antidepressant agents by bohlooli s., ph.d. school of medicine, ardabil university of medical...
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Antidepressant agentsBy
Bohlooli S., Ph.D.School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
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Introduction The diagnosis of depression still rests primarily on the clinical
interview Antidepressant drugs were the most commonly prescribed
medications in the USA
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Definition of Depression
“An affective disorder characterized by loss of interest or pleasure in almost all a person’s usual activities or pastimes.”
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Symptoms Associated With Depression
Sadness, Despair, Guilt, Pessimism Decrease in energy Decrease in sex drive Insomnia and fatigue Thoughts of death and suicide Mental slowing, lack of concentration
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Treatment of Depression
Antidepressant Pharmacology First introduced 50 years ago Also used for treatment of other disorders including:
-Anxiety disorders, dysthymia, chronic pain and behavioral problems
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Treatment (con’t)
Evolution of drug therapy Antidepressants discovered accidentally while investigating
antipsychotic efficacy of modifications of phenothiazines Imipramine - first antidepressant discovered Around the same time, monoamine oxidase inhibitors were
identified Second generation antidepressants identified to address
problems with first generation antidepressants Late 1980’s- SSRI’s were developed Now working on other antidepressant treatments
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Pathophysiology of Major Depression Monoamine hypothesis
Deficiency in the amount or function of cortical and limbic serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA).
Neurotrophic hypothesis Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are critical in the
regulation of neural plasticity, resilience, and neurogenesis
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The neurotrophic hypothesis of major depression
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The amine hypothesis of major depression
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Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants
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Chemistry and Subgroups Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
5-HT2 Antagonists
Tetracyclic and Unicyclic Antidepressants Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
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Tricyclic Antidepressants
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5-HT2 Antagonists
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Tetracyclic and Unicyclic Antidepressants
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
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Antidepressant ACh M 1
H1
5-HT2
NET SERT
Amitriptyline +++
+++
++
0/+
+
++
Amoxapine + ++ + +++ ++ +
Bupropion 0 0 0 0 0/+ 0
Citalopram, escitalopram 0 0 0 0 +++
Clomipramine + ++ + + ++ +++
Desipramine + + + 0/+ +++ +
Doxepin ++ +++ +++ 0/+ + +
Fluoxetine 0 0 0 0/+ 0 +++
Fluvoxamine 0 0 0 0 0 +++
Imipramine ++ + + 0/+ + ++
Maprotiline + + ++ 0/+ ++ 0
Mirtazapine 0 0 +++ + + 0
Nefazodone 0 + 0 ++ 0/+ +
Nortriptyline + + + + ++ +
Paroxetine + 0 0 0 +
+++
Protriptyline +++ + + + +++ +
Sertraline 0 0 0 0 0 +++
Trazodone 0 ++ 0/+ ++ 0 +
Trimipramine ++ ++ +++ 0/+ 0 0
Venlafaxine 0 0 0 0 + ++
Antidepressant Effects on Several Receptors and Transporters
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Tricyclic Antidepressants Effectively relieve depression with anxiolytic and analgesic
action First choice for treatment of depression Pharmacological properties
Block presynaptic NE reuptake transporterBlock presynaptic 5-HT reuptake transporterBlock postsynaptic histamine receptorsBlock postsynaptic ACh receptors
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Imipramine and Amitriptyline
Prototypical TCAs Desipramine– pharmacologically active intermediate metabolite of
imipramine Nortriptyline– an active intermediate metabolite of amitriptyline
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Clinical Limitations of TCA’s
Slow onset of action Wide variety of effects on CNS (adverse side effects):
Can directly impair attention, motor speed, dexterity, and memory
Cardiotoxic and potentially fatal in overdoses
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Pharmacokinetics
Well absorbed upon oral administration Relatively long half-lives Metabolized in the liver Converted into intermediates that are later detoxified Readily cross the placenta
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Pharmacological Effects of TCA’s In CNS: blocks presynaptic 5-HT, DA and NE receptors Blocking of ACh receptors leads to dry mouth, confusion,
blurry vision and mental confusion Blocking of histamine receptors leads to drowsiness and
sedation Effects on the PNS include: cardiac depression, increased
electrical irritability,
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Second Generation (Atypical) Antidepressants
Developed in the late 1970’s and 1980’sMaprotiline – one of the first clinically available
antidepressants, has a long half life and blocks NE reuptake
Amoxapine – primarily a NE reuptake inhibitorTrazodone – not a potent blocker of NE or 5-HT, its active
metabolite blocks a subclass of 5-HT receptorsBupropion – selectively inhibits DA reuptake, side effects
include: anxiety, restlessness, tremors, and insomnia
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Cont’d
Clomipramine – structurally a TCA but exerts inhibitory effects on 5-HT reuptake Desmethyclomipramine – active metabolite;
classified as a mixed 5-HT and NE reuptake inhibitor Used to treat OCD, depression, panic disorder and phobic disorders
Venlafaxine – also a mixed 5-HT and NE reuptake inhibitor Also inhibits the reuptake of DA Produces improvements in psychomotor and
cognitive function
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Serotonin - Specific Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s)
Available for the past 25 years Allows for more serotonin to be available to stimulate postsynaptic
receptors Available to treat depression, anxiety disorders, ADHD, obesity,
alcohol abuse, childhood anxiety, etc.
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SSRI’s Fluoxetine– first SSRI available, long half life, slow onset
of action, can cause sexual dysfunction, anxiety, insomnia and agitation
Sertraline– second SSRI approved, low risk of toxicity, few interactions, more selective and potent than Fluoxetine
Paroxetine– third SSRI available, more selective than Fluoxetine, highly effective in reducing anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as OCD, panic disorder, social phobia, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and chronic headache
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SSRI’s
Fluvoxamine– structural derivative of Fluoxetine, became available for OCD, also treats PTSD, dysphoria, panic disorder, and social phobia
Citalopram– well absorbed orally, few drug interactions, treats major depression, social phobia, panic disorder and OCD
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SSRIs
Serotonin syndrome At high doses or combined with other drugs an exaggerated
response can occur This is due to increased amounts of serotonin Alters cognitive function, autonomic function and neuromuscular
function Potentially fatal
Serotonin withdrawal syndrome With discontinuation of any SSRI onset of withdrawal symptoms
occur within a few days and can persist 3-4 weeks Symptoms: disequilibrium, gastrointestinal problems, flu-like
symptoms, sensory disturbances, sleep disturbances
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Dual Action Antidepressants
Nefazodone – a unique antidepressant, resembles a TCA as an inhibitor of 5-HT and NE reuptake, no therapeutic superiority over TCA’s and SSRI’s
Mirtazapine – increases noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission by blocking the central alpha autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, a potent antagonist, rapidly absorbed orally
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI’s) Long acting, irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase Have been used since the 1950’s but have a controversial
past Has potential for serious side effects and potentially fatal
interactions with other drugs and food MAO is one of two enzymes that break down
neurotransmitters 5-HT and NE Two types
MAO-A: inhibition causes antidepressant activity MAO-B: inhibition causes side effects
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Irreversible MAOI’sNonselective: block both A and B typesForm a permanent chemical bond with part of
the MAO enzyme (enzyme function returns only as new enzyme is biosynthesized)
Have a rapid rate of elimination, excess drug is rapidly metabolized
Inhibition occurs slowly Ex: phenelzine ,tranylcypomine, isocarboxazid
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Reversible MAOI’s
not available in the U.S. yet Highly selective in inhibiting MAO-A Much safer than irreversible MAOI’s Side effects are minimal
Ex: Brofaromine, Pirlindole, Toloxatone, and Moclobemide
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New Drug TreatmentsCOMT inhibitors – second of two enzymes that
catalyze the inactivation of DA and NE by decreasing neurotransmitter levels Tolcapone – specific inhibitor of COMT used in treatment of
Parkinson’s
SNRI – soon to be available for clinical use Reboxetine – first of its kind to block NE reuptake without
also blocking DA or 5-HT reuptake
Serotonin 5-HT1 Agonists – appear to be responsible for acute antidepressant effects
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Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
Depression Anxiety Disorders Pain Disorders Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Smoking Cessation Eating Disorders Other Uses for Antidepressants
Enuresis in children Urinary stress incontinence Vasomotor symptoms in perimenopause Sexual disorders
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Choosing an Antidepressant
Depends first on the indication It is difficult to demonstrate that one antidepressant is
consistently more effective than another Rests primarily on practical considerations
Cost Availability Adverse effects Potential drug interactions The patient's history of response or lack Patient preference
At present, SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed first-line agents