CONFIDENTIAL

Anti-Reflective Coating on PV Cover Glass Xiao-Liang Wang, Technical Service Manager in DSM Advanced Surfaces Xiao-liang.wang@dsm.com

21 Oct 2014

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CONFIDENTIAL

1

Overview

• Anti-reflective coating on PV cover glass

• KhepriCoat® ---outstanding efficiency and durability

• Brief introduction to DSM

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CONFIDENTIAL

Basic principles of ARC technology PV-module, single sided coated

Simplified illustration disregarding e.g. absorption of glass

2

I = 100%

T~96%

PV module: glass—EVA—cells—EVA—Backsheet

R=4%

Rair/glass

ARC R=1%

T~99%

Rair/AR

RAR/glass I = 100%

dAR ~ 𝝀

𝟒∗𝒏AR

nAR ~ 𝒏𝒂𝒊𝒓 ∗ 𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔

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Penetration AR-coatings In 2013 already >60% of all PV modules

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Sources: DSM calculation

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Sol-gel AR-coatings dominant technology for solar cover glass

4

Global shares AR-coating technologies solar cover glass

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Sol-Gel AR Coatings: Traditional vs.Core-shell AR Coatings

“Traditional” AR coating

Binder

Silica

particles

Glass substrate

Pore

DSM’s patented approach

Glass substrate

Pore Silica

layer

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CONFIDENTIAL

DSM’s anti-reflective coating technology

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DSM AR coating

• Closed surface

• Independent pores

• Strong binding with glass

Mostly Other ARC

• Open surface

• Interconnecting pores

• Particle packing

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Page 7

Overview

• Anti-reflective coating on PV cover glass

• KhepriCoat® ---outstanding efficiency and durability

• Brief introduction to DSM

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CONFIDENTIAL

AR-coating benefit spectral transmittance Transmission gain increasing with angle of incidence

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Transmission gain PV (300-1200nm)

+2.9% (94.9%), 1-side coated

Transmission gain solar thermal (300-2500nm)

+5.1% (96.7%), 2-sides coated

At increasing angle of incidence up to:

+7% transmission gain for 1-side coated

+12% transmission gain for 2-sides coated

Courtesy of: measurements done by SPF

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AR-coating benefit at module level Boost the flash test performance, lower the cost per Wp

• 2.8% flash test gain

perpendicular angle (90 degree)

• 4.5-5.2% flash test gain

over all angles

Source:

Example KhepriCoat®

+2.8% in flash test

+7Wp for e.g. 250Wp module

<€/Wp lower cost

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CONFIDENTIAL

KhepriCoat® benefit in installations Angular effect ~ 4% energy output increase

Courtesy of

uncoated modules

coated modules

efficiency gain

Example KhepriCoat®

~4~5% efficiency plus

>1.2% on top of flash test

@ 0.00 € extra cost

• PV module installation, output measurements sunny day in

04/2013

• At noon, gain of ~3% in module efficiency

• U-shape shows extra gain due to angular effect

• Resulting in ~4% efficiency gain

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Extended independent accelerated test and outdoor test shows

outstanding durability

• Passed all test according to IEC 61215 & IEC 61730

• Industry leader laboratories and research institutes tested KhepriCoat®

• Module manufacturers in every continent have qualified KhepriCoat®

• Extensive DSM lab tests up to 4 times IEC norms

Durability KhepriCoat®

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• Interfloat 4000 hours damp-heat-test (85/85), loss of 0.2% in transmission

Source: DSM

Durability KhepriCoat®

Damp-heat test, Interfloat/GMB single sided coated

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Humidity freeze 20 cycles

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1-side roll-coated MM glass

Average tranmittance (%)

(400-1200 nm)

Transmittance

loss/gain (%)

Before After

KhepriCoat S35 94,32 94,19 -0,13

KhepriCoat S36 94,24 94,20 -0,04

Reference uncoated glass 91,89 91,67 -0,22

Extremely good

stability in extended

humidity freeze test

85

87

89

91

93

95

97

99

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Tran

smit

tan

ce (

%)

Wavelength (nm)

KhepriCoat S35 before HF20 cycles KhepriCoat S35 after HF20 cycles

KhepriCoat S36 before HF 20 cyles KhepriCoat S36 after HF 20 cycles

Reference glass before HF 20 Cycles Refence glass after HF 20 cycles

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Ammonia corrosion test

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1-side roll- coated MM glass

85

87

89

91

93

95

97

99

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Tran

smit

tan

ce (

%)

Wavelength (nm)

KhepriCoat S31 before Ammonia test KhepriCoat S31 after Ammonia test

KhepriCoat S32 before Ammonia test KhepriCoat S32 after Ammonia test

Reference glass before Ammonia test Reference glass after Ammonia test

Average tranmittance (%)

(400-1200 nm)

Transmittance

loss /gain(%)

Before After

KhepriCoat S31 94,27 94,09 -0,18

KhepriCoat S32 94,31 94,18 -0,13

Reference uncoated glass 91,70 93,05 1,35

Extremely good

stability of

KhepriCoat® in

Ammonia corrosion

test

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Abrasion Test

15

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

380 580 780 980 1180

Tran

smis

sio

n (

%)

Wavelength (nm)

Before abrasion

After abrasion, no cleaning

After abrasion & cleaning

KhepriCoat® on 3.2 mm Float glass (1-2014CAR025)

Total transmittance 550 nm (%)

Total transmittance 900 nm (%)

Average transmittance (380 nm-850 nm) (%)

Average transmittance (380 nm-1200 nm) (%)

Reference 93,72 94,60 94,22 94,27

Abraded & cleaned 93,64 94,66 94,27 94,28

Difference ΔT(%) -0,08 0,06 0,05 0,01

60 Strokes per

minute for a total

of 500 strokes

No change in in

performance

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CONFIDENTIAL

Excellent cleanability

EVA EVA after cleaning

with ethanol

Fingerprint

Rubber Imprints

on some AR

DSM AR:

Relatively clean

Fingerprint

after cleaning

with ethanol

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Tap imprint on

some AR surface No tap imprint on

DSM AR surface

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Outdoor – Fraunhofer Speedcoll

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Outdoor – Fraunhofer Speedcoll • Glass samples aged outdoor for one year in:

– Negev, Israel: hot desert climate, arid

– Gran Canaria, Spain: hot desert climate, maritime

– Freiburg, Germany: continental climate

• Comparison between cleaned and uncleaned sample with reference from lab

• In all cases no degradation of coating or glass visible

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Uncoated KhepriCoat®

• Uncoated glass and DSM AR glass have similar performance

• In all cases, no degradation of coating or glass visible

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Outdoor – Fraunhofer Speedcoll

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• KhepriCoat® survived harshest environmental conditions

• Example Gran Canaria where serious corrosion was observed at metal coupons after one

year already while coated glass performance did not show degradation at all

Carbon steel Zinc

Aluminum Copper

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ATD & Manufacturing

ATD Lab in Shanghai (CN)

• Reverse roll coater

• Lab size dip- and spin-coaters

• Batch curing oven

• Climate chambers

• UV chamber

• Spectrometer

ATD Lab in Geleen (NL)

• Forward roll coater

• Large size spectrophotometer

• Slot die coater

• Lab size dip- and spin-coaters

• Batch curing oven

• “Tempering” simulation oven

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CONFIDENTIAL

PV installations of DSM colleagues!

Kurt DuMong Oscar Goddijn

Hugo Schoot

Jan Bootsma

Ubald Kragten

Jorn Boesten

Marnix

Rooijmans

Geert Aben

Manon Roost

Henry van den Oever

Sim Linde

Rolf van Benthem

Theo Jongeling

Nicola Sicchieri

Ko Hermans 21

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CONFIDENTIAL

Page 22

Overview

• Anti-reflective coating on PV cover glass

• KhepriCoat® ---outstanding efficiency and durability

• Brief introduction to DSM

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CONFIDENTIAL

DSM at a glance*

23

Sales ~€10 billion

EBITDA ~€1.3 billion

Global presence

~24,500 employees worldwide

Listed at Euronext

NYSE

Share price quintupled in 25 years

• DSM is a global Life Sciences and Materials Sciences company active in health,

nutrition and materials

• DSM delivers innovative solutions that nourish, protect and improve

performance in global markets such as food and dietary supplements, personal

care, feed, medical devices, automotive, paints, electrical and electronics,

life protection, alternative energy and bio-based materials

Sustainability leader

Top ranking Dow Jones

Sustainability Index

* 2013 numbers total DSM

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DSM – understands change

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Life Science Products

Coal

Fertilizers

Petrochemicals

Performance Materials

Bioterials / Biologics

Chemical engineering

Polymer technology

Fine chemicals

Material science

Mechanical engineering

Biotechnology

Technological competences 1902 1930 1970 1950 1990 2000 2010

Profile and strategy

classical modern

Evolution

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CONFIDENTIAL

Latin America ~2,000

employees

North America ~5,000

employees

Europe

~12,500 employees

Strong & increasing global presence World total ~24,500 employees*

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* 2013 numbers including employees Pharma cluster

China: ~3,500

employees

Rest of Asia: ~1,500

employees

41%

5% 34%

20%

Rest of

the World

High Growth

Economies

Western

Europe

North

America

2013 Sales by destination**

Increase in % of sales to

High Growth Economies**

22% 32% 41%

2005 2010CSD

2013

** 2013 Sales from continuing operations

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CONFIDENTIAL

Accelerating and supporting innovation @DSM

DSM Innovation Center

Creating new businesses for DSM, outside the current scope of the

existing Business Groups

Emerging Business Area

Biomedical

Emerging Business Area

Advanced Surfaces

Emerging Business Area

Bio-based

Products & Services

Business Incubator

New Business Development

~20% ~80%

Supporting existing Business Groups globally in improving innovation and

meeting innovation targets

Chief Technology Office

Venturing

Excellence in Innovation

Licensing

Accelerators

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CONFIDENTIAL

Development path of Advanced Surfaces

2004 2008 2011 2013 2016

Pilot market

Anti-reflective coating

for Solar PV

“Light trapping” film

for Solar PV

2014 2015

Innovative materials

future 2012

Nano-technology

platform

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DISCLAIMER

Although DSM has used diligent care to ensure that the information provided herein is accurate and up to

date, DSM makes no representation or warranty of the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the

information. This publication is distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressly or implied. In no

event shall DSM be liable for any damages arising from the reader’s reliance upon, or use of, these

materials. The reader shall be solely responsible for any interpretation or use of the material contained

herein.

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