anti-discrimination

8/14/2019 Anti-Discrimination

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Legi sl ati ng for (or Aga inst ?) the Mor o:egi sl ati ng for (or Aga inst ?) the Mor o:A F or um w ith La wyers, Law St udent s andF or um w ith La wyers, Law St udent s andParalega lsaralega ls

J anua ry 8 , 2 0 0 6 , P a c i f i c H e ig hts , Co tab ato Cit yanua ry 8 , 2 0 0 6 , P a c i f i c H e ig hts , Co tab ato Cit y

Orga nized by th e Bangs amoro Lawy ers Net wo rkrga nized by th e Bangs amoro Lawy ers Net wo rkThru Sentro ng Alt ern atibon gL in gap Panlig al (SA LIGA N)hru Sentro ng Alt ern atibon gL in gap Panlig al (SA LIGA N)With the Fin anci al Assist ance fr om: The Asia Fou nda ti on (TAF)ith the Fin anci al Assis tance fr om: The Asia Fou nda ti on (TAF)

Atty. A lg am ar A. La ti phtty. A lg am ar A. La ti phMusli m Leg al Found ati on, I nc.usli m Leg al Found ati on, Inc.


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Anti-Discriminationnti-DiscriminationBil li l l

Ho use Bi ll No. 321 6o use Bil l No. 321 6Spo nso re d by Rep . Mu ji v Ha ta manpo nso re d by Rep . Mu ji v Ha ta manAn ak Min dan ao Par ty- Lis tn ak Min dan ao Par ty- Lis tFiled on October 27, 2004iled on October 27, 2004


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LEGAL BASISLEGAL BASIS

Legal Basis of Anti -D is cri mi nati on un der its Exp lanator yegal Basis of Anti -D is cri mi nati on un der its Exp lanator yNoteote Eq ual Protection Clau se (Sec. 1, Art . I II, 1987 C onst.)q ual Protection Clau se (Sec. 1, Art . I II, 1987 C onst.) Social Jus ti ce (Sec . 10, Art . I I, 1987 Cons t.)ocial Justi ce (Sec . 10, Art . I I, 1987 Cons t.) Incorp ora ti on C laus e (s ec. 2, Art. II, Con st.)ncorp ora ti on C laus e (s ec. 2, Art. II, Con st.)

The Phili ppin es adopts th e gen er ally acc ept ed prin ci ple she Phili ppin es adopts th e gen er ally acc ept ed p rin ci ple sof in te rn ati on al la wf international law Inter nation al Cove nants on Ec onomic, Soci al and Cu ltu ra lnter nation al Cove nants on Ec onomic, Soci al and Cu ltu ra lRi gh ts/Ci vi l and Pol iti ca l Ri gh tsi gh ts/Ci vi l and Pol iti ca l Ri gh ts


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EQUAL PROTECTIONEQUAL PROTECTION

Equ al Pro te ction Cl au sequ al Pro te ction Cl au se One of the ideals and aspirations of the Filipino people underOne of the ideals and aspirations of the Filipino people under

the Preamble of the 1987 Constitution is equalitythe Preamble of the 1987 Constitution is equality

No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law.No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law.

(Sec. 1, Art. III)(Sec. 1, Art. III)

Co ncep t of Eq ual P rotect io n Cla us eo ncep t of Eq ual P rotect io n Cla us e "No person or class of persons shall be denied the same"No person or class of persons shall be denied the same

protection of the laws which is enjoyed by other persons orprotection of the laws which is enjoyed by other persons orother classes in the same place and in like circumstances".other classes in the same place and in like circumstances".((Tolentino vs. The Board Of AccountancyTolentino vs. The Board Of Accountancy, 1951 September 28,, 1951 September 28,G.R. No. L-3062 citingG.R. No. L-3062 citing Missouri vs. Lewis,Missouri vs. Lewis, 101 U. S. 22, 31.)101 U. S. 22, 31.)


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Rea so nabl e Cl as si fica ti onea so nabl e Cl as si f ica ti onIt is an established principle of constitutional law that theIt is an established principle of constitutional law that the

guaranty of the equal protection of the laws is not violated byguaranty of the equal protection of the laws is not violated bya legislation based on reasonable classification. (a legislation based on reasonable classification. (People vs.People vs.CayatCayat1939 (May 06, ___ G.R. No. 45987 citing1939 (May 06, ___ G.R. No. 45987 citing Borgnis vs.Borgnis vs.Falk Co., 133 N. W., 209; Lindsley vs. Natural Carbonic GasFalk Co., 133 N. W., 209; Lindsley vs. Natural Carbonic GasCo., 220 U. S., 61; 55 Law. ed., 369; Rubi vs. Provincial BoardCo., 220 U. S., 61; 55 Law. ed., 369; Rubi vs. Provincial Boardof Mindoro, 39 Phil., 660; People and Hongkong & Shanghaiof Mindoro, 39 Phil., 660; People and Hongkong & Shanghai

Banking Corporation vs. Vera and Cu Unjieng, 37 Off. Gaz.,Banking Corporation vs. Vera and Cu Unjieng, 37 Off. Gaz.,187187.).)

The cla ssi f icati on, to be reas onabl e:he cla ssi f icati on, to be reas onabl e:1.1. must rest on substantial distinctions;must rest on substantial distinctions;

2.2. must be germane to the purposes of the law;must be germane to the purposes of the law;

3.3. must not be limited to existing conditions only; andmust not be limited to existing conditions only; and

4.4. must apply equally to all members of the same class.must apply equally to all members of the same class.


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Sp ecia l Pr ovi si ons on Eq ua l Prot ecti onp ecia l Pr ovi si ons on Eq ua l Prot ecti onunder the 1987 Constitutionnder the 1987 Constitution

Political RightsPolitical Rights Social JusticeSocial Justice

Equal Protection of Mother and her FetusEqual Protection of Mother and her Fetus

Gender EqualityGender Equality Cultural EqualityCultural Equality


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Po li t ical Ri gh tso li t ical Ri gh ts The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities toThe State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities to

public servicepublic service. ((Sec. 26, Art. II, Const.Sec. 26, Art. II, Const.)) Bona fideBona fidecandidates for any public office shall be free formcandidates for any public office shall be free form

any form of harassment and discrimination. (any form of harassment and discrimination. (Sec. 10, Art. IX,Sec. 10, Art. IX,Const.Const.))

So cia l Ju st iceo cia l Ju st ice The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment ofThe Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of

the measures that protect the and enhance the right of all thethe measures that protect the and enhance the right of all thepeople to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and politicalpeople to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and politicalinequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitablyinequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitablydiffusing wealth and political power for the common good.diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.

((Sec. 1, Art XIIISec. 1, Art XIII,id.),id.)


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Soc ial Jus tic e As A Const it ut io nal Ri ghtoc ial Jus tic e As A Const it ut io nal Ri ght Not a self-executing rights unlike civil and politicalNot a self-executing rights unlike civil and political

rights under the Bill of Rights. (Bernas, Joaquin,rights under the Bill of Rights. (Bernas, Joaquin, TheThe1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines:1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines:A CommentaryA Commentary1060, 1996 ed. )1060, 1996 ed. )

The word used is highest priority not anThe word used is highest priority not anenforceable right. There must be an enabling law.enforceable right. There must be an enabling law.((idid.).)

Under the Social Justice title are: Labor, AgrarianUnder the Social Justice title are: Labor, Agrarianand Natural Resources, Urban Land Reform andand Natural Resources, Urban Land Reform andHousing, Health, Women, Role and Rights of PeopleHousing, Health, Women, Role and Rights of PeopleOrganization, and Human RightsOrganization, and Human Rights


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The goal is to reduce not remove inequalitiesThe goal is to reduce not remove inequalitieswhich by themselves are not evil. (which by themselves are not evil. (id.id.))

Cultural inequalities, however, are evil andCultural inequalities, however, are evil andtherefore must be removed. (therefore must be removed. (idid. citing II. citing IIRECORD 737-738). But under Art. XIV states thatRECORD 737-738). But under Art. XIV states thatthe culture referred thereto are:the culture referred thereto are:

1. Fi li pin o nat ion al culture. (S ec . 14). Fi li pin o nat ion al culture. (S ec . 14)3.. Nations his tori ca l, and cultu ral herit age andations his tori ca l, and cultu ral herit age andresources. (Sec. 15)esources. (Sec. 15)3. C ou ntry s arti sti c and historic we alt h. (S ec. 16). C ou ntry s arti sti c and historic we alt h. (S ec. 16)4. Ri gh ts of in dige nou s cu ltu ra l com munities to. Ri gh ts of in dige nou s cu ltu ra l com munities topre serv e their cu lture s, tra dit ion s and in stitu tions.re serv e their cu lture s, tra dit ion s and in stitu tions.Sec. 17)ec. 17)


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Equ al Pro te ction of Mothe r an d her Fet usqu al Pro te ction of Mothe r an d her Fet us[The State] shall equally protect the life of the mother and the[The State] shall equally protect the life of the mother and the

life of the unborn from conception. (life of the unborn from conception. (Sec. 12, Art. II, ConstSec. 12, Art. II, Const.).)

Gend er Eq ua li tyend er Eq ua li ty[The State] shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law[The State] shall ensure the fundamental equality before the lawof women and men. (of women and men. (Sec. 14, Art. 2, ConstSec. 14, Art. 2, Const.).)

Cu ltu ral Equ ali tyu ltu ral Equ ali tyEqual access to cultural opportunities. (Sec. 18, Art. XIV)Equal access to cultural opportunities. (Sec. 18, Art. XIV)


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The Phili ppine Flaghe Phili ppine Flag 8 rays represent the eight provinces that8 rays represent the eight provinces that

were the first to rise against Spainwere the first to rise against Spain

Attempts to add 2 rays each for MuslimAttempts to add 2 rays each for Muslim

Mindanao and Cordilleras but this wasMindanao and Cordilleras but this was

rejected in the Committee (Bernas)rejected in the Committee (Bernas)


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Musl ims a nd Mo rousl ims a nd Mo roM al edi ctaal edi cta (Wo rd s o f Hate):(Wo rd s o f Hate):Histo ri cal Ro otsisto ri cal Ro ots


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MUSLIMSUSLIMS As early as Adam and EveAs early as Adam and Eve

Muslims were lineal descendants of Cain murdering his brother Abel. ForcedMuslims were lineal descendants of Cain murdering his brother Abel. Forcedto dwell in east heaven, the East (to dwell in east heaven, the East (LevantLevant). (The constant conflict between). (The constant conflict betweenEast and West)East and West)

Saint Bede in 8th century had stated the danger and evil of Islam. MuslimsSaint Bede in 8th century had stated the danger and evil of Islam. Muslimsare the descendants of Hagar the concubine of Prophet Abraham. Christiansare the descendants of Hagar the concubine of Prophet Abraham. Christiansare descendants of Abraham from his lawful wife and begotten son Isaac.are descendants of Abraham from his lawful wife and begotten son Isaac.

Byzantine Empire scholars branded Muslims particularly Moros, Bebers,Byzantine Empire scholars branded Muslims particularly Moros, Bebers,Arabs and Turks (and even today some books would refer to Muslims) as:Arabs and Turks (and even today some books would refer to Muslims) as:

AgarenesAgarenes IshmaeliteIshmaelite Sons of IshmaelSons of Ishmael Race born of slavesRace born of slaves Sons of CainSons of Cain MisbegottenMisbegotten


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MOR OOR OIberi an Peni nsul a (Sp ain )beri an Peni nsul a (Sp ain )

InIn 720720, Tarif Bin Malik crossed the Mediterranean Sea to the Iberian, Tarif Bin Malik crossed the Mediterranean Sea to the IberianPeninsulaPeninsula

They were called as Moors or MorosThey were called as Moors or Moros

InIn 14921492, Granada fell to the hands of the combined Kingdoms of Castile, Granada fell to the hands of the combined Kingdoms of Castileand Aragon Queen Isabelle/King Ferdinand. Both Muslims and Jewsand Aragon Queen Isabelle/King Ferdinand. Both Muslims and Jewswere forcefully ejected from Spainwere forcefully ejected from Spain

InIn 15211521, Magellan landed in the Philippines, Magellan landed in the Philippines

InIn 15711571, Spaniards defeated Raja Sulaiman, Spaniards defeated Raja Sulaiman

InIn 15781578, Capt. Estreban Figueroa expedition and attached Mindanao and, Capt. Estreban Figueroa expedition and attached Mindanao andJolo that started the Moro-Spanish War which extended for 3 centuriesJolo that started the Moro-Spanish War which extended for 3 centuries


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Mor o Etym olog yor o Etym olog y The etymology of Moros according to some historians came from theThe etymology of Moros according to some historians came from the

wordword MauresMaureswhich means in Latin as black. When Romans landed inwhich means in Latin as black. When Romans landed in

Northern Africa in 43 BC they saw people of black skin they called themNorthern Africa in 43 BC they saw people of black skin they called themMaurusMaurus. Thus, at first it is a racial slur referring to color of skin.. Thus, at first it is a racial slur referring to color of skin.((MauritaniaMauritanialand of black people)land of black people)

MoorsMoors,, MorosMoros,, MoriscosMoriscos(little Moros, those Moros who were converted to(little Moros, those Moros who were converted toChristianity) by Edict of Queen Isabelle it was change toChristianity) by Edict of Queen Isabelle it was change to MudejaresMudejares(subjugated)(subjugated)

Moros Moros have the outward appearance of a man, for the best of you arehave the outward appearance of a man, for the best of you arebeastbeast

Moro was a tag chosen for him by his enemy and not himself, and wasMoro was a tag chosen for him by his enemy and not himself, and wasthe result of animosity, warfare and resistance for foreign pressure.the result of animosity, warfare and resistance for foreign pressure.

(Salah AlJubair)(Salah AlJubair)

they were feared and hated by the Filipinos. They were feared andthey were feared and hated by the Filipinos. They were feared andhated by the Spaniards (hated by the Spaniards (Vic Hurley 1935 cited by MarohomsalicVic Hurley 1935 cited by Marohomsalic))


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Mal ed i ctaal ed i cta endures becauseendures becausethe y we re immo rtali zed byhe y we re immo rtali zed by paintings (Battle of Lepanto, Juan Luna)paintings (Battle of Lepanto, Juan Luna)

dances/play (Moro-Moro)dances/play (Moro-Moro)

MusicMusic

booksbooks

poemspoems

orationsorations

odesodes

other medium of communicationother medium of communication


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Sa lient Fea tur es of the Billa lient Fea tur es of the Bill It defines discriminationIt defines discrimination

It specifies various acts of discriminationIt specifies various acts of discrimination

It penalizes discriminationIt penalizes discrimination

Its subject is discrimination against Moro, Muslim,Its subject is discrimination against Moro, Muslim,Indigenous people/personIndigenous people/person

It seeks to provide equal opportunities for Moro,It seeks to provide equal opportunities for Moro,Muslim, Indigenous people/personMuslim, Indigenous people/person


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Contentontent Short Title (Sec. 1)Short Title (Sec. 1)

Declaration of Policy (Sec. 2)Declaration of Policy (Sec. 2)

Definition and Acts Constituting Discrimination (Sec. 3)Definition and Acts Constituting Discrimination (Sec. 3)

Repealing Clause(Sec. 4)Repealing Clause(Sec. 4)

Effectivity Clause (Sec. 5)Effectivity Clause (Sec. 5)


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Decla ra tio n of Po lic yecla ra tio n of Po lic y To maintain peace and orderTo maintain peace and order

To protect life, life and propertyTo protect life, life and property

To promote General WelfareTo promote General Welfare

To promote and recognize Social JusticeTo promote and recognize Social Justice

To recognize and promote the rights of indigenousTo recognize and promote the rights of indigenouspeoplepeople


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Act/s o f D iscr imi na ti on a nd itsct/s o f D iscr imi na ti on a nd itsPenaltiesenalt ies

Th e te rm d iscr imin at ion as used in th is Acth e te rm d iscr imin at ion as used in thi s Actsh al l mean an y di st in ct io n, ex clu si on orh al l mean an y di st in ct io n, ex clu si on orrest rict ion made on the ba si s of bei ngest rict ion made on the ba si s of bei ngMu sli m/Mo ro peo ple an d/or In di gen ous Pe opl esu sli m/Mo ro peo ple an d/or In di gen ous Pe opl eswh ich has the effect or pu rp ose o f impa ir ing orh ich has the effect or pu rp ose o f impa ir ing ornul lif yin g th e re co gni tio n, enjo ym en t or e xer ci seul lif yin g th e re co gni tio n, enjo ym en t or e xer ci seby th em, on a n e qua l footin g, of huma n ri gh tsy th em, on a n e qua l footin g, of huma n ri gh tsan d fund amenta l fre ed oms in th e p oliti cal ,n d fund amenta l fre ed oms in th e p oliti cal ,eco nomi c, so cial , cultur al , civi l or an y oth erco nomi c, so cial , cultur al , civi l or an y oth erfiel d, esp eci al ly in cl ud ing but not limi ted toiel d, esp eci al ly in cl ud ing but not limi ted toemp lo yme nt , li ve li hood, housi ng , ed ucatio n an dmp lo yme nt , li ve li hood, housi ng , ed ucatio n an dba si c ser vi ces. (a si c ser vi ces. (2n d p ar ., Sec. 3n d p ar ., Sec. 3 )


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An y per so n, in cl ud ing an y go ver nmen tn y per so n, in cl ud ing an y go ver nmen tor pr iva te corp orati on officer resp onsi bl e forr pr iva te corp orati on officer resp onsi bl e forpo licy, w ho comm its discr imin at ion ag ai nsto licy, w ho comm its discr imin at ion ag ai nstMu sli ms/MO RO pe ople an d/o r In digen ousu sli ms/MO RO pe ople an d/o r In digen ousPeo pl es in Mi nd an ao an d el sewh ere in theeo pl es in Mi nd an ao an d el sewh ere in thePh il ipp in es sh al l be pu nish ed by imp ri so nmen th il ipp in es sh al l be pu nish ed by imp ri so nmen tfor a per iod of not le ss than thi rty day s no ror a per iod of not le ss than thi rty day s no rmo re than si x mo nths an d/or a f in e o r not les so re than si x mo nths an d/or a f in e o r not les stha n te n th ousa nd peso s nor mo re than oneha n te n th ousa nd peso s nor mo re than onehu ndred th ousa nd peso s, tak in g in tou ndred th ousa nd peso s, tak in g in toconsid er ati on the cir cu mst an ces and gravi ty ofonsid er ati on the cir cu mst an ces and gravi ty ofthe offense. (he offense. (1st pa r ., S ec. 3st pa r ., S ec. 3 )


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El ement s of Di scri min at ion (u nder the Bil l)l ement s of Di scri min at ion (u nder the B il l) That the of fend er has co mmit te d an act cons titu tin ghat the of fend er has co mmit te d an act cons titu tin guneq ual and u nf air d istin ction , ex cl us ion or res tri ction ;neq ual and u nf air d istin ction , ex cl us ion or res tri ction ; That the of fend er in te nded or th e act has t he ef fect ofhat the of fend er in te nded or th e act has t he ef fect ofimp airi ng or nul li fyi ng the reco gni tion , enjoymen t ormp airi ng or nul li fyi ng the reco gni tion , enjoymen t orexe rci se of hu man ri gh ts , th e p ol iti ca l, econ omi c,xe rci se of hu man ri gh ts , th e p ol iti ca l, econ omi c,social, cul tur al, an d civil r ig hts or any oth er fieldsocial, cul tur al, an d civil r ig hts or any oth er fieldses peci ally incl ud ing but not l imit ed to emp loymen t,s peci ally incl ud ing but not l imit ed to emp loymen t,l iveli ho od, housing , ed ucation and b as ic se rv ices ; an diveli ho od, housing , ed ucation and b as ic se rv ices ; an d That such act is di rect ed again st a Musli m, Moro orhat such act is di rect ed again st a Musli m, Moro orIndigenous peop le/ pers on .ndig enous peop le/ pers on .


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Person/s Li abl eerson/s Li abl e Natural personNatural person

Government officerGovernment officer

Private corporation officerPrivate corporation officer

Pena lti es Imp osedena lti es Imp osed IMP RISO NMEN TMP RISO NMEN T for not less than 30 days nor morefor not less than 30 days nor morethan 6 months; and/orthan 6 months; and/or FINEI NE ranging from 10,000 to 100,000ranging from 10,000 to 100,000


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Obs ervatio ns Onbs ervatio ns On LanguageLanguage

LegalityLegality

LiabilityLiability


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Languageanguage Mus lim, Mo ro, IP shoul d be d efined und er the billus lim, Mo ro, IP shoul d be d efined und er the bill The w ord s d is ti nc tion, excl usi on and rest ri ctio n must defi ned orhe w ord s d is ti nc tion, excl usi on and rest ri ctio n must defi ned orothe r l ega l t erm sho uld b e employedthe r l ega l t erm sho uld b e employed To ret hi nk whet he r human ri ght s, the polit ical, ec ono mic, soc ial,o ret hi nk whet he r human ri ght s, the politi cal, ec ono mic, soc ial,cul tura l, a nd ci vil ri ght s sho uld be mai nt ai ned c onsi dering that theseul tura l, a nd ci vil ri ght s sho uld be mai nt ai ned c onsi dering that theseare al read y sep arately penali zed by other laws reg ard less whet herre al read y sep arately penali zed by othe r laws reg ard less whet herone i s a Mus l im, Mo ro or I Pne i s a Mus l im, Mo ro or I P Eq ual acc ess/ pro tect ion on em ploy ment , l ivel ihood , housi ng ,q ual acc ess/ pro tect ion on em ploy ment , l ivel ihood , housi ng ,ed uc ation, and basi c serv ic es coul d be m ai nt ained but t he re mightd uc ation, and basi c serv ic es coul d be m ai nt ained but there mightbe other fi el ds whi ch coul d be inc ludede other fi el ds whi ch coul d be inc luded eq ual fo ot ing whi ch is not a l egal term sho uld b e del eted a ndq ual fo ot ing whi ch is not a l egal term sho uld b e del eted a ndanot her p hrase und er the co mpass of equal ity or f air shoul d b enot her p hrase und er the co mpass of equal ity or f air shoul d b einst ead ut ilizednst ead ut ilized rec og ni tion, e nj oy ment or exerci se is a surp lusag e and sho uld b eec og ni tion, e nj oy ment or exerci se is a surp lusag e and sho uld b edel et ed ins tead the i mpai ri ng or nul l ifyi ng shoul d be maintainedel et ed ins tead the i mpai ri ng or nul l ifyi ng shoul d be maintainedbut d epriv ing , abridg ing , p rohi biting, d eny ing , among others,ut d epriv ing , abridg ing , p rohi biting, d eny ing , among others,coul d be u tilizedoul d be u tilized


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Legalityegality Equal Protection Clause/Class LegislationEqual Protection Clause/Class Legislation

There must be a valid and reasonable classificationThere must be a valid and reasonable classification Limited only to Muslim, Moro, IPLimited only to Muslim, Moro, IP

VagueVague

To make the broad terms used specificTo make the broad terms used specific No enumeration of specific acts (refer to other penal laws eg SexualNo enumeration of specific acts (refer to other penal laws eg Sexual

Harassment Law)Harassment Law)

Liabil ityiabil ity Any person, including any government or private corporationAny person, including any government or private corporation

officerofficer responsible for policyresponsible for policy should be rephrased should be rephrased


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Rec ommenda tionsec ommenda tions To include other class of people which are similarlyTo include other class of people which are similarly

situatedsituated

The terms used must be defined, specified andThe terms used must be defined, specified and

narrowednarrowed

To reduce the discriminatory acts which are alreadyTo reduce the discriminatory acts which are already

penalized under existing lawspenalized under existing laws

To limit the scope of the acts of discrimination toTo limit the scope of the acts of discrimination to

pass the test of constitutionalitypass the test of constitutionality


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--Salamat.alamat.Thank yo u f or l iste ning. .hank yo u f or l iste ning. .SalaamSalaam..

anti-discrimination

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