Antibiotics and Animals…

Steve Crawford NH State Veterinarian

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What is your background?

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My short story… • Urban/suburban • Small animals, zoo, dairy • Own or have owned dogs,

cats, fish, hamster, guinea pig, tarantula, poultry, dairy cows, pigs

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My elevator speech… • “I live in the same community, same state, same environment that you do. I

am a father, husband, son, brother, neighbor. My loved ones and I eat and drink just like you. We have access to the same food and water sources as you. My loved ones and I suffer the same effects as you when any of these causes harm. Protecting and safeguarding my loved ones comes before all else. I have the same concerns for my loved ones that you do for yours. I will not use or advocate anything that I believe poses an unacceptable risk to my loved ones. I go to the farmers market; Sam’s club; the grocery store; and my neighborhood market. I have a garden and occasionally I eat fast food. I believe everything in moderation is a pretty good way to live…”

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Before we begin…

"If you think you understand antibiotic resistance, it clearly has not been explained properly to you.“ Mike Apley, DVM, PhD KSU CVM, Professor Clinical Pharmacology

President, American Association Bovine Practitioners

My 2 cents • Any antibiotic use -- in food animals, humans, household pets, horses, fish, fruit production -

- can contribute to antibiotic resistance. • Zero risk of illness or death is an unachievable standard, so it is necessary, and very

uncomfortable, to understand that there will always be some illness regardless of how discussions about antibiotic use and regulation progress.

• Numbers can lack perspective without something to which you can relate their scale. Add a

denominator. • No one has all the answers but hard questions are fair.

Veterinary Oath

• I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of society through the protection of animal health and welfare, the prevention and relief of animal suffering, the conservation of animal resources, the promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge.

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NHDAMF Mission • The mission of the New Hampshire Department of

Agriculture, Markets & Food is to promote agriculture in the public interest and to serve farmers and consumers in the marketplace. The department assures safe and healthy food supplies, provides accurate information on prices and availability of farm commodities and crops and develops markets for the state's farmers.

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Animals and Antibiotics in Public Discourse

• “80% of all antibiotics sold in the US…” • “…use them to cover up management problems…” • “….use them to save money…” • “Ban…”

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Policy and

Public Opinion

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Antibiotics in Policy

• What started as a public health discussion has turned sociopolitical

• One Health and the Politics of Antibiotic Resistance

webinar • “medically important” v. relevant, frequently used, etc.

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First do no harm…

• Shared goal

• Can this happen in One Health? • Tradeoffs are a necessary part of the discussion –

Greater Good? • Can we get to zero risk?

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What is Improvement? • Is zero risk reasonable? Achievable? Realistic? Beneficial?

• Protecting public health? Removing any potential to harm human

health? • How do we measure changes – Reduced use? Sales? Changes

in resistance? • What is success?

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Suggested approaches to date…

• Prevent disease • Reduce antimicrobial access, usage • Improve antimicrobial usage

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Reduce the need

• Husbandry, sanitation, hygiene • Judicious use of all medication • Risk-based vaccine program

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Intervention or outcome? • Experience and various research shows that complete

prohibitions of antibiotic use in animal species don’t typically have the intended effect… – total antibiotic use may go up – animal morbidity & mortality may go up – farming operations may get larger – food costs may go up – food insecurity may go up – human illness may or may not change

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Education to Implementation

• Publication of expert guidelines Awareness of guidelines Use of guidelines – 88% DVMs surveyed unaware of ISCAID guidelines in 2015

• Changing public behavior? – Antibiotic compliance – ourselves, our animals – Hand washing – Food handling

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What about…

• Household pets – JAVMA estimates similar numbers to humans re. non-compliance or imperfect prescriptions

• Horses • Fruits and vegetables

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Sales v. Use

• How is animal data measured? • FDA & USDA surveys are ongoing • FDA 2016 Summary Report – veterinary sales down

10%, veterinary sales of medically-important down 14% • So what? • CDC - “about 1 in 5 resistant infections are caused by

germs from food animals”

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Residue v. Resistance • Is there a difference? Is there a correlation? Why does it

matter?

• Residue prevention -- withholding, product bans, VFD, product testing (milk), etc.

• FDA’s “Proper Drug Use and Residue Avoidance” on

withdrawal times -- “residues in the animal to deplete to levels that are shown to be safe” 20

NHVDL RSA 436:92 For control of disease significant to animal and human health

Funded by: dog license fees budget from Department UNH support Fee-for-service

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Examples of AMR at NHVDL

• Methicillin Resistant Staphylococci • Enterococcus spp. • MDR Gram Negative Enterics • Salmonella DT104 • Marine Mammals • Pseudomonas otitis • Anthelmintic Resistance

– Integrated Parasite Control • Resistance primarily observed in companion animals compared to food

animals in NH

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

from canine otitis

NHVDL Testing for Methicillin Resistance

Approximately 22% of canine staphylococcus isolates at the lab are Methicillin Resistant. ( 31 / 138 over 6 months )

The majority of these isolates are from skin, wound and ear cultures

Staphylococci are screened first for CLSI resistance patterns and then confirmed with a PBP2 test.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Laboratory and Treatment Challenges

• Uniformity in AST platforms • Disc Diffusion vs. MIC (Sensititre, Vitek)

• Following CLSI established veterinary breakpoints • Animal Species, Organism type, Site of Infection, Residues in food

• Collecting antibiogram data for empirical treatment • Client pressure for AST on non pathogens • Loss of viable (approved) treatment options • Lab Equipment costs • Overuse / Misuse • Out-of-Pocket Cost for pet owner, Patient/Owner Compliance, Residues, Withdrawal

Times, Breakpoints/Dosage

NHVDL Stewardship Efforts Current and Future

• Client Outreach Regarding Stewardship • Resource Page on Website

• Expanded Resistance Surveillance • Methicillin, Carbapenemase, etc. • Watching for regional emergence of AMR Salmonella

• Switching to MIC Platform • Implementation of Antibiograms • Improve CLSI Breakpoint Interpretations • Educating clients on intrinsic resistance • Keeping AST affordable to encourage testing • Reportable Disease Status? • Fungal Susceptibility Testing?

My 2 cents • Any antibiotic use -- in food animals, humans, household pets, horses, fish, fruit production -

- can contribute to antibiotic resistance. • Zero risk of illness or death is an unachievable standard, so it is necessary, and very

uncomfortable, to understand that there will always be some illness regardless of how discussions about antibiotic use and regulation progress.

• Numbers can lack perspective without something to which you can relate their scale. Add a

denominator. • No one has all the answers but hard questions are fair.

In Conclusion…

"Too often we enjoy the comfort of opinion without the discomfort of thought." John F. Kennedy

One Health Antibiotic Stewardship and Minnesota's Approach

Amanda Beaudoin, DVM, PhD

Director of One Health Antibiotic Stewardship

New Hampshire Antimicrobial Stewardship Symposium, May 23, 2018

Conflicts of Interest

• No financial relationships to disclose

Objectives

• Appreciate why antibiotic resistance is a One Health (human, animal, environmental health) issue.

• Understand Minnesota's One Health approach to antibiotic stewardship.

Global Commitment

One Health Prioritized

“Also recognize that the overarching principle for addressing antimicrobial resistance is the promotion and protection of human health within the framework of a One Health approach, emphasize

that this requires coherent, comprehensive and integrated multisectoral action, as human, animal and environmental health are

interconnected…”

The One Health Concept

• Recognition that human, animal, and environmental health are interconnected

• Encourages collaboration of multiple disciplines to achieve optimal health for people, animals, and our environment

• Why?

• 6/10 infectious diseases in humans are transmitted from animals

• Food safety for people relies on healthy animals and crops

• Animals can serve as models of human health and disease

• We rely on a healthy ecosystem, including water, air, and plants for human health

Antibiotic Resistance as a One Health Issue

• All antibiotic use contributes to resistance

• Improvement must occur in all sectors

• Development of resistance is very complex

• Direct linkage of cause and effect is difficult or impossible

• Exposure to resistant bacteria or genes is not limited only to the sector from which they emerged

• Bacteria and genes can persist in varied settings

• Methods of prevention are similar, regardless of setting

• Effective tools and approaches can be shared

Fighting Antibiotic Resistance

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, four core actions can help fight resistance.

1. Prevent infections

2. Track infections

3. Improve antibiotic prescribing (stewardship)

4. Develop new drugs and diagnostics

http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html

Antibiotic Stewardship

• Process of improving antibiotic use while effectively treating infections

• Focused on optimizing use, not withholding antibiotics

• Goal is to optimize the “5 Ds”:

• Diagnosis. Determining if an antibiotic is needed

• Drug. Choosing the right antibiotic for the infection and patient

• Dose. Giving the right amount of antibiotic

• Duration. Giving the antibiotic for the right amount of time

• De-escalation. Discontinuing or narrowing antibiotic as appropriate

The Stewardship Balancing Act

Unintended consequences

• Untreated, more severe infection • Disease spread in population • Diagnostic uncertainty • Negative patient/family/client

relationships

Prescribe Don’t Prescribe

Unintended consequences

• Toxicity, adverse drug effects • Risk of developing severe infection,

e.g., C. difficile • Emergence of resistance • Cost

Who Uses Antibiotics?

• Human healthcare

• Acute care, critical access hospitals

• Long-term care facilities

• Outpatient facilities

• Ambulatory surgical facilities

• Dental clinics

• Animal health

• Small animal and equine clinics

• Zoo and wildlife medicine

• Animal agriculture

• Aquaculture

• Bee production

• Plant agriculture • Fruit production

• Industry • Ethanol

production

https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/2-2013-508.pdf

Why Do We Care about Pets and Resistance?

• Clinically relevant resistance

• Bacterial culture and sensitivity often not conducted

• Antibiotics not always well-targeted

• Pets often receive medically important antimicrobials

• (e.g., cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones)

• Potential spread of antimicrobial resistance

• Direct and close contact with humans

• Pet-to-pet transmission

Source # of E. coli

Isolates Pansensitive1

n (%) MDR2 n (%)

Community Practice

102 70 (69%) 4 (4%)

ICU 113 42 (37%) 42 (37%)

1 Sensitive to all antimicrobials on panel; 2 MDR; Chi-square = 37.9; p<0.01

Isolation of resistant organisms from UMN

Veterinary Medical Center

Couples in households with dogs have more similar microbiomes than those living alone because of

additional shared microbial sources.

Having a dog adds bacterial diversity to adult skin.

Song et al. Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and dogs. eLife 2013 Image from J. Granick

Growing Drug-Resistance Concerns in Companion Animals

• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

(MRSP)

• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus schleiferi (MRSS)

• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

• Multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli and Klebsiella

• MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Why Do We Care about Resistance in Animal Agriculture?

• Clinically relevant resistance in veterinary medicine

• Antibiotics are important to maintaining animal health and welfare

• Direct contact transmission from animals to people

• Foodborne infections of humans (e.g., Campylobacter,

Salmonella)

• For those at risk of systemic or complicated infections, concerns

with resistance are considerable

Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Associated with Animal Contact

• January 27–November 25, 2017

• 15-state outbreak of Salmonella Heidelberg associated with dairy bull calves

• 56 cases, with 17 (35%) hospitalized

• Epidemiology laboratory, traceback

• Illness and death among infected calves

• National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) testing

• Resistance to ≥7 drug classes, including ceftriaxone, a key drug for treating complicated Salmonella infections in humans

• Whole genome sequencing used to link isolates among people and animals

National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS)

• Integrated surveillance of resistance in human,

animal, food bacterial isolates

• Three contributing agencies: CDC, USDA, FDA

• Organisms

• Pathogens: Nontyphoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter

• Indicators: E. coli, Enterococcus

• Isolates

• Human clinical isolates (nontyphoidal Salmonella,

Campylobacter only)

• Animal cecal and processing plant isolates

• Retail meat randomly selected

NARMS: Fluoroquinolone Resistance

• <10% of Salmonella isolates non-susceptible to

ciprofloxacin since 1996

• Fluoroquinolones banned from poultry use in 2005

• <3% in turkey and 0.7% in chicken isolates since

• Extra-label constraints for other species in 2005

• Fluoroquinolone resistance in human Salmonella

• Increasing in human isolates from 0.4%–3.5%

• Driven by increased serotype Enteritidis resistance

• CDC has shown that many resistant Enteriditis infections

are now acquired during foreign travel

Figure shows Nalidixic acid resistance (marker for ciprofloxacin resistance)

Why Do We Care about Resistance in the Environment?

Berkner et al. 2014. EMBO reports. 15(7):740-744

Environmental Findings Lead to More Questions

• Antibiotic residues found in groundwater, lakes, and streams

• Macrolides: erythromicin, clarithromycin, virginiamycin, tylosin

• Fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin

• Sulfa drugs: sulfamethoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine

• Others: carbadox, trimethoprim

• Complex mixtures of antibiotics and metabolites

• Urban, agricultural pathways to contamination

• Outstanding questions

• How do antibiotics in environment influence overall resistance?

• How does antibiotic exposure impact ecology and human health?

• How can we mitigate impact on environment?

Minnesota’s “Ds” of Antibiotic Stewardship

• Diagnosis.

• Drug.

• Dose.

• Duration.

• De-escalation.

• Disposal. Dispose of antibiotics properly. Do not put in sink, toilet, or trash.

Environmental Antibiotic Resistome

• Collection of all genetic elements that contribute to blocking antibiotic action

• Resistance determinants found in soils and waters in urban, agricultural, and pristine landscapes

• Provides reservoir of genes that can be mobilized into human-related bacteria in response to pressures from antibiotics

• Hot spots for gene transfer exist

• Soil particles, decaying plant matter

• Air-water interface

• Sewage treatment plants, manure lagoons, areas discharged with antibiotic manufacturing waste

Gaze et al. Influence of Humans on Evolution and Mobilization of Environmental Antibiotic Resistome. EID. 2013. 19(7).

Built-Environment Resistome

• Built environments include healthcare facilities, nursing homes, farms, etc.

• High antibiotic use nursing homes puts all residents at higher risk1

• Resistant infections, C. difficile, gastroenteritis, adverse drug events

• Risk is higher even for residents who have not received an antibiotic

• Colonized and infected residents can facilitate movement of resistant pathogens and C. difficile during transfers and hospital stays2

1. Daneman et al. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175(8): 1331-9 2. Won et al. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53(6): 532-40

Global Picture of Resistance

• Resistance once easily separated ecologically and geographically

• Rapid movement of people, animals, products ensures mixing of genes across world

• Risk factors differ for resistant infections

• In U.S., healthcare exposure is most likely source of many resistant infections, though landscape is changing

• In other countries, more serious infections can be obtained from healthcare, community, or animal exposure

• International healthcare exposure is a particular risk for U.S. travelers to acquire colonization or infection with resistant bacteria

Prescribing and Antibiotic Stewardship in Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary Medicine is Diverse in Species and Settings

• Crafting a single definition of “antimicrobial stewardship” is challenging

• American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) released consensus definition in 2018

• “Antimicrobial stewardship refers to the actions veterinarians take individually and as a profession to preserve the effectiveness and availability of antimicrobial drugs through conscientious oversight and responsible medical decision-making while safeguarding animal, public, and environmental health.”

• AVMA’s Core Principles of Antimicrobial Stewardship

1. Commit to stewardship

2. Advocate for a system of care to prevent common diseases

3. Select and use antimicrobial drugs judiciously

4. Evaluate antimicrobial drug use practices

5. Educate and build expertise

Companion Animal Prescribing and Stewardship

Knowledge and Attitudes, AVMA Survey

• 82% concerned about antibiotic-resistant infections

• 62% felt that antimicrobial use in small animal practice impacts overall antimicrobial resistance

• 77% would welcome more guidance regarding the making appropriate antimicrobial choices

• Unnecessary/inappropriate rates likely similar to healthcare (≤50%)

AVMA Task Force. Understanding companion animal practitioners’ attitudes toward antimicrobial stewardship. JAVMA 2015;247:883-4

Small Animal Prescribing Practices

• Washington State survey (n=203) reports use of β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, third-generation cephalosporins1

• 2017 and 2018: Banfield Pet Hospital reviews of prescribing practices for common infections

1. Fowler et al. Vet Rec 2016; 10.1136/vr.103916. 2. Banfield. 2017. Available at: https://www.banfield.com/Banfield/media/contenthub/files/2017_VET_Report.pdf

First-Line Antibiotics for Canine Infections2

• Respiratory tract infection • 80% received doxycycline or amoxi-clav (first-line)

• Most common: amoxi-clav, doxycycline

• Non-recurrent urinary tract infection

• 9.4% received amoxicillin or TMS (first-line)

• 58% received amoxi-clav (acceptable, not rec.)

• Most common: amoxi-clav, cefovecin, marbofloxacin

First-Line Antibiotics for Feline Infections3

• Respiratory tract infection

• 7% received doxycycline or amoxicillin (first-line)

• Non-concordance with dose, duration

• Most common: amoxi-clav, doxycycline, cefovecin

• Non-recurrent urinary tract infection

• 3% received amoxicillin or TMS (first-line)

• 38% received amoxi-clav (acceptable, not rec.)

• Most common: cefovecin, amoxi-clav

3. Banfield. 2018. Available at: https://www.banfield.com/Banfield/media/contenthub/files/2018_VET_Report.pdf

Equine Prescribing Practices: Surgical Prophylaxis

• Prescribing guidelines available from British Equine Veterinary Association

• Australian survey published in 2018 (n=337) on surgical prophylaxis

• 1.1%–42% rate of “optimal” compliance with guidelines (highest for non-ulcerated dermal mass removal)

• 36%–68% rate of “suboptimal” compliance with guidelines (noncompliant with dose, duration, or timing)

• More prescribing studies needed in U.S.

Barriers and Facilitators of Stewardship

Barriers

• Culture and sensitivity1-4

• Cost to client

• Lack of culturing norms

• Awareness of resources

• 88% unaware of antibiotic use guidelines1

• Client expectations1,3

• Information technology

Facilitators

• Prescribing guidelines1,3,5

• Improved awareness of the resistance problem3

• Veterinary education1,3

• Client and public education

1. AVMA Taskforce. JAVMA 2015;247(8):883-4. 2. Fowler et al. Vet Rec 2016; 10.1136/vr.103916. 3. Hardefeldt et al. JVIM 2018;1–8.

4. Jacob et al. JAVMA 2015;247(8):938-44. 5. Weese et al. JAVMA 2006;228(4):553-8.

Barriers and Facilitators of Stewardship

Barriers

• Culture and sensitivity1-4

• Cost to client

• Lack of culturing norms

• Awareness of resources

• 88% unaware of antibiotic use guidelines1

• Client expectations1,3

• Information technology

Facilitators

• Prescribing guidelines1,3,5

• Improved awareness of the resistance problem3

• Veterinary education1,3

• Client and public education

1. AVMA Taskforce. JAVMA 2015;247(8):883-4. 2. Fowler et al. Vet Rec 2016; 10.1136/vr.103916. 3. Hardefeldt et al. JVIM 2018;1–8.

4. Jacob et al. JAVMA 2015;247(8):938-44. 5. Weese et al. JAVMA 2006;228(4):553-8.

Barriers and Facilitators of Stewardship

Barriers

• Culture and sensitivity1-4

• Cost to client

• Lack of culturing norms

• Awareness of resources

• 88% unaware of antibiotic use guidelines1

• Client expectations1,3

• Information technology

Facilitators

• Prescribing guidelines1,3,5

• Improved awareness of the resistance problem3

• Veterinary education1,3

• Client and public education

1. AVMA Taskforce. JAVMA 2015;247(8):883-4. 2. Fowler et al. Vet Rec 2016; 10.1136/vr.103916. 3. Hardefeldt et al. JVIM 2018;1–8.

4. Jacob et al. JAVMA 2015;247(8):938-44. 5. Weese et al. JAVMA 2006;228(4):553-8.

Minnesota Healthcare Clinic Needs

2017 Minnesota Clinic Survey of Antibiotic Stewardship Practices Summary Report. Available at: http://www.health.state.mn.us/onehealthabx/outsurvey.pdf

• International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID)

• UTI infections (update coming soon)1

• Canine superficial bacterial folliculitis2

• Respiratory infections3

• ACVIM consensus statement on therapeutic antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial resistance4

Small Animal Prescribing Guidelines

1. Weese et al. Vet Med Int 2011;263768. 2. Hillier et al. Vet Dermatol 2014;25:163-e43.

3. Lappin et al. J Vet Intern Med 2017;31:279–294. 4. Weese et al. J Vet Intern Med 2015;29:487–498.

Small Animal Stewardship Resources

• Web-based training modules

• Antimicrobial Resistance Learning Site (case-based, species-specific)1

• USDA National Accreditation modules2

• AVMA resources and client-focused materials3

• British Small Animal Veterinary Association PROTECT Program4

1 https://amrls.umn.edu/antimicrobial-resistance-learning-site 2 https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/nvap/ct_aast 3 https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reference/Pages/Guidance-for-Antimicrobial-Use-in-Companion-Animal-Practice.aspx 4 https://www.bsava.com/Resources/Veterinary-resources/PROTECT

Equine Stewardship Resources

• American Association of Equine Practitioners

• Antibiotic guidelines to be approved and released this summer

• PROTECT ME program from British Equine Veterinary Association

• Peer review as antimicrobial stewardship intervention

• Equine Veterinary Journal was first in human or veterinary medicine to develop an antimicrobial stewardship policy

• Equine Veterinary Education journal adopted

• Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine requires disclosure of off-label use

Equine Veterinary Journal. 2013. 45:127–129. JVIM Author Guidelines: https://wol-prod-cdn-literatumonline-com.ezp2.lib.umn.edu/pb-assets/assets/19391676/Author%20Guidelines.pdf

https://www.beva.org.uk/protectme

Food Animal Prescribing and Stewardship

FDA Definitions of Antibiotic Use in Food Animals

• Disease Treatment: Drug administered only to animals exhibiting clinical signs of disease;

• Disease Control: Drug administered to a group of animals when a proportion of the animals in the group exhibit clinical signs of disease;

• Disease Prevention: Drug administered to a group of animals, none of which are exhibiting clinical signs of disease, in a situation where disease is likely to occur if the drug is not administered; and

• Production or Growth-Enhancing Purposes*: Drug administered, typically through feed or water, to growing, healthy animals to promote increased gain in body weight over a defined period of time, or improved conversion of feed to body mass.

NVAP: Module 23: Use of Antibiotics in Animals http://aast.cfsph.iastate.edu/ABX/index.htm *Use of MIA for growth promotion is illegal as of January 1, 2017

FDA Guidance for Antibiotic Use in Feed and Water

• Reports outline changes for production animal use of medically important antibiotics (MIA)* in feed and water

• Promote judicious use of antibiotics

• Protect public health

• Help limit the development of antimicrobial resistance

• Guidance for Industry #209

• Framework for limiting MIA to uses necessary for animal health and bringing use under veterinary oversight

• Guidance for Industry #213

• Framework for sponsors of new MIA drugs to align conditions of drug use with GFI #209

• FDA 21 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 514, 558

• Veterinary Feed Directive: MIA in feed must be used under oversight of veterinarian for therapeutic use

*Consistent with definition outlined in GFI #152

FDA Guidance as of January 1, 2017

• Use of MIA for growth promotion is illegal

• All MIA use in feed and water will be under veterinary oversight • Veterinary-client-patient relationship

• Veterinary feed directive (VFD) for feed medication

• Prescription for water medication

• 5 OTC products remain (non-MIA) • Ionophores

• Bambermycins

• Bacitracin

• Tiamulin

• Carbadox

Medically Important

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Quinolones

Fluoroquinolones

Tetracyclines

Macrolides

Sulfas

Glycopeptides

Antibiotic Stewardship and Quality Assurance Programs

QA slides courtesy of Tim Goldsmith DVM, MPH, DACVPM, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine

• “Check-Off” voluntary programs

• Involve producers, veterinarians, nutritionists, industry professionals

• Primarily focused on the pre-harvest segment

• Uses a hazard analysis-based approach to implement science-based management practices

• Initially focused on food safety concerns

• Evolved to add in food quality and animal well-being

• Ensure quality, safety and confidence in end products

BQA Best Management Practices

1. Feedstuffs and Sources

2. Feed Additives and Medications

3. Animal Treatments and Health Maintenance

4. Prevention and Processing

5. Pesticides

6. Recordkeeping and Inventory Control

7. Action in Case of a Violation

8. Cattle Handling

9. Culling Management

10. Carcass Quality

11. Care, Husbandry and Other Considerations

12. Contamination/Adulteration

http://www.bqa.org/

BQA Best Management Practices

1. Feedstuffs and Sources

2. Feed Additives and Medications

3. Animal Treatments and Health Maintenance

4. Prevention and Processing

5. Pesticides

6. Recordkeeping and Inventory Control

7. Action in Case of a Violation

8. Cattle Handling

9. Culling Management

10. Carcass Quality

11. Care, Husbandry and Other Considerations

12. Contamination/Adulteration

http://www.bqa.org/

Resources: Judicious Use of Antimicrobials

http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AntimicrobialResistance/JudiciousUseofAntimicrobials/default.htm

Big Picture Food Animal Antibiotic Use Tracking

Compliance with the law

Residue avoidance VCPR and veterinary oversight

Extra-label drug use Guidance 213/ VFD

Slide courtesy of Dr. Peter Davies

Consumer Demands and Perceptions

• Resistance versus residue

• Difference between antibiotic residue and antibiotic resistance

• Few cases occur where meat or milk residues exceed established tolerance level

• FDA drug labeling, withdrawal time, inspection, regulation prevent residues

• Animal health and welfare in “raised without antibiotics”

• Public and food industry perception that raising animals without antibiotics improves health and welfare

• In 2018, antibiotics are still an important part of maintaining animal health

• Growing concern that concern that practice might compromise animal health and welfare

Veterinary Oath

I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills

for the benefit of society through the

protection of animal health and welfare,

the prevention and relief of animal suffering,

the conservation of animal resources,

the promotion of public health,

and the advancement of medical knowledge.

Veterinary Oath

I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills

for the benefit of society through the

protection of animal health and welfare,

the prevention and relief of animal suffering,

the conservation of animal resources,

the promotion of public health,

and the advancement of medical knowledge.

Prescribe Don’t Prescribe

• American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP)

• Recognizes importance of responsible antibiotic use

• Animal health and welfare might be compromised if production/marketing channels for animals that require treatment are not in place

Looking for Balance

http://aabp.org/Resources/AABP_Guidelines/AABPrwaPSfinal.pdf

Programs that seek to market cattle as “raised-without-antibiotics” (RWA)

must not compromise cattle health and well-being in order to maintain animals in an RWA status.

Minnesota’s Approach to One Health Antibiotic Stewardship

History of Stewardship in Minnesota

• Health care

• Minnesota Antibiotic Resistance Collaborative (early 2000s)

• Antibiotic stewardship conferences held (2012-14)

• Minnesota guidance and toolkits

• Animal health

• Quality assurance programs

• Producer and veterinary education programs

• Residue prevention and legal obligations

• Veterinary accreditation modules

• Antibiotic use guidelines developed by veterinary groups

• Participation in AVMA stewardship committee

• Challenges

• Connecting professionals with tools, implementation support

• Poor understanding across human, animal, environmental health

MN One Health Antibiotic Stewardship Collaborative

• State agency representatives

• MN Department of Health

• MN Department of Agriculture

• MN Pollution Control Agency

• Boards of Animal Health, Vet Med, Pharmacy, Dentistry

• Stakeholders from all fields

• University researchers

• Human and animal health professional and industry associations

• Clinical professionals from healthcare systems, including inpatient, outpatient, long-term care

• Veterinary professionals from large and small animal clinical practice

• Human and animal pharmaceutical companies

Communicating the Problem

• Human, animal, and environmental health are inseparable

• All antibiotic use can lead to resistance

• There is some contribution from every sector using antibiotics

• Lack of “proof” of harm is not an argument for irresponsible use

• Greater abuse in other disciplines is not an argument for injudicious use in yours

• There are unreasonable critics!

• Exaggerate harms

• Fail to acknowledge real benefits

• Behavior change is key

Antibiotics are a shared resource, and optimizing use benefits everyone.

Strategic Plan Goals

• Promote understanding of one health antibiotic stewardship • Share resources through online platform • Support public engagement on antibiotic use • Hold exchanges among practitioners in different fields

• Improve human antibiotic stewardship • Make tools available to track antibiotic use across continuum of care • Set state human health antibiotic goals • Develop honor roll recognition system for health care facilities

• Improve animal antibiotic stewardship • Communicate national antibiotic goals for animal stewardship • Promote animal agriculture best practices • Increase access to stewardship resources for companion animal medicine • Facilitate public engagement on animal stewardship

• Develop “antibiotic footprint” tools • Understand impact of antibiotics in the environment • Help prescribers make choices to decrease their own antibiotic footprint

Professional and Public Engagement

Professional Stewardship Exchanges Minnesota State Fair

Minnesota’s Antibiotic Footprint of the Natural Environment

1. Map-based modeling

• Where are antibiotics used?

• Where are antibiotics in environment?

2. Measure environmental antibiotic concentrations in field

3. Quantify resistance genes in field, relate to antibiotic findings

4. Model validation

Outcomes • Develop a tool to predict environmental contamination with antibiotics and resistance genes • Propose risk-based mitigation strategies to minimize antibiotic resistance • Maximize impact of funds invested to protect environmental, human, and animal health

One Health Antibiotic Stewardship Website and Listserv http://www.health.state.mn.us/onehealthabx

Minnesota’s Antibiotic Stewardship Website

MDH

Ruth Lynfield, MD

Catherine Lexau, PhD

Emma Leof, MPH

HAI-AR Unit Staff

University of Minnesota

Jennifer Granick, DVM, Dip ACVIM

Jeff Bender, DVM, MS

Randy Singer, DVM, PhD

Bill Arnold, PhD

Tim LaPara, PhD

Minnesota One Health Antibiotic Stewardship Collaborative

Acknowledgements

MDH Contacts for One Health Antibiotic Stewardship

Amanda Beaudoin, DVM, PhD

Director of One Health Antibiotic Stewardship

amanda.Beaudoin@state.mn.us

Ruth Lynfield, MD State Epidemiologist and

Medical Director ruth.Lynfield@state.mn.us