antifungal properties of some selected indian...
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ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED
INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS
Nitha.B*1, Hari Narayanan.C.M2, Remashree A.B3
Sree Ayyappa College, Eramallikkara,Alappuzha, Kerala India 1
Centre for Medicinal Plants, Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal,Malappuram, Kerala India 2
Spices Board, Cochin, Kerala, India3
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ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants have been used to treat many ailments for thousands of years and are regarded
as rich resources of traditional medicines. Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites
which contribute for their biological characteristics. They represent a major source of untapped
novel pharmaceuticals. In recent years, drug resistance to pathogenic microorganisms has been
commonly reported from all over the world. The emergence of multiple drug resistance
pathogenic organisms has necessitated a search for new antimicrobial substances from different
sources including plants. In the present study aqueous- ethanol extract of ten plants each
belonging to different families were evaluated for antifungal activity against medically important
fungi using disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. The plants selected for the study include
Eclypta alba, Berberis aristata, Aloe vera, Atrocarpus heterophyllus, Ixora coccinia, Cromelina
orderata, Lawsonia inermis, Humboldtia brunonis, Jasmine angustifolia and Atuna indica.
Antifungal properties of these extracts against five different fungal species such as Aspergillus
niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer were
tested. The result indicated that most of the extracts possess antifungal properties. The highest
potential was exhibited by aqueous-ethanol extract of E.alba leaf which inhibited the growth of
all the fungi tested with a maximum zone of 29mm against Fuarium oxysporum in disc diffusion
and 29 mm against both A.niger and Fuarium oxysporum in well diffusion method. Atuna indica
leaves are found to be less effective which showed growth inhibitory activity only against
Rhizopus stolonifer.
Key words: Antifungal, Medicinal plants, infectious diseases, multidrug resistant.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before prehistoric period and are
sources of many potent and powerful drugs. Herbal medicines are in great demand in the
developed as well as developing countries for primary healthcare because of their wide
biological and medicinal activities, higher safety margins and lesser costs (Goyal et al., 2008,
Cragg et al., 1997, Nitha et al., 2012). Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites
such as tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, which have been reported to
possess profound biological properties. (Duraipandiyan et al., 2006, Djeussi and Noumedem.,
2013) The plant kingdom has provided a variety of compounds with different therapeutic
properties, like analgesics, anti-inflammatory, medicines for asthma, and other different ailments
(Dellavalle et al., 2011).
As per data available over three-quarters of the world population relies mainly on plants
and plant extracts for their health care needs. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one
time or other was used for medicinal purposes. Most of the important drugs of the past 50 years,
which have revolutionized modern medicinal practice, have been isolated from plants. (Dar et
al., 2017). The WHO endorses and promotes the addition of herbal drugs in national health care
programs because they are easily accessible at a price within the reach of a common man and are
time tested and thus considered to be much safer than the modern synthetic drugs (Singh and
Singh., 1981). Thus, the research of pharmacologically/ biologically active agents obtained by
screening natural sources such as plant extracts had led to the detection of many
pharmaceutically valuable drugs that play a key role in the treatment of human diseases (Rastogi
and Meharotra., 1990).
Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms are a major public health problem
(Alviano and Alviano., 2009, Zhang et al., 2006). The number of multi-drug resistant microbial
strains and the appearance of strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics are continuously
increasing. This increase has been attributed to indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics,
immunosuppressive agents, intravenous catheters, organ transplantation and ongoing epidemics
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of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections (Dean and Burchard., 1996, Gonzalez et al.,
2006). Fungi are ubiquitous in the environment, and infection due to fungal pathogens has
become more common (Khan et al., 2013). Infections caused by opportunistic fungi are also
becoming more common now a day. This situation provided the impetus to the search for new
antimicrobial substances from various natural sources like medicinal plants. Synthetic drugs are
not only expensive and inadequate for the treatment of diseases but are also often with different
side effects. Therefore, there is a need to search for new infection-fighting strategies to control
microbial infections (Vaghasiya and Chanda., 2007).
Among ancient civilizations, India has been known to be rich repository of medicinal
plants. The forest in India is the principal repository of large number of medicinal and aromatic
plants, which are largely collected as raw materials for manufacture of drugs. Vast number
Indian medicinal plants have been reported to possess different therapeutic properties and are
also found to possess compounds with potential antimicrobial properties (Vedhnarayanan et al.,
2013). The current study is aimed to evaluate the antifungal properties of ten selected medicinal
plants against some fungal species which are common causative agents of some infections. The
discovery of potent antimicrobial agents from natural sources is promising and greatly acceptable
approach due to their margin of safety and availability.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Collection of Plant Materials
Fresh plant/ plant parts were collected randomly from Kerala and Tamilnadu
region, India. The plants selected for the study include Eclypta alba (Leaf), Berberis aristata
(bark), Aloe vera (leaf), Atrocarpus heterophyllus (Bark), Ixora coccinia (flower), Cromelina
orderata (leaf), Lawsonia inermis (leaf), Humboldtia brunonis (leaf), Jasmine angustifolia
(leaf), Atuna indica (leaf). The details of the plant/plant parts studied - their families, vernacular
names and their therapeutic uses are given in Table 1 (Udayan and Balachandran, 2009, Kirtikar
and Basu, 2005). The plant materials were identified and authenticated and the voucher
specimens were deposited in the raw drug museum of University of Calicut, Kerala, India.
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2. Fungal Strains and Growth Conditions
All fungal strains used in this study were obtained from Microbial Type Culture
Collection, Chandigarh, India. Fungal isolates were sub cultured to potato dextrose agar and
prepared for the antifungal assessment. The fungi selected for the study include Aspergillus niger
MTCC 281 , Aspergillus flavus MTCC 277. Penicillium citrinum MTCC 1256 , Fusarium
oxysporum MTCC 284, Rhizopus stolonifer MTCC 2591.
3. Preparation of Extract
The plant parts were washed thoroughly, dried under shade and powdered. The
powdered material (100 g) was extracted with 50% aqueous-ethanol using water bath- shaker at
400 C for 72 hours. After 72 hours, the supernatant was filtered and the solvent completely
evaporated using vacuum. The residue obtained was stored at 40C for further studies.
4. Determination of Antifungal Activity
The antifungal assay was performed by two methods viz. agar disc diffusion method
(Bauer and Kirby., 1966) and agar well diffusion method (Perez., 1990). Potato Dextose Agar
(PDA) was prepared in plates and the fungal inoculum was spread evenly on the surface of the
plates using a sterile cotton swab. For agar disc diffusion method, sterile filter paper discs (6mm)
were saturated with different concentrations of the test compound, allowed to dry and introduced
on the upper layer of the seeded agar plate. The culture was done as McFarland standard
sterilized media prepared at 121°C for 14 minutes in autoclave. For agar well diffusion method, a
well was prepared in the plates with the help of a cork-borer (0.6cm). 100 μl of different
concentrations the test compound (50, 100,150 and 200 µg) was introduced into the well. The
plates were incubated at room temperature. Sterile distilled water served as negative control. The
result was obtained by measuring the zone diameter.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Nature has been a source of medicinal agents since times immemorial and their roles in
the treatment of diseases is as old as man. Plants have provided a source of inspiration for novel
drug compounds as plant derived medicines have made significant contribution towards human
health. They constitute a predominant mode of managing health problems in developing
countries and mostly among the rural populace (Udoh et al., 2019, Sandhu and Heinrich., 2005,
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Gupta et al, 2005). Herbal medicine is generally believed to be more effective but with fewer
side effects compared to synthetic medicines.
The current study aimed to evaluate the antifungal property of ten different Indian
Medicinal plants is very relevant because a dramatic increase in fungal infections has been noted
across the world in the past few decades due to the appearance of resistant fungi to different
antifungal agents used in the treatment. Continuous and indiscriminate use of antifungal agents
led to the development of resistance by fungal species, and some shows ineffectiveness toward
fungal disease (Tanwar., 2014, Singh., 2001). These drugs not only show ineffectiveness due to
resistance by fungal species but also show undesirable side effects (Sharanappa and
Vidyasagar., 2013, Negri., 2014, Brezis., 1984).
The study revealed the antifungal properties of ten selected Indian medicinal plants
against some common pathogenic fungi (Table 2& 3). The study shows that different fungal
strains exhibited different levels of sensitivity to each crude plant extract. Table 2 and 3 indicates
that crude extracts from E.alba inhibited the growth of five fungal strains studied. E. alba
showed a maximum zone of inhibition around 29 mm towards Fusarium oxysporum in disc
diffusion method and 29mm against A.niger and Fusarium oxysporum in well diffusion method
which is the maximum inhibitory zone obtained in the study. E. alba is reported to possess
different phytochemicals such as alkaloids (ecliptine and nicotine), coumarinns (verazine,
dehydroverazine ecliptalbine), triterpenes (eclalbatin, α –amyrin, β-amyrin,ursolin acid,oleanolic
acid and wedelic acid) , flavanoids (apigenin, luteolin and luteolin-7-glucoside) etc which may
be responsible for its activity (Neeraja and Elizabeth Margaret., 2012).
Atuna Indica leaves are found to be less effective which showed growth inhibitory
activity only against Rhizopus stolonifer, in both disc and well diffusion methods. The study
reveals that most of the plants showed antifungal activity against the tested strains. Among the
five fungal strains Fusarium oxysporum is found to be the most resistant, which showed resistant
towards six plants evaluated such as Berberis aristata, Alo vera, Ixora coccinia, Cromelina
orderata, Humboldtia brunosis and Atuna indica. A.niger was found to be most sensitive fungal
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species which exhibited sensitivity towards eight plant extracts Eclipta alba, Berberis aristata,
Alo vera, Atrocarpus heterophyllus, Ixora coccinia, Cromelina orderata, Lawsonia enermis and
Humboldtia brunosis. In well diffusion method also similar results were observed (Table 3).
Most of the tested plants are reported as rich repositories of several active phytochemicals as
described in Table 1 which may be responsible for their activity.
The antifungal activity of the plant extracts studied was compared with standard
antifungal drugs. The zone of growth inhibition formed by the standard antibiotics was given in
Table 4. Interestingly the results signify that most of the plant extracts possess more growth
inhibitory activity than the standard antifungal drugs. So from the current study it is evident that
most of the plants tested are potent antifungal agents and can be used for the development of safe
and consistent antifungal agents without any side effects.
IV. CONCLUSION
The findings of the study suggest the effectiveness of ten different Indian medicinal
plants towards some common pathogenic fungal species. The current study signify that the tested
plants can be used either singly or in combination in the preparation of various antifungal agents
and many of them are promising antifungal agents. However, further studies are needed,
particularly to identify and isolate the active ingredient from plant extract and also to study the
mechanism of action. Natural plant-derived fungicides may be a source of new alternative active
compounds, in particular with antifungal activity.
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TABLE 1 ETHNOBOTANICAL INFORMATION ON SOME TRADITIONALLY USED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS SELECTED FOR
ANTIFUNGAL SCREENING
Sl
No
Plant species Family Common
name Parts
used Active principle Therapeutic use
1 Eclipta alba (L.)
Hassk. (syn.
Eclipta prostrata
L.
Asteraceae False Daisy
and
Bhringraj
Whole
plant
Alkaloids, Coumarinns,
Triterpenes, Flavanoids
( Neeraja and Elizabeth,
2012)
Antihepatotoxic,
Antibacterial, Trypsin
Inhibitor, Antivenom, Hair
revitalizing,
Antiproleferative,
Antigiardial, Antiviral,
Anticancer
2 Berberis
aristata, DC.
Berberidaceae Indian
barberry
Root,
bark
Alkaloids, reducing sugars,
steroids, flavonoids,
terpenoids, glycosides and
saponin (The Wealth of
India, 1962)
Skin disease, menorrhagia,
diarrhoea, jaundice
3 Aloe vera (L.)
Burm.f.
Liliaceae Aloe Leaf Anthraquinone, Saponins,
steroids, Sugars,
Aminoacids, Vitamins,
(Sahu et al, 2013)
Analgesic, Antibacterial,
wound healing, antifungal,
antibacterial, antiviral
4 Artocarpus
heterophyllus
Lam.
Moraceae Jack fruit
tree
Roots,
leaves,
fruits,
seeds,ba
rk
Alkaloids, Tannins,
Phenolics, steroids,
Terpenoids, Anthraquiones,
Saponins, ( Baliga et al,
2011)
Antidiarrhoeal, boil, wound,
skin diseases, dyspepsia,
ulcer, convulsions,
dyspepsia ophthalmitis,
pharyngitis
5 Ixora coccinia
Linn.
Rubiaceae
Ixora, jungle
geranium
Root,
leaves,
Flowers
Polyphenols, flavonoids
glycosides and tannins (Baliga and Kurian., 2011)
Skin disease, diarrhea,
indigestion, ulcers, wounds
6 Chromolaena
odorata L.
Asteraceae Eupatorium Leaf Flavanoids, Alkaloids,
Tannins, Saponins,
Steroids. (Usunomena, and
Efosa, 2016)
Leaf juice used as antiseptic
in cuts and wounds
7 Lawsonia
inermis L
Lythraceae Henna tree Leaf carbohydrates,
cardioglycosides,
terpenoids, tannins,
phenolic compounds,
proteins and quinones
(Gull et al, 2013,
Mohamed et al, 2016,
Saadab, 2007)
astringent,
hypotensive, sedative,
and against a
headache, jaundice,
and leprosy
8 Humboldtia
brunonis Wall
Caesalpineae Brown's
humboldtia
(
Kattasokam)
Leaf,
Bark
Phenols, Alkaloids,
Flavanoids, Tannin,
Glycosides etc (Sheik and
Chandrashekar. 2014)
Arthritis, Diabetes
9 Jasminum
angustifolia L.
Oleacea Wild
jasmine
Leaf,
root
Alkaloids, Anthraquinone,
Anthocyanins, coumarins,
flavanoids, Saponins,
Tannins, Terpenoids
(Dubey et al, 2016)
Poison, herpes,
ophthalmology, leprosy,
pruritis, wounds, ring worm
10 Atuna indica
(Bedd).
Kosterm
Chrysobalanaceae Atuna
travancoria
Leaf,
bark
Coumarins, Flavanoids,
Phenolocs (Asish et al,
2013)
Anticancer, asthama
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TABLE. 2. ANTIFINGAL ACTIVITY OF TEN SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS- DISC DIFFUSION
METHOD
Sl
No
Plants Zone of Inhibition with different Fungal stains (mm)
Aspergillus niger A.falvus Rhizopus stolonifer Penicillium citrinum Fusarium oxysporum
50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200
1 E.alba 12 14 16 20 12 16 17 18 10 13 15 18 10 14 17 18 15 16 20 27
2 B. aristata 11 13 14 15 9 10 11 13 12 14 16 17 9 13 15 16 R R R R
3 Alo vera 11 14 15 19 12 14 17 18 R 5 10 12 12 14 15 17 R R R R
4 A.heterophyllus
9 11 12 14 7 9 11 13 R R R R R R R R 7 10 12 16
5 I. coccinia 11 13 15 20 13 15 17 19 3 7 12 15 R R R R R R R R
6 C. orderata 10 11 12 15 R 9 10 11 R R R R 15 17 18 18 R R R R
7 L. enermis 11 13 15 17 11 14 15 17 R R R R R R R R R 10 13 16
8 H. brunosis R 12 18 22 7 9 10 11 R R R R R R R R R R R R
9 J.aungutifolia R R R R R R R R R R R R 10 12 14 15 8 9 11 14
10 A.indica R R R R R R R R 9 12 14 16 R R R R R R R R
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TABLE. 3. ANTIFINGAL ACTIVITY OF TEN SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS- WELL DIFFUSION METHOD
TABLE-4 ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF STANDARD ANTIBIOTICS
.
R: Resistant
Sl
No
Plants Zone of Inhibition with different Fungal stains (mm)
Aspergillus niger A.falvus Rhizopus stolonifer Penicillium citrinum Fusarium
oxysporum
50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200
1 E.alba 11 17 20 29 15 17 19 22 12 14 16 18 11 13 17 22 18 22 26 29
2 B. aristata 12 15 17 18 9 10 12 14 14 15 17 18 10 14 16 17 R R R R
3 Alo vera 7 10 12 13 R R 9 10 9 10 11 12 R R 8 10 R R 7 9
4 A.heterophyllus
10 12 13 15 9 10 12 13 13 14 16 17 R R R R 7 1 10 12
5 I.coccinia 12 13 15 21 15 17 19 20 7 8 11 16 R R R R R R R R
6 C. orderata 9 10 12 13 8 10 11 13 R R R R 12 13 15 17 R R R R
7 L.enermis 12 14 16 19 10 13 17 19 R R R R R R R R R 11 14 18
8 H. brunosis 10 13 15 23 9 11 12 13 R R R R R R R R R R R R
9 J.aungustifolia R R R R R R R R R R R R 12 14 17 18 10 11 15 17
10 A.indica R R R R R R R R 10 12 16 17 R R R R R R R R
SL
NO
ORGANISM Zone of Inhibition (mm)
Cotrimoxazole Fluconazole
1 Aspergillus niger 15 12 mm
2 Aspergillus falvus 20 11
3 Penicillium cirtrinum 18 R
4 Rhizopus stolonifer 20 14
5 Fusarium oxysporum R R
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Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research
Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020
ISSN NO: 0022-1945
Page No:91