö¤ì¿ÖÖ®Öã ÃÖÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏ ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ÃŸÖÛ Ö Ûê ¯ÖéÂ ¯ÖÏ ¿®ÖÖë Û ß ÃÖÓÜµÖÖ Û Öê †“”ûß ŸÖ¸üÆü “Öî Û Û ¸ü »Öë ×Û µÖê ¯Öæ ¸ê Æï … ¤üÖê ÂÖ¯Öæ ÞÖÔ ¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö ×•Ö®Ö´Öë ¯ÖéÂšü/¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Û ´Ö ÆüÖë µÖÖ ¤ã²ÖÖ¸üÖ †Ö ÝÖµ ÆüÖë µÖÖ ÃÖß×¸üµÖ»Ö ´Öë ®Ö ÆüÖë †£ÖÖÔ ŸÖË ×Û ÃÖß ³Öß ¯ÖÏ Û Ö¸ü Û ß ¡Öã×™ü¯Öæ ¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö Ã¾ÖßÛ Ö¸ü ®Ö Û ¸ë ŸÖ£ÖÖ ˆÃÖß ÃÖ »ÖÖî™üÖÛ ¸ü ˆÃÖÛê Ã£ÖÖ®Ö ¯Ö¸ ¤æÃÖ¸ß ÃÖÆß ¯ÖÏ ¿®Ö-¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö »Öê »Öë … ‡ÃÖÛê ×»Ö‹ †Ö¯ÖÛ Öê ¯ÖÖÑ “Ö ×´Ö®Ö™ü ×¤üµÖê •ÖÖµÖëÝÖê … ˆÃÖÛê ²ÖÖ¤ü ®Ö ŸÖÖê †Ö¯Ö ¿®Ö- ¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö ¾ÖÖ¯ÖÃÖ »Öß •ÖÖµÖêÝÖß †Öî¸ü ®Ö ×¤üµÖÖ •ÖÖµÖêÝÖÖ …

4. †®¤¸ ×¤µÖê ÝÖµÖê ×®Ö¤ì¿ÖÖë Û Öê ¬µÖÖ®Ö¯Öæ¾ÖÔÛ ¯ÖœÌë …5. ˆ¢Ö¸ü-¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö Ûê †®ŸÖ ´Öë Û ““ÖÖ Û Ö´Ö (Rough Work) Û ̧ ü® Ûê

×»Ö‹ ´Öæ»µÖÖÓÛ ®Ö ¿Öß™ ÃÖê ¯ÖÆ»Öê ‹Û ¯Öé Âš ×¤µÖÖ Æã†Ö Æî …6. µÖ×¤ †Ö¯Ö ˆ¢Ö¸-¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö ¯Ö¸ ×®ÖµÖŸÖ Ã£ÖÖ®Ö Ûê †»Ö ¸Öê »Ö ®Ö´²Ö¸, ± Öê ®Ö ®Ö´²Ö¸ µÖÖ Û Öê‡Ô ³Öß ‹ê ÃÖÖ ×“ÖÅ®Ö ×•ÖÃÖÃÖê †Ö¯ÖÛ ß ¯ÖÆü“ÖÖ®Ö ÆüÖê ÃÖÛê , †Ó×Û ŸÖ Û ̧ üŸÖê Æï †£Ö¾ÖÖ †³Ö¦ü ³ÖÖÂÖÖ µÖÖêÝÖ Û ¸üŸÖê Æï, µÖÖ Û Öê‡Ô †®µÖ †®Öã ×“ÖŸÖ ÃÖÖ¬Ö®Ö Û Ö ¯ÖÏ µÖÖêÝÖ Û ̧ üŸÖê Æï, ŸÖÖê ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ Ûê ×»ÖµÖê †µÖÖê ÝµÖ ‘ÖÖê×ÂÖŸÖ ×Û µÖê •ÖÖ ÃÖÛ ŸÖê Æï …

7. †Ö¯ÖÛ Öê ¯Ö¸ßõÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ¯ŸÖ ÆÖê ®Öê ¯Ö¸ ˆ¢Ö¸-¯Öã ×ÃŸÖÛ Ö ×®Ö¸ßõÖÛ ´ÖÆÖê ¤µÖ Û Öê »ÖÖî ™Ö®ÖÖ †Ö¾Ö¿µÖÛ Æî †Öî¸ü ‡ÃÖê ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ×¯ŸÖ Ûê ²ÖÖ¤ †¯Ö®Öê ÃÖÖ£Ö ¯Ö¸ßõÖÖ ³Ö¾Ö®Ö ÃÖê ²ÖÖÆ¸ ®Ö »ÖêÛ ̧ •ÖÖµÖë …

8. Ûê ¾Ö»Ö ®Öß»Öê/Û Ö»Öê ²ÖÖ»Ö ¯¾ÖÖ‡Õ ™ü ¯Öê ®Ö Û Ö Æüß ‡ÃŸÖê ´ÖÖ»Ö Û ¸ë …9. ×Û ÃÖß ³Öß ¯ÖÏ Û Ö¸ü Û Ö ÃÖÓ ÝÖÞÖÛ (Ûê »ÖÛã »Öê™ü¸ü) µÖÖ »ÖÖòÝÖ ™ê²Ö

¯ÖÏ µÖÖê ÝÖ ¾ÖÙ•ÖŸÖ Æî …

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J-07-11 P.T.O.

Signature and Name of Invigilator

Roll No.

(In words)

1. (Signature) __________________________(Name) ____________________________

2. (Signature) __________________________

(Name) ____________________________Roll No.________________________________

J

PAPER-III

[Maximum Marks : 200Time : 2 1 / 2 hours]

Number of Pages in this Booklet : 32 Number of Questions in this Booklet : 19

Instructions for the Candidates ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖÙ£ÖµÖÖë Ûê ×»Ö‹ ×®Ö¤ì¿Ö

(In figures as per admission card)

ANTHROPOLOGY

0 7 1 1



J-07-11 2

ANTHROPOLOGY

´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö×¾Ö–ÖÖ−ÖPAPER – III

¯ÖÏ¿−Ö¯Ö¡Ö– III

Note : This paper is of two hundred (200) marks containing four (4) sections. Candidatesare required to attempt the questions contained in these sections according to the

detailed instructions given therein.

−ÖÖê ™ü : µÖÆü ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö¯Ö¡Ö ¤üÖê ÃÖÖî (200) †Ó úÖë úÖ Æî ü ‹¾ÖÓ ‡ÃÖ´Öë “ÖÖ¸ü (4) ÖÓ ›ü Æïü … †³µÖ£Öá ‡−Ö´Öë ÃÖ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖ ê ú ˆ¢Ö¸ü †»Ö Ö ×¤üµÖê ÖµÖê ×¾ÖÃŸÖé ŸÖ ×−Ö¤ì ü¿ÖÖë êú †−ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¤ë ü …



J-07-11 3 P.T.O.

SECTION – I ÖÓ ›ü – I

Note : This section consists of two essay type questions of twenty (20) marks each, to be

answered in about five hundred (500) words each. (2 ×××× 20 = 40 marks) −ÖÖê ™ü : ‡ÃÖ ÖÓ›ü ´Öë ²ÖßÃÖ – ²ÖßÃÖ (20) †Ó úÖë êú ¤üÖê ×−Ö²Ö−¬ÖÖŸ´Ö ú ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö Æïü … ¯ÖÏ ŸµÖê ú ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö úÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü »Ö Ö³Ö Ö ¯ÖÖÑ “Ö ÃÖÖî (500)

¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë †¯Öê× ÖŸÖ Æîü … (2 ×××× 20 = 40 †Ó ú)1. Discuss the role of Anthropology in health and population control.

Ã¾ÖÖÃ£µÖ ŸÖ£ÖÖ •Ö−ÖÃÖÓ µÖÖ ×−ÖµÖ−¡Ö Ö ´Öë ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö úß ³Öæ ×´Ö úÖ úß ×¾Ö¾Öê“Ö−ÖÖ úß×•Ö‹ …OR/ †£Ö¾ÖÖ

Discuss the latest trends in anthropological methodology and techniques. ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö ÃÖ´²Ö−¬Öß ¯Ö¨ü×ŸÖµÖÖë ŸÖ£ÖÖ ŸÖ ú−Öß úÖë ´Öë −Ö¾Öß−ÖŸÖ´Ö ¯ÖÏ¾Öé ×¢ÖµÖÖë úß ×¾Ö¾Öê“Ö−ÖÖ úß×•ÖµÖê …

OR/ †£Ö¾ÖÖ What do you understand by biocultural process of human evolution ? Discuss. ´ÖÖ−Ö¾ÖßµÖ ˆ¤Ë ü×¾Ö úÖÃÖ úß •Öî¾Ö ÃÖÖÓ Ã éú×ŸÖ ú ¯ÖÏ × ÎúµÖÖ ÃÖê †Ö¯Ö ŒµÖÖ ÃÖ´Ö—ÖŸÖê Æïü ? ×¾Ö¾Öê“Ö−ÖÖ

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J-07-11 7 P.T.O.

2. Discuss the relevance of applied anthropology in human welfare in twenty-firstcentury. ²ÖßÃÖ¾Öà ¿ÖŸÖÖ²¤üß ´Öë ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ú»µÖÖ Ö ´Öë †−Öã¯ÖÏµÖã ŒŸÖ ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö úß ¯ÖÏ ÖÃÖÓ × Ö úŸÖÖ úß ×¾Ö¾Öê“Ö−ÖÖ úß× …

OR/ †£Ö¾ÖÖ Compare the relative and absolute methods of dating and write any one principle ofabsolute dating. úÖ»Ö (†£Ö¾ÖÖ ×ŸÖ×£Ö) ×−Ö¬ÖÖÔ ¸ü Ö úß ÃÖÖ¯Öê× Ö ú ŸÖ£ÖÖ ×−Ö¸ü¯Öê Ö ×¾Ö×¬ÖµÖÖë úß ŸÖã»Ö−ÖÖ úß×•ÖµÖê †Öî ¸ü ×−Ö¸ü¯Öê Ö ×ŸÖ×£Ö × ¸ü Ö úÖ úÖê‡Ô ‹ ú ×ÃÖ¨üÖ−ŸÖ ×»Ö× ÖµÖê …

OR/ †£Ö¾ÖÖ Discuss the various methods of studying human growth. ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ÃÖÓ ¾Öé×¨ü úÖ †¬µÖµÖ−Ö ú¸ü−Öê úß ×¾Ö×¬ÖµÖÖë úß ×¾Ö¾Öê“Ö−ÖÖ

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J-07-11 11 P.T.O.

SECTION – II

ÖÓ ›ü – II

Note : This section contains three (3) questions from each of the electives/specializations.The candidate has to choose only one elective/specialization and answer all thethree questions contained therein. Each question carries fifteen (15) marks and is tobe answered in about three hundred (300) words. (3 ×××× 15 = 45 Marks)

−ÖÖê ™ü : ‡ÃÖ Ö ›ü ´Öë ¯ÖÏ ŸµÖê ú ‹êÛ“”û ú ‡ úÖ‡Ô / ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ–ÖŸÖÖ ÃÖê ŸÖß−Ö (3) ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö Æïü … †³µÖ£Öá úÖê êú¾Ö»Ö ‹ ú ‹ê Û“”û ú ‡ úÖ‡Ô / ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ–ÖŸÖÖ úÖê “Öã−Ö ú¸ü ˆÃÖß êú ŸÖß−ÖÖë ¯ÖÏ¿−ÖÖë êú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ¤êü−Öê Æï ü … ¯ÖÏŸµÖê ú ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö ¯Ö−¦üÆü (15) †Ó úÖë úÖ Æîü ¾Ö ˆÃÖ úÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü »Ö Ö³Ö Ö ŸÖß−Ö ÃÖÖî (300) ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë †¯Öê × ÖŸÖ Æî ü … (3 ×××× 15 = 45 †Ó ú)

Elective – I / ×¾Ö ú»¯Ö– I

Physical Anthropology3. Discuss hominization process with suitable examples.

´ÖÖ−Ö¾Öß ú¸ü Ö ¯ÖÏ× ÎúµÖÖ úß ˆ¯ÖµÖãŒŸÖ ˆ¤üÖÆü¸ü ÖÖë ÃÖ×ÆüŸÖ ×¾ …

4. Describe the role of dermatoglyphies in paternity disputes. ¯ÖîŸÖé Ÿ¾Ö ×¾Ö¾ÖÖ¤üÖë ´Öë “Ö´ÖÔ¸ê ü ÖÖ ¿ÖÖÃ¡Ö (Ÿ¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ê ü× Ö úß) úß ³Öæ ×´Ö úÖ úÖ ¾Ö ÖÔ−Ö úß×•ÖµÖê …

5. Critically examine the phylogenetic position of cromagnon. ÎúÖê´Öî Ö−ÖÖ−Ö úß •ÖÖ×ŸÖ¾Öé×¢Ö ú ÛÃ£Ö×ŸÖ úß †Ö»ÖÖê“Ö−ÖÖŸ´Ö ú ¯Ö¸ …

Elective – II / ×¾Ö ú»¯Ö– IISocial-Cultural Anthropology

3. Discuss various attributes of the anthropological concept of culture. ÃÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ úß ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö×¾Ö–ÖÖ−ÖßµÖ †¾Ö¬ÖÖ¸ü ÖÖ úß ×¾Ö×³Ö−−Ö ÂÖŸÖÖ†Öë úß ×¾Ö¾Öê“Ö−ÖÖ úß×•ÖµÖê …

4. Examine the contribution of Margaret Mead to culture and personality studies. ÃÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ ŸÖ£ÖÖ ¾µÖÛŒŸÖŸ¾Ö †¬µÖµÖ−ÖÖë ´Öë ´ÖÖ ÖÖÔ¸êü™üü ´Öß›ü êú µÖÖê Ö¤üÖ−Ö úß ¯Ö¸üß

5. Discuss the functioning of legislations aimed at tribal land alienation problem. •Ö−Ö•ÖÖŸÖßµÖ ³Öæ ×´Ö ×¾ÖµÖÖê•Ö−Ö ÃÖ´ÖÃµÖÖ êú ÃÖ´²Ö−¬Ö ´Öë ²Ö−ÖÖµÖê ÖµÖê úß úÖµÖÔ úÖ×¸üŸÖÖ úß ×¾Ö¾Öê“ …

Elective – III / ×¾Ö ú»¯Ö– IIIPrehistoric Anthropology

3. Discuss why Neolithic is considered as a period of cultural revolution. −Ö¾Ö¯ÖÖÂÖÖ ÖßµÖ úÖ»Ö ÃÖÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ ú ÎúÖÛ−ŸÖ úÖ úÖ»Ö ŒµÖÖ …

4. Discuss why quarternary period may be considered as framework for human culturaldevelopment. ×¾Ö¾Öê“Ö−ÖÖ úß×•ÖµÖê × ú “ÖŸÖã£ÖÔ ú»¯Ö ´ÖÖ−Ö¾ÖßµÖ ÃÖÖÓÃ é ú×ŸÖ ú ×¾Ö úÖÃÖ êú ×»ÖµÖê º ¯Ö¸ê ü ÖÖ ŒµÖÖë ÃÖ´Ö—ÖÖ •ÖÖ ÃÖ úŸÖÖ Æ ü ?

5. Explain the importance of language for the development of culture among early man.†Ö¸üÛ´³Ö ú ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö êú ´Ö¬µÖ ÃÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ ê ú ×¾Ö úÖÃÖ ê ú ×»ÖµÖê ³ÖÖÂÖÖ êú ´ÖÆü¢¾Ö úß ¾µÖÖ µÖÖ úß×• …



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SECTION – III ÖÓ ›ü – III

Note : This section contains nine (9) questions of ten (10) marks, each to be answered in

about fifty (50) words. (9 ×××× 10 = 90 Marks) −ÖÖê ™ü : ‡ÃÖ ÖÓ›ü ´Öë ¤üÃÖ-¤üÃÖ (10-10) †Ó úÖë êú −ÖÖî (9) ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö Æïü … ¯ÖÏ ŸµÖê ú ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö úÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü »Ö Ö³Ö Ö ¯Ö“ÖÖÃÖ (50) ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë†¯Öê× ÖŸÖ Æî ü … (9 ×××× 10 = 90 †Ó ú)

6. Characteristics of Negroid race. −Öß ÖÏ ÖµÖ›ü ¯ÖÏ•ÖÖ×ŸÖ êú »Ö Ö Ö …

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7. Differences between old world monkeys and new world monkeys. ¯Öã¸üÖ−Öß ¤ãü×−ÖµÖÖÓ ê ú ²Ö−¤ü¸üÖë ŸÖ£ÖÖ −Ö‡Ô ¤ãü×−ÖµÖÖÓ êú ²Ö−¤ü¸üÖë êú ²Öß“Ö †−ŸÖ¸ü …

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8. Finger print patterns.†Ñ Öã»Öß ”ûÖ¯Ö º ¯Ö …

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9. Megalithic types in India.³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ ´Öë ´ÖÆüÖ¯ÖÖÂÖÖ× Ö ú ¯ÖÏ úÖ¸ü …

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J-07-11 23 P.T.O.

10. Purpose of cave art in Europe. µÖæ¸üÖê¯Ö ´Öë Öã±úÖ ú»ÖÖ úÖ ˆ§ê ü¿µÖ …

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11. Importance of microliths. »Ö‘Öã ¯ÖÖÂÖÖ× Ö ú ˆ¯Ö ú¸ü ÖÖë úÖ ´ÖÆü¢¾Ö …

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12. Culture as superorganic.†×¬Ö•Öî ¾Ö êú º ¯Ö ´Öë ÃÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ …

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13. Significance of restudies in Anthropology. ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö ´Öë ¯Öã−Ö: †¬µÖµÖ−Ö úÖ ´ÖÆü¢¾Ö …

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14. Folk-urban continuum. »ÖÖê ú-¿ÖÆü¸üß ÃÖÖÓŸÖŸµÖ …

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_______________________________________________________________________________________________SECTION – IV

ÖÓ ›ü – IVNote : This sections contains five (5) questions of five (5) marks each based on the following

passage. Each question should be answered in about thirty (30) words.(5 ×××× 5 = 25 Marks)

−ÖÖê ™ü : ‡ÃÖ ÖÓ›ü ´Öë ×−Ö´−Ö×»Ö× ÖŸÖ ¯Ö×¸ü“”ê û¤ü ¯Ö¸ü †Ö¬ÖÖ×¸üŸÖü ¯ÖÖÑ “Ö (5) ¯ÖÏ ¿−Ö Æïü … ¯ÖÏŸµÖê ú ¯ÖÏ ¿−Ö úÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü »Ö Ö³Ö Ö ŸÖßÃÖ (30) ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë †¯Öê× ÖŸÖ Æîü … ¯ÖÏ ŸµÖê ú ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö ¯ÖÖÑ “Ö (5)†Ó úÖë úÖ Æîü … (5 ×××× 5 = 25 †Ó ú)

Illness and death are significant events for people everywhere. No one isspared. So it should not be surprising that how people understand the causes of illness

and death, how they behave, and what resources they marshal to cope with theseevents are extremely important parts of culture. Some argue that we will nevercompletely understand how to treat illness effectively until we understand the culturalbehaviours, attitudes, values, and the larger social and political milieux in whichpeople live. Others argue that society and culture have little to do with the outcome ofillness – the reason that people die needlessly is that they do not get the appropriatemedical treatment.

But anthropologists, particularly medical anthropologists, who are activelyengaged in studying health and illness, are increasingly realizing that biological and social factors need to be considered if we are to reduce human suffering. For instance,some populations have an appalling incidence of infant deaths due to diarrhoea. Theorigin of this situation is mostly biological, in the sense that the deaths are caused by

bacterial infection. But why are so many infants exposed to those bacteria ? Usually,



J-07-11 27 P.T.O.

the main reason is social. The affected infants are likely to be poor. Because they arepoor, they are likely to live with infected drinking water. Similarly, malnutrition maybe the biological result of a diet poor in protein, but such a diet is usually also acultural phenomenon, reflecting a society with classes of people with very unequal

access to the necessities of life. In many ways, therefore, medical anthropology, andanthropology in general, are developing in the direction of a “biocultural synthesis”.Medical anthropology is part of this developing synthesis. Indeed, the growth

of jobs in medical anthropology is one of the more striking developments incontemporary anthropology. Medical anthropology has developed into a very popularspecialty, and the Society for Medical Anthropology is now the second largest unit inthe American Anthropological Association.

The medical profession’s ways of treating illness may be able to treat someconditions well, but by itself the medical profession cannot tell us why some groupsare more affected than others, or why the effectiveness of treatment varies from groupto group.

Discovering the health-related beliefs, knowledge and practices of a culturalgroup – its ethnomedicine – is one of the goals of medical anthropology. How docultures view health and illness ? What are their theories about the causes of illness ?Do those theories impact on how illnesses are treated ? What is the therapeuticprocess ? Are there specialized medical practitioners, and how do they heal ? Arethere special medicines, and how are they administered ? These are just some of thequestions asked by the anthropological study of ethnomedicine. ÃÖ³Öß Ã£ÖÖ−ÖÖë ´Öë, ¸üÖê Ö †Öî¸ü ´Öé ŸµÖã »ÖÖê ÖÖë êú ×»ÖµÖê ´ÖÆü¢¾Ö¯Öæ ÖÔ ‘Ö™ü−ÖÖµÖë ÆüÖê ŸÖß Æïü … ‡ÃÖÃÖê úÖê‡Ô −ÖÆüà ²Ö“ÖÖ Æîü … ‡ÃÖ× Æîü¸üÖ−Öß úß ²ÖÖŸÖ −ÖÆüà ÆüÖê−Öß “ÖÖ×ÆüµÖê × ú ¸üÖê Ö †Öî¸ü ´Öé ŸµÖã êú úÖ¸ü ÖÖë úÖê »ÖÖê Ö × úÃÖ ¯ÖÏ úÖ¸ü ÃÖ´Ö—ÖŸÖê Æ ü, × úÃÖ ¯ÖÏ úÖ¸ü ¾ ¾µÖ¾ÖÆüÖ¸ü ú¸üŸÖê Æï ü †Öî¸ü ‡−Ö úÖ ´Öã úÖ²Ö»ÖÖ ú¸ü−Öê ´Öë ¾Öê × ú−Ö ÃÖÓÃÖÖ¬Ö−ÖÖë úÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê Ö ú¸üŸÖê Æïü … µÖÆ ´ÖÆü¢¾Ö¯Öæ ÖÔ †Ó Ö Æï ü … ãú”û »ÖÖê Ö ²ÖÆüÃÖ ú¸üŸÖê Æïü × ú Æü´Ö ú³Öß ³Öß µÖÆü ¯Öæ¸üÖ −ÖÆüà Ã × ú •Ö²Ö ŸÖ ú Æü´Ö ÃÖÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ ú ¾µÖ¾ÖÆüÖ¸ü, †×³Ö¾Öé ×¢ÖµÖÖë, ´Öæ »µÖ †Öî¸ü •µÖÖ¤üÖ ¾µÖÖ¯Ö ú ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö ú ŸÖ£ÖÖ

¸üÆüŸÖê Æï ü úÖê ÃÖ´Ö—Ö −ÖÆüà »ÖêŸÖê Æïü, ŸÖ²Ö ŸÖ ú ¸üÖê Ö úÖê × úÃÖ ¯ÖÏ úÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Ö¯Öæ ÖÔ œÌÓ ü Ö ÃÖê »Öê−ÖÖ “ÖÖ×ÆüµÖê … †−µÖ »ÖÖê Ö ²ÖÆü ú¸üŸÖê Æï ü × ú ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö †Öî ¸ü ÃÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ úÖ ¸üÖê Ö/×²Ö´ÖÖ¸üß êú ¯Ö×¸ü ÖÖ´Ö êú Ã ŸÖÖ Æîü »ÖÖê Ö µÖÖëÆüß ´Ö¸ü •Ö Æïü, úÖ¸ü Ö Æîü × ú ¾Öê ÃÖ´Öã ×“ÖŸÖ †ÖµÖã Ù¾Ö–ÖÖ−ÖßµÖ ×“Ö× úŸÃÖÖ −ÖÆüà ú¸ü¾ÖÖ ¯ÖÖŸÖê Æï ü …

¯Ö¸ü−ŸÖã ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Öß, ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ º ¯Ö ÃÖê ³ÖêÂÖ•ÖßµÖ ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Öß •ÖÖê Ã¾ÖÖÃ£µÖ ŸÖ£ÖÖ ¸üÖê Ö úÖ †¬ ü, •µÖÖ¤üÖ ÃÖê •µÖÖ¤üÖ ÃÖ´Ö—Ö−Öê »Ö Öê Æï ü × ú µÖ×¤ü Æü´Öë ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö úß ¾Öê¤ü−ÖÖ úÖê ú´Ö ú ü ŸÖÖê •Öî ×¾Ö ú ŸÖ£ÖÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö úÖê ÃÖ´Ö—Ö−ÖÖ †Ö¾Ö¿µÖ ú Æîü … ˆ¤üÖÆü¸ Ö êú ×»ÖµÖê ãú”û •Ö−ÖÃÖÓ µÖÖ†Öë ´Öë ›üÖµÖ×¸üµÖÖ êú úÖ¸ü Ö ×¿Ö¿Ö ŸµÖã úÖ ³ÖµÖÓ ú ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Ö ¤êü Ö−Öê úÖê ×´Ö»ÖŸÖÖ Æî ü … ‡ÃÖ ÛÃ£Ö×ŸÖ úÖ ˆ¤Ëü³Ö¾Ö †×¬Ö úÖÓ¿ÖŸÖ: •Öî×¾Ö ŸÖË , •Öß¾ÖÖ Öã ÃÖÓ ÎúÖ´Ö Ö (µÖ ÃÖÓ¤æüÂÖ Ö) êú «üÖ¸üÖ ´ÖéŸµÖã ÆüÖê ŸÖß Æîü … ¯Ö¸ü−ŸÖã ‡ŸÖ−Öê ÃÖÖ¸êü ×¿Ö¿Öã •Öß¾ÖÖ Öã ÃÖê ŒµÖÖë ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ×¾ÖŸÖ ÆüÖê ŸÖê Æïü ? ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ−µÖŸÖ: ´Ö µÖ úÖ¸ü Ö ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö ú ÆüÖêŸÖÖ Æîü … ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ×¾ÖŸÖ ×¿Ö¿Öã Ö¸üß²Ö ¯Ö×¸ü¾ÖÖ¸ü ê ú ÆüÖê ÃÖ úŸÖê Æï ü … ŒµÖÖë× ú ¾Öê Ö¸üß²Ö Æï ü, ŸÖÖê ˆ−Æë ü ÃÖÓ ÎúÖ×´Ö ú ¯Öêµ úÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê Ö ú¸ü−ÖÖ ¯Ö›Ìü ÃÖ úŸÖÖ Æî ü … ‡ÃÖß ŸÖ¸üÆü ÃÖê, ãú¯ÖÖêÂÖ Ö ú´Ö ¯ÖÏ Öê ™üß−Ö µÖãŒŸÖ †ÖÆüÖ¸ü úÖ •Öî×¾Ö ÃÖ úŸÖÖ Æîü, ¯Ö¸ü−ŸÖã ‹êÃÖÖ †ÖÆüÖ¸ü ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ−µÖŸÖ: ÃÖÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ ú ¯Ö×¸ü¥ü¿µÖ ³Öß Æü ü, •ÖÖê × ú ‹êÃÖê ¾µÖÛŒŸÖµÖÖë êú ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö úÖê ¯ÖÏ ú™ü ú¸üŸÖÖ

Æîü •ÖÆüÖÑ •Öß¾Ö−Ö úß †Ö¾Ö¿µÖ ú ¾ÖÃŸÖã†Öë ŸÖ ú ¯ÖÆã Ñ ü“Ö ²ÖÆãüŸÖ †ÃÖ´ÖÖ−Ö Æîü … †ŸÖ: ³ÖêÂÖ•Ößµ ¸ü ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ−µÖ ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö“ •Öî¾Ö ÃÖÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ ú ÃÖÓ ¿»ÖêÂÖ Ö ” úß ×¤ü¿ÖÖ úß †Öê ¸ü ×¾Ö ú×ÃÖŸÖ ÆüÖê ¸üÆê ü Æïü …³ÖêÂÖ•ÖßµÖ ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö, ×¾Ö ú×ÃÖŸÖ ÆüÖê ¸üÆê ü ‡ÃÖ ÃÖÓ¿»ÖêÂÖ Ö úÖ Æüß †Ó¿Ö Æîü ¤êüÆü, ³ÖêÂÖ•Ößµ

(†ÖµÖãÙ¾Ö–ÖÖ−ÖßµÖ) ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö ê ú Öê¡Ö ´Öë −ÖÖî ú×¸üµÖÖë úß ¾Öé×¨ü ÃÖ´Ö úÖ×»Ö ú ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ üŸÖ “Ö´ÖŸ úÖ×¸ü ‘Ö™ü−ÖÖ Æüß Æîü … ³ÖêÂÖ•ÖßµÖ ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö ²ÖÆãüŸÖ »ÖÖê ú×¯ÖÏµÖ ×¾Ö×¿ÖÂ™üŸÖÖ ´Öë ×¾Ö ú×ÃÖŸÖ ÆüÖê ÖµÖÖ Æîü, †Öî ¸ü ³ÖêÂÖ•ÖßµÖ ´ÖÖ− ×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö ÃÖÓÃ£ÖÖ−Ö †²Ö †´Öê×¸ü ú−Ö ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ−ÖßµÖ ÃÖÓ ‘Ö úß ¤æüÃÖ¸üß ²Ö›Ì üß ‡ úÖ‡Ô Æî ü …

¸üÖê Ö úß ×“Ö× úŸÃÖÖ ú¸ü−Öê êú ³ÖêÂÖ•ÖßµÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ êú ú ãú”û ÛÃ£Ö×ŸÖµÖÖë úÖ ‡»ÖÖ•Ö šüß ³ÖêÂÖ•ÖßµÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ Ã¾ÖµÖÓ ÃÖê Æü´Öë −ÖÆüà ²ÖŸÖÖ ÃÖ úŸÖÖ Æîü × ú ãú”û ÃÖ´Öæ Æü †−µÖ úß ŸÖã»Ö−ÖÖ ´Öë ŒµÖÖë •µÖÖ¤üÖ ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ×¾ÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖ Æï ü,†£Ö¾ÖÖ ŒµÖÖë ×“Ö× úŸÃÖÖ úß ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Ö¯Öæ ÖÔŸÖÖ ×³Ö−−Ö ÃÖ´Öæ ÆüÖë ´Öë ×³Ö−−Ö-×³Ö−−Ö ÆüÖê ŸÖß Æî ü … ÃÖÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ ú ÃÖ´ÖæÆ ÃÖ´²ÖÛ−¬ÖŸÖ ¬ÖÖ¸ü ÖÖ‹Ñ, –ÖÖ−Ö ŸÖ£ÖÖ ¯ÖÏ£ÖÖ†Öë– ˆÃÖ úß ¯ÖÏ•ÖÖŸÖßµÖ †ÖîÂÖ¬Ö– †Ö•Ö ³ÖêÂÖ•ÖßµÖ ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ×¾Ö–Ö Æîü … Ã¾ÖÖÃ£µÖ ŸÖ£ÖÖ ²Öß´ÖÖ×¸üµÖÖë úÖê ×³Ö−−Ö ÃÖÓÃ é ú×ŸÖµÖÖÑ × úÃÖ ¯ÖÏ úÖ¸ü ¤ê ü ÖŸÖß Æï ü ? ²Öß´ÖÖ×¸üµÖÖë êú úÖ¸ü ÖÖë ê ú ²ÖÖ¸êü ´Öë ˆ−Ö êú

ŒµÖÖ ×ÃÖ¨üÖ−ŸÖ Æïü ? ŒµÖÖ ˆ−Ö ×ÃÖ¨üÖ−ŸÖÖë úÖ × úÃÖ ¯ÖÏ úÖ¸ü ²Ö úÖ ‡»ÖÖ•Ö × úµÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖ Æî ü ¯Ö¸ü ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Ö ¯Ö›Ì üŸÖÖ Æîü ?



J-07-11 28

×“Ö× úŸÃÖßµÖ ¯ÖÏ × Î úµÖÖ ŒµÖÖ Æî ü ? ŒµÖÖ ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖß éúŸÖ ³ÖêÂÖ•ÖßµÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖß Æ ü, †Öî¸ü ¾Öê × úÃÖ ¯ÖÏ úÖ¸ü ¸üÖê Ö úÖê šüß ú ú¸üŸÖê ŒµÖÖ úÖê‡Ô ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ ¤ü¾ÖÖ‹Ñ Æïü, †Öî ¸ü ¾Öê × úÃÖ ¯ÖÏ úÖ¸ü × Ö»ÖÖ‡Ô •ÖÖŸÖß Æïü ? µÖÆü ãú”û ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö Æï ü •ÖÖê × ú ¯ÖÏ•ÖÖŸÖßµÖ †ÖîÂÖ ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ−ÖßµÖ †¬µÖµÖ−Ö «üÖ¸üÖ × úµÖê •ÖÖŸÖê Æïü …

15. Write about the aim of medical anthropology.³ÖêÂÖ•ÖßµÖ ´ÖÖ−Ö¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖ−Ö êú »Ö µÖ êú ²ÖÖ¸êü ´Öë ×»Ö× ÖµÖê …_______________________________________________________________________________________________

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16. Malnutrition may be the result of both biological and cultural phenomena – Justify. ãú¯ÖÖêÂÖ Ö •Öî ×¾Ö ú ŸÖ£ÖÖ ÃÖÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ ú ¯Ö×¸ü¥ü¿µÖ ¤üÖê−ÖÖë úÖ ¯Ö×¸ü ÃÖ úŸÖÖ Æîü– ˆ¤üÖÆü¸ü Ö êú ÃÖÖ£Ö ˆ×“Ö úß×•ÖµÖê …

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17. Elaborate the concept of ethnomedicine. ¯ÖÏ•ÖÖŸÖßµÖ †Öî ÂÖ¬Ö úß †¾Ö¬ÖÖ¸ü ÖÖ úÖê ×¾ÖÃŸÖÖ¸ü ÃÖê Ã¯ÖÂ™ü úß×•ÖµÖê …

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18. Why the effectiveness of treatment varies from group to group ? ×“Ö× úŸÃÖÖ (µÖÖ ‡»ÖÖ•Ö) úß ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Ö¯Öæ ÖÔ ŸÖÖ ×³Ö−−Ö ÃÖ´ÖæÆüÖë ´Öë †»Ö Ö-†»Ö Ö ŒµÖÖë Æîü ?

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19. Explain with example that biological and cultural factors are to be considered toreduce human sufferings. ´ÖÖ−Ö¾ÖßµÖ ¾Öê¤ü−ÖÖ úÖê ú´Ö ú¸ü−Öê êú ×»ÖµÖê •Öî ×¾Ö ú ŸÖ£ÖÖ ÃÖÖÓÃ éú×ŸÖ ú úÖ¸ü úÖë ¤üÖê −ÖÖë ¯Ö¸ü ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü ú¸ü−ÖÖ “ÖÖ×Æ, ÃÖÖê¤üÖÆü¸ü Ö ¾µÖÖ µÖÖ úß×•ÖµÖê …

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