antimicrobial resistance (amr) profiling in escherichia coli from farmed and wild animals in the...
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling in Escherichia coli from farmed and wild animals in the
Mekong delta of VietnamNguyen Thi Nhung
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, HCMC, VietnamBiodiversity and Health Symposium
Phnom Penh, 17-18 Nov 2014
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Agenda
• Introduction − Animal production in Mekong Delta of Vietnam• Methods − Sampling − Laboratory methods• Results − Prevalence of AMR E. coli from farmed and wild animals − AMR patterns of E. coli from different species − Risk factors for multidrug resistance• Conclusion
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Animal production in Mekong Delta of Vietnam
• Large poultry and pig population
• Mixed farms
• Small scale production systems including household backyard farms
• Duck production systems integrated with rice production systems (free ranging ducks)
• Low bio-security and bio-containment
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• Commensal bacteria of warm-blooded animals
• High prevalence, simple and efficient isolation procedures
• Useful indicator for the presence of AMR in monitoring and surveillance programs
Use of Escherichia coli as indicator
No studies have investigated the prevalence of AMR E. coli isolated from the farmed and wildlife species in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam
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Aims of study
• To investigate the prevalence of AMR on E. coli indicator bacteria in various food animals and wildlife
• To characterize E. coli phenotypic resistant profiles
• To identify risk factors for fecal carriage of AMR E. coli in animal production
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• Cao Lanh district, Dong Thap province
• 90 pig, duck and chicken farms (30 of each) were stratified by size (small, medium and large)
• Fecal material was collected using a pair of boot swabs
Farm survey design
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• Small wild mammals were trapped from pig and poultry farms, rice fields, forests
• Humanely culled by overdose of isoflurane
• 0.2g caecal contents were collected from large intestines
Small wild mammals trapping and processing
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Laboratory methods
Antimicrobial agents Acronym
Amoxicilin/clavulanic acid (30µg) AMC
Ampicillin (10µg) AMP
Ceftazidime (30µg) CAZ
Chloramphenicol (30µg) C
Ciprofloxacin (5µg) CIP
Gentamicin (10µg) CN
Tetracycline (30µg) TE
Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol (25µg)
SXT
AMR E. coli testing
E. coli isolation
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Results
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E. coli isolates
SpeciesNo. samples
No. isolates
Total isolates
Farmed animals
Chicken 30 148
434Duck 30 143
Pig 30 143
Small wild mammals
Rattus argentiventer
9 33
234
Rattus tanezumi 19 62
Rattus exulans 5 16
Rattus norvegicus
10 28
Bandicota indica
16 67
Suncus murinus 7 28
Total 156 668
B. indica
R. argentiventer
R. exulans
R. norvegicus
R. tanezumi
S. murinus
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Prevalence of AMR E. coli from farmed animals
TE: tetracycline, SXT: trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, CN: gentamicin, CIP: ciprofloxacin, AMP: ampicillin, AMC: amoxicilin-clavulanic acid, CAZ: ceftazidime , C: chloramphenicol, ESBL: extended spectrum β lactamase, MDR: multidrug resistance, was defined as resistant to at least three different of antimicrobials
Unadjusted data Adjusted data
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Prevalence of AMR E. coli from small wild animals
Farms
Non-farms
TE: tetracycline, SXT: trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, CN: gentamicin, CIP: ciprofloxacin AMP: ampicillin, AMC: amoxicilin-clavulanic acid, CAZ: ceftazidime , C: chloramphenicol, ESBL: extended spectrum β lactamase, MDR: multidrug resistance, was defined as resistant to at least three different of antimicrobials
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Minimum spanning tree of AMR patterns from different species
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DAPC of AMR profiles by host type
DAPC= Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components
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Multivariable logistic regression of MDR for isolates from farms
OR 95% CI p-value
Type of farm (baseline=chicken or
duck)
1.0 - -
Small medium pig farm 1.18 1.04-1.35 0.0104
Large pig farm 1.41 1.27-1.57 <0.001
Age farmer (per 10-year period) 0.86 0.82-0.90 <0.001
Well-water: Large pig farm 1.24 1.15-1.33 <0.001
Small medium pig farm 1.55 1.37-1.75 <0.001
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Conclusions
• High levels of resistance to common antimicrobials among farmed animals
− Extensive range of antimicrobial compounds used not according to the dosage, length of treatment of the manufacturers
− Antimicrobials used on farm and human medicine are largely similar
• Small wild mammals trapped on farms seem to have higher prevalence of AMR
− Wildlife contact directly with antimicrobial residuals or resistant bacteria through food and effluent systems
− Useful indicators of the presence of antimicrobial resistant populations in the environment and/or farms
• There are some factors such as farm size (pigs), age of farmers, and water sources that may contribute to the problem of AMR on farms
− The longitudinal studies need to be conducted16
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Acknowledgements:•Dr. Juan Carrique-Mas
•Dr. Ngo Thi Hoa
•Mr. James Campbell
•Mr. Nguyen Van Cuong
•Ms. Vo Nhu Thanh Truc
•Dr. Serge Morand
• Sub-Department of Animal Health Dong Thap
•Hospital Tropical Diseases HCMC
Funding: VIZIONS WT/093724
ZoNMW / WOTRO/205100012 (The Netherlands)
Li-Ka-Shing Foundation
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Thank you!