anto alt fuel
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KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS
ALTERNATE FUELS FOR IC ENGINES
Submitted by
J. Anto Marshal
B. Rajesh Kumar
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Introduction:
Presently the costs of the petrol and diesel have hiked so
much that within three to five years we are going to starve for those things. So
its a primary response of every individual in using the petrol and diesel
efficiently. So instead using the petrol and the diesel which are non renewable
resources we, the crew have found an alternate for it i.e. petrol and diesel. Its to
use the resources like hydrogen, brown gas and oxy hydrogen that are available
in a large amount. Vehicle costs are high, and the U.S. currently lacks the
infrastructure to produce and widely distribute hydrogen to consumers. Light-
duty vehicles, such as cars, and pickup trucks, are responsible for 44 percent of
the oil used in the United States and over 20 percent of the carbon dioxide
emitted.
About hydrogen In Brief:
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Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is the simplest alkene hydrocarbon,
consisting of four hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms connected by a double
bond.
Ethylene, is the building block of the most common
plastic, might have an exciting future in storing hydrogen, the hoped-for
transportation fuel of the future. New research reported by scientists from the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Turkey's Bilkent
University makes the surprising prediction that "ethylene, a well-known
inexpensive molecule, can be an important basis in developing frameworks for
efficient and safe
Results of modeling studies indicate that attaching titanium atoms (blue) to the
ends of an ethylene molecule (yellow-green) will result in a capsule-shaped
complex that absorbs 10 hydrogen molecules (red). The results open a new
avenue in the pursuit of materials that will enable efficient solid-state storage of
hydrogen. (Image courtesy of NIST)
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The team's calculations show that attaching titanium atoms at opposite ends of
an ethylene molecule (four hydrogen atoms bound to a pair of carbon atoms)
will result in a very attractive "two for" deal. The addition of the two metal
atoms results in a net gain of up to 10 hydrogen molecules that can absorb onto
the ethylene-titanium complex, for a total of 20 hydrogen atoms. As important,
the engineered material is predicted to release the hydrogen with only a modest
amount of heating.
The absorbed hydrogen molecules account for about 14 percent of the weight of
the titanium-ethylene complex. That's about double the Department of Energy's
minimum target of 6.5 percent for economically practical storage of hydrogen in
a solid state material. Although significant challenges stand in the way, solid
state storage is preferred to storing hydrogen as a liquid or compressed gas, both
of which require large-volume tanks.
Oxygen Sponge Saves Energy During The Production Of Plastics
Dutch researcher Bart de Graaf has developed a
solid oxygen carrier, a sort of oxygen sponge. The oxygen from the sponge
reacts with hydrogen to produce water.
Hydrogen is released during the conversion of ethane and propane to ethylene
and propylene, raw materials for the production of plastics. The oxygen sponge
only reacts with the hydrogen released and not with other compounds in the
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050213135704.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050213135704.htm -
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chemical reaction, such as ethane and propane. This allows more starting
materials to be converted in one cycle and makes the separation of the starting
material and product both easier and cheaper. This new process therefore saves a
lot of energy.
The majority of ethylene and propylene is made from ethane and propane,
produced during the cracking of crude oil. Ethane and propane are converted
into ethylene and propylene plus hydrogen in a reactor vessel at a very high
temperature.
Unfortunately, this chemical reaction is an equilibrium reaction. This means that
although ethylene and propylene are formed, the starting materials are not
completely used up in the reaction. The product produced is therefore
contaminated. It costs a lot of energy to separate the starting materials and
products, and to return the starting materials left to the reactor
Bart de Graaf developed a process which directly removes one of the products
from the equilibrium reaction. Using an oxygen sponge to convert the hydrogen
released into water allows the reaction to continue until most of the starting
materials have been used up.
Browns Gas:
So-called Brown's Gas is a mixture of hydrogen and
oxygen gas prepared by electrolyzing water. Brown's Gas has also been
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proposed as a fuel for internal combustion engines and as an input gas for fuel
cells. In electrolysis the output rate is a function of the molecular weight of the
product, its valency and the total current passing through the electrolytic cell.
One Faraday is that amount of current which will produce one gram.mole of a
product with a valency of one. To split water, H2O, into H2 and O2 takes two
Faradays per mole, that is two Faradays will convert 18 grams (about 0.635 oz)
of water into Brown's Gas.
"Does Brown's Gas implode ?"
Among the "wonderful" properties of "Brown's Gas" is that when ignited it
doesn't explode, it implodes. That is, the reaction product has a smaller volume
than the initial gas mixture Brown's Gas is that you get if you electrolyze water
and keep the resulting hydrogen and oxygen mixed together. One is that it would
be extremely hazardous to store any large quantity of Brown's Gas, either at
atmospheric pressure or in compressed form. A spark, or the presence of any
material which catalyzes the hydrogen/oxygen reaction, will cause a devastating
explosion. The second comment is that all the energy which comes from burning
Brown's Gas was put into it by the electrical energy used to electrolyze the
water.
Oxy-Hydrogen:
The next step of reducing the usage of the diesel and petrol is the use of OXY-
HYDROGEN. Pure hydrogen can be stored safely, but Oxy-Hydrogen is
HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE and CANNOT BE STORED SAFELThe Oxy-
Hydrogen generator is made from clear 1.5" diameter PVC pipe. The pipe is
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sealed on the top and bottom by pipe thread adapters and screw-on 1.25" PVC
caps.
The bottom cap has two stainless steel bolts with washers and nuts attached (see
below). The top cap has a "barb fitting" which allows rubber surgical tubing to
be attached. The gas flows to a second vessel which is filled with water and
open at the top. A piece of copper tubing is attached to the surgical tubing and
bent at the angles shown. It is VERY important that the oxy-hydrogen be
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discharged into water as shown to prevent a spark from igniting the mixture in
the Oxy-Hydrogen generator. If the mixture in the generator were to ignite, it
would rupture the PVC pipe, showering caustic solution everywhere
The Generator is filled halfway with a solution of potassium hydroxide and
water. You must wear gloves and safety glasses when working with any caustic
solutions, as they eat through skin and eyes! The potassium hydroxide acts as an
electrolyte, permitting current to flow through the water.
The first step is outfitting the bottom cap for use. You must first get two
2.5" stainless steel bolts. We used 10-24 size bolts. Thread stainless steel nuts
and washers on the bolts in the pattern shown above. Hold the bolts as close to
each other without the washers touching, and record the distance between the
two. Remove the washers and nuts from the bolts. Drill two holes in the cap
(just smaller than the diameter of the bolts) with the same spacing that you
measured between the bolts in the last step. Now you can screw the bolts into
the drill holes in the bottom of the cap. Tapping the drill holes with the proper
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size tap makes this easier. Thread the bolts and washers on the bolts again as
before. You should glue the bolts into place to prevent leaking.
Now you can attach the cap to the PVC tube. We glued (1.5" pipe to 1.25" pipe thread) adapters on to both
the tube to make it easy to take the generator apart. We then screwed the caps on when the glue on the adap
dry. The top cap is a 1.25" pipe thread adapter with a barb fitting adapter screwed into it. At this sta
important to check for leaks. Fill the generator with water. With your thumb over the barb fitting hole, turn
upside down and look for drips.
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Here is the assembled unit shown with the surgical tubing attached and the copper tubing under water to
generator itself. The power supply is a 12 volt DC, 25 amp radio shack power supply. A 12 volt battery char
solar panel can be used, also. Keep the Oxy-hydrogen away from any sparks which might happen when you
Please note that the power supply MUST be DC! AC will NOT work! Before turning on the device, mak
glasses on! When you turn on the power supply, the Oxy-Hydrogen will start bubbling in the generator. F
the gas coming out of the copper tube will contain mostly residual air from the space in the generator and t
this in a well ventilated area, and NEVER WALK AWAY FROM THE GENERATOR WITH THE POWE
were to build up in an enclosed area, it could cause a nasty explosion002E
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After donning our earplugs and face shields, we attached a SMALL
(deflated) sandwich bag to the end of the copper tube (with a rubber band) in the
water tank. After it was full of Oxy-hydrogen, we attached it to a LONG stick
and held it over a candle flame. Boom!