anxiety thesis

8/17/2019 anxiety thesis

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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SECOND LANGUAGE ANXIETY IN

ADOLESCENTS FROM DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS

by

Emi Kojima

__________________________________________________________________

A Diss!"a"io# $!s#"% "o "&

FACULTY OF THE ROSSIER SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

UNI'ERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAI# $a!"ia( F)(*i((m#" o* "&

R+)i!m#"s *o! "& D,!

DOCTOR OF EDUCATION

A),)s" -../

Co0y!i,&" -../ Emi Kojima


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DEDICATION

T&is %iss!"a"io# is %%i1a"% 2i"& %0s" "&a#3s "o

my mo"&!4 Ha!)mi Kojima5

a#% "o my b!o"&!4 Ta!o Kojima

*o! "&i! (o6 a#% s)00o!"7


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T&is %iss!"a"io# 1o)(% #o" &a6 b# 2!i""# 2i"&o)" my 1&ai!0!so# D!7 E),#ia Mo!a8

F(o!s 2&o #1o)!a,% a#% ,)i%% m "&!o),&o)" my %iss!"a"io# 0!o1ss a#% my

%iss!"a"io# 1ommi"" mmb!s D!7 Gis( Ra,)sa a#% D!7 Mi1&a( G#9)3 2&o

0!o6i%% m 6a()ab( i#si,&"s7 I ,i6 my &a!"*(" a00!1ia"io# *o! "&i! s)00o!" a#%

,)i%a#17


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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LIST OF TABLES

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LIST OF FIGURES

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

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Cultural Differences

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE RE4IEW

Introduction

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m0&asi9% i# "& 1omm)#i1a"io# 0!o1ss7 A# a%%i"io#a( "2o s")%is !0o!"% 2&"&!

s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y 6a!is a11o!%i#, "o a s01i*i1 "a!," (a#,)a, o! is i"

i#%0#%#" o* "& #a"i6 (a#,)a, a#% s1o#% (a#,)a, 0ai!i#,7 Ro%!i,)9 a#% Ab!)

-..> s")%i%


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2i"& a%)("s mo! "&a# boys4 "&y a! i#"imi%a"% i# a mai#s"!am 1(ass!oom 2&! "&y

a! !+)i!% "o b i#%0#%#"7

Linguistic %actors

Li#,)is"i1 *a1"o!s a! a(so im0o!"a#" i# "& 1o#":" o* s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y7

Ai%a -... 0!o0os% "&a" o# o* "& (i#,)is"i1 *a1"o!s "o s&a0 s")%#"sJ s1o#%

(a#,)a, is "& (a#,)a, %is"a#1 b"2# "& "2o (a#,)a,s7 Ai%a s"a"% "&a" "&

%i**i1)("y o* (a!#i#, (a#,)a, %0#%s o# &o2 %i**!#" "& #2 (a#,)a, is *!om "&

(a#,)a, "&a" "& (a!#! a(!a%y 3#o2s7 Koba4 O,a2a4 a#% Wi(3i#so# -... *o)#% "&a"

a0a#s E#,(is& (a!#!s o*"# :0!ss &i,& a#:i"y b1a)s E#,(is& is *a! %i**!#" *!om

a0a#s7 T&om0so# -... s"a"% "&a" "& mo! simi(a! "2o (a#,)a,s a!4 "& mo!

0ossib( i" is "o "!a#s(a" b"2# "&m7 Fo! :am0(4 i# E#,(is&4 "& o!%! o* 2o!%s i# a

s#"#1 is S)bj1"8'!b8Obj1"7 S2a&i(i "#%s "o b simi(a! "o E#,(is& i# "&s 2ays4

a#% "&!*o! i" is asi! *o! a# E#,(is& s0a3! "o (a!# S2a&i(i "&a# "o (a!# o"&!

(a#,)a,s7 T&om0so# 1(aims "&a" Ws"!# E)!o0a# (a#,)a,s a! simi(a! "o E#,(is&

2o!%s4 a#% "& 1)(")!s a! a(so simi(a! ma3i#, (a#,)a, a1+)isi"io# asi!7

Woo%!o2 a#% C&a0ma# -..? s")%i% -/? @ *ma(4 ma( a%6a#1%

E#,(is& (a!#!s *o! a1a%mi1 0)!0oss EA$ s")%yi#, a" a11!%i"% (a#,)a, 1#"!s i#

A)s"!a(ia7 T& s")%#"s 2! *!om C&i#a4 Ko!a4 a0a#4 E)!o04 'i"#am4 I#%o#sia4

T&ai4 So)"& Am!i1a4 a#% Tai2a#7 A(( o* "& s")%#"s 1om0("% "& a#:i"y s)bs1a(s

a#% o!a( 0!*o!ma#1 2as assss% )si#, a "y0 o* I#"!#a"io#a( E#,(is& La#,)a,


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Ts"i#, Sys"m IELTS i#"!6i27 T& *i#%i#, i#%i1a"% "&a" 0!*o!mi#, i# *!o#" o* "&

1(ass 2as !a"% "& &i,&s" o# "& i#81(ass a#:i"y s)bs1a(4 2&i( "a(3i#, "o #a"i6

s0a3!s !a"% &i,& o# "& o)"8o*81(ass s)bs1a(7 Tai2a#s s")%#"s s1o!% "& &i,&s"

ma#s o# bo"& i#81(ass a#% o)"81(ass a#:i"y4 Ko!a# s")%#"s s1o!% "& s1o#%4 a#%

a0a#s s")%#"s s1o!% "& "&i!% &i,&s" ma#s7 O# "& o"&! &a#%4 E)!o0a#s s1o!%

"& (o2s" ma# o# i#81(ass a#:i"y a#% 'i"#ams *o((o2%7 T& 'i"#ams s1o!%

"& (o2s" ma# o# o)" o* 1(ass a#:i"y a#% E)!o0a# s")%#"s 2! "& s1o#% (o2s"7

A(( "& o"&! Asia# 0a!"i1i0a#"s s1o!% !(a"i6(y &i,& o# bo"& i# a#% o)" 1(ass a#:i"y7

T& 'i"#ams 0a!"i1i0a#"s %i**!% *!om "& o"&! Asia# 0a!"i1i0a#"s b1a)s "&y 2!

s1&o(a!s&i0 s")%#"s 2&o &a% a(!a%y :0!i#1% s0a3i#, E#,(is& i# a s(1"io#

0!o1%)!7

T& !s)(" o* "&is s")%y is !(a"% "o Ai%aJs -... s"a"m#" "&a" "& %i**i1)("y o*

(a!#i#, (a#,)a, %0#%s o# &o2 %i**!#" "& #2 (a#,)a, is *!om "& (a#,)a, "&a"

"& (a!#! a(!a%y 3#o2s7 I" a(so s)00o!"s T&om0so#Js "&o!y "&a" Ws"!# E)!o0a#

(a#,)a,s a! simi(a! "o E#,(is& 2o!%s4 a#% "& 1)(")!s a! a(so simi(a!4 so "&a" 2&a" is

"a(3% abo)" a#% &o2 i" is "a(3% abo)" 2i(( b simi(a!7 T&!*o!4 i" is ass)m% "&a" Asia#

s")%#"s s&o2% &i,& a#:i"y a#% E)!o0a#s %mo#s"!a"% (o2 a#:i"y i# s0a3i#,

E#,(is&7 Yo#yama -..> (oo3% a" "& (a#,)a, %i**!#1s b"2# E#,(is& a#%

a0a#s *!om "& ,!amma"i1a( a#% (i#,)is"i1 0oi#" o* 6i27 T& E#,(is& a#% a0a#s

(a#,)a,s a! ,!amma"i1a((y 6!y %i**!#" Yo#yama4 -..>7 Fo! :am0(4 i# a0a#s4

a 6!b 1oms a" "& #% o* "& s#"#1 a#% "& i#%i1a"io# o* "#s 0as"4 0!s#" o!


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*)")! *o((o2s "& 6!b7 W&!as i# E#,(is&4 a 6!b 1oms !i,&" a*"! a s)bj1" i# mos"

1ass7 T&!*o!4 i" is %i**i1)(" *o! a0a#s 0o0( "o say a 6!b 1o!!1"(y 2&# "&y

s0a3 E#,(is&7 Co#si%! "&s "2o s#"#1s;

E#,(is& s#"#1; I 2i(( #o" ,o o)" "omo!!o27

a0a#s s#"#1; I "omo!!o2 ,o o)" #o"7

E#,(is& s#"#1 s"!)1")! is *o!m% "o 1o#6y i#*o!ma"io# %i!1"(y 2&i( a0a#s

is s"!)1")!% "o %s1!ib "&i#,s i#%i!1"(y7 Fo! :am0(4 i# a# E#,(is& s#"#1 s)1& as I

don$t ant to go to a mo"ie- 2 imm%ia"(y 3#o2 2&"&! "&is 0!so# 2a#"s "o ,o7

W&!as i# a0a#s4 "& sam s#"#1 2o)(% b sai% (i3 "&is; I mo"ie go do ant not!

W &a6 #o i%a i* "& 0!so# 2a#"s "o ,o "o a mo6i o! #o" )#"i( (is"#i#, "o "& (as"

2o!% o* "& s#"#17 T&is %i**!#1 i# s#"#1 s"!)1")! !*(1"s "& *a1" "&a" E#,(is&

s0a3!s 0!*! "o b %i!1" a#% a0a#s s0a3!s i#%i!1"7 H! is a ,oo% :am0( o*

&o2 a0a#s 0o0( s0a3 i#%i!1"(y7 Co#si%! &o2 yes a#% no a! )s% i# a0a#s7 .es

som"ims ma#s /o4 %0#%i#, )0o# &o2 i" is sai%7 I" is 1o#si%!% "oo %i!1" o! !)% "o

say /o %i!1"(y7 Fo! :am0(4 i* 2 say4 .es4 o#(y "o b 0o(i"4 2 may a1")a((y b *(i#,

"& o00osi"7 I" is "& ma##! i# 2&i1& yes is sai% "&a" ,i6s i"s "!) ma#i#,7 Fo!

:am0(4 i* a a0a#s b)si#ss0!so# says4 .es- I ill thin0 a1out it! H &as a(!a%y sai%

/o i# &is mi#%7 T& Am!i1a# (a6s "& m"i#, s"i(( "&i#3i#, "&a" "&! is a 0ossibi(i"y

*o! 2&a"6! "&y 2! %is1)ssi#,7


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O# si,#i*i1a#" (i#,)is"i1 %i**!#1 b"2# E#,(is& a#% a0a#s is "&a" a0a#s

&as 6o2(s a*"! a(( 1o#so#a#" so)#%s Ta3m)!a4 -..7 T& #)mb! o* "& 6o2(s

%"!mi#s "& #)mb! o* "& sy((ab(s7 W&!as E#,(is& %os #o" &a6 "&is 3i#% o* !)(4

a#% "&is (a%s (a!#!s "o i#1o!!1"(y 0(a1 6o2( so)#%s a" "& #% o* mos" 2o!%s "&y

say i# E#,(is&7 I# E#,(is&4 "& #)mb! o* 6o2( so)#%s7 Fo! :am0(4 "& 2o!% 1read is

0!o#o)#1% i# a0a#s as 1u*re*e*do- (a6i#, a0a#s s0a3!s "o "&i#3 "&a" 1read &as

*o)! sy((ab(s7 Ho26!4 "& 2o!% 1read i# E#,(is& &as o#(y o# sy((ab(7 Si#1 o)!

b!ai#s o#(y 0!o,!am "& so)#%s "&a" 2 &a6 &a!% b*o! "& a,s o* i,&" "o "# as "&

so)#%s o* o)! (a#,)a, Nas&4


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(6(s o* !a%i#, a#:i"y 2! "& &i,&s" amo#, "& "&! (a#,)a, ,!o)0s b1a)s o*

"& )#*ami(ia! a#% 1om0(: o!"&o,!a0&i1 sys"m7

I# s)m4 2&# s")%#"s a! #o" s)! &o2 "o 0!o#o)#1 #2 2o!%s o! "&y %o #o"

)#%!s"a#% 2&a" "&y a! !a%i#,4 "&y a! !mo6% *!om "&i! 1om*o!" 9o# a#%

"&!*o! "&i! a#:i"y (6(s i#1!as %) "o a (a13 o* 1o#*i%#17 T& s")%is !6i2%

i# "&is s1"io# %mo#s"!a"% "& %i**i1)("y o* (a!#i#, (a#,)a, %0#%s o# &o2 %i**!#"

"& #2 (a#,)a, is *!om "& (a#,)a, "&a" "& (a!#! a(!a%y 3#o2s7 EL s")%#"s "#% "o

&a6 &i,& a#:i"y 2&# "&i! #a"i6 (a#,)a, L


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s3i((s i# a s1o#% (a#,)a, K9s!4


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&omo,#o)s (i#,)is"i1 so1i"y7 Si#1 "&y &a6 (ss %si!% mo"i6a"io# i# a1+)i!i#,

E#,(is&4 "&y &a6 (ss (i#,)is"i1 1o#*i%#1 2&i1& ma#s (ss s(*81o#*i%#17

T&!*o!4 "&i! E#,(is& (a#,)a, a#:i"y (6(s a! &i,& %) "o a (a13 o* s(*81o#*i%#17

$o0( a! #o" 2i((i#, "o 1omm)#i1a" %) "o a#:i"y4 i#"!o6!sio#4 a(i#a"io#4 o! a (a13

o* 1omm)#i1a"i6 1om0"#1 M1C!os3y Ri1&mo#%4


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0!o6o3 a#:i"y a#% *os"!i#, WTC 2i(( b a 3y "o #&a#1 mo"i6a"io# a#% !%)1

a#:i"y7

Ho!2i"9 -..- :ami#% "& !(a"io#s&i0 b"2# s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y a#%

0!*1"io#ism7 A#:io)s a#% #o#8a#:io)s s")%#"s #/ *!om s1o#%8ya! E#,(is&

(a#,)a, 1(asss a" "& )#i6!si"y o* C&i( 2! i#"!6i2%7 T& a#:io)s s")%#"s

%mo#s"!a"% &i,& 0!so#a( 0!*o!ma#1 s"a#%a!%s a#% 0!o1!as"i#a"io#7 B!o0&y


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.

Has&imo"o4 -..-7 Si#1 0!*1"io#is"s a! a*!ai% o* ma3i#, mis"a3s4 "&y "#% "o %(ay

1om0("i#, a "as37 T&!*o!4 i" is &y0o"&si9% "&a" "a1&!sJ ,i6i#, (imi"% "im "o

1om0(" s#"#1s i# s1o#% (a#,)a, 1(ass!ooms mi,&" i#1!as a#:i"y (6(s o* "&

s")%#"s Ho!2i"94 -..-7 I" is im0o!"a#" "&a" ESL "a1&!s 0!o6i% a !(a:% 1(ass!oom

#6i!o#m#" a#% ,i6 EL s")%#"s 1omm)#i1a"io# o00o!")#i"is "o #&a#1 mo"i6a"io#

a#% !%)1 s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y7

Pedagogical %actors

I#"!0!so#a( %y#ami1s b"2# s")%#"s a#% "a1&!s a**1" a#:i"y a#%

mo"i6a"io# i# s1o#% (a#,)a, a1+)isi"io#7 T& 1(ass!oom !a(i"is a! 0!1i6%

%i**!#"(y by s")%#"s a#% "a1&!s Ho!2i"94


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)#i6!si"y s")%#"s i# S0ai# i# o!%! "o i%#"i*y "& 0!10"io#s "o2a!%s *(i#,s o*

a#:i"y :0!i#1% %)!i#, s1o#% (a#,)a, (a!#i#,7 T& s)!6y 2as 1o#%)1"% bas%

o# "& FLCAS +)s"io##ai!7 T& !s)(" s&o2% "&a" s")%#"s i# bo"& S0a#is& a#% US

,!o)0s :0!i#1% som (6(s o* a#:i"y a#% "&a" 1(ass!oom s""i#,4 :0!i#1s 2i"&

"& (a#,)a,4 a#% i#s"!)1"o!s 1o)(% &a6 a**1"% "& (6(s o* a#:i"y a#% 1o#*i%#1 o*

s")%#"s 07 >7

Wo!% -..> )"i(i9% +)a(i"a"i6 !sa!1& m"&o%s "o s")%y s")%#"s b(i*s4

:0!i#1s4 a#% *(i#,s o* s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y7 Wo!% -..> i#"!6i2%

Am!i1a# s")%#"s 2&o "oo3 F!#1&4 G!ma#4 a#% S0a#is& 1(asss7 T& i#"!6i2

!6a(% :"!m(y #,a"i6 :0!i#1s 2i"& "& (a#,)a, 1(asss7 Ma#y s")%#"s

1om0(ai#% "&a" "& "a1&! s0o3 "oo *as"4 o! !*)s% "o )s a#y E#,(is& a" a((4 a#% "&a"

"&is ma% i" %i**i1)(" "o 30 )0 %)!i#, 1(ass7 S6!a( s")%#"s 2! 1o#1!#% "&a" "&i!

(a#,)a, 1(asss mo6% so +)i13(y "&a" "&y %i% #o" &a6 "im "o %i,s" "& ,!amma!

!)(s7 Co6!i#, a# :1ssi6 amo)#" o* ma"!ia( 2as 1om0(ai#% abo)" as 2((7 Ma#y

s")%#"s :0!ss% *!)s"!a"io# "&a" mos" "a1&!s 1a(( o# s")%#"s o# a*"! a#o"&! i#

sa"i#, o!%!7 T&y "&o),&" "&a" b)i(%s "#sio# a#% a#:i"y 3#o2i#, "&a" "&y a! abo)" "o

b 1a((% o# i# a *2 mi#)"s7 T& mos" #,a"i6 1omm#"s 2! !,a!%i#, "& "a1&!s7

T& s")%#"s )s% %s1!i0"o!s s)1& as 6!y i#"imi%a"i#,4 a0a"&"i14 1o#%s1#%i#,4

6!y s"!#4 ma#4 ob#o:io)s4 a#% o# 2&o "!is "o s1a! s")%#"s7 S")%#"s

!0o!"% b1omi#, *!)s"!a"% 2&# "& "a1&! 2o)(% 1o!!1" "& !!o! b*o! "&y &a%

"im "o *o!m)(a" a !s0o#s7 Ta1&! i#"!!)0"io#s "o 1o!!1" s0a3i#, !!o!s 1a)ss


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s")%#"s "o (os "&i! *o1)s a#% i#1!as a#:i"y7 Ts" a#:i"y 2as m#"io#% %)!i#, "&

i#"!6i2s7 T& s")%#"s 2! as3% %)!i#, 2&a" 0a!" o* "& "s" "a3i#, 0!o1%)!s "&y

*(" a#:i"y "& mos"7 O# s")%#" a%mi""% "o bi#, )0s"4 s&a3i#, a#% s2a"i#, 2&# &

&a% "o ,i6 a# o!a( 0!s#"a"io# %)!i#, "& *i#a( :ami#a"io#7 S0i(ma## a#% Ra%#o*s3y

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i# a (a#,)a, 1(ass7 W&a"6! mo"i6a"io# :is"s i# *o!i,# (a#,)a, 1(ass!ooms "#%s "o

b i#s"!)m#"a( mo"i6a"io# B!o2#4 5 Do!#yi4


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Implementations and Instructional Strategies to Reduce An)iety

I" is 1!)1ia( "o i%#"i*y a**1"i6 s"!a",is 2&# "a1&i#, EL s")%#"s i# o!%! "o

!%)1 s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y7 Rossi"! -..> :ami#% a%)(" i#"!m%ia" (6( EL

(a!#!s a#% *o)#% "&a" s")%#"s 2! mo! !(a:% i# "& 1(ass 2&! "& "a1&! )s%

s"!a",is s)1& as %0 b!a"&i#,4 0osi"i6 s(*8"a(34 6is)a(i9a"io# :!1iss4 !(a:a"io#

"1i+)s4 "a3i#, o#Js mo"io#a( "m0!a")!4 s(*8!2a!%s4 0!sis"#14 a#% !is38"a3i#,

s3i((s "&a# "& o"&! 1(ass )s% a !,)(a! EL 1(ass m"&o%s7 T& Comm)#i1a"i6

O!i#"a"io# o* La#,)a, Ta1&i#, COLT Obs!6a"io# S1&m S0a%a F!o&(i1&4


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"a1&!s4 ")"o!s4 a#% i#s"!)1"io#a( ai%s4 - 0! i#"!a1"io#4 > a1+)i!i#, *)# ma"!ia(s s)1&

as ,ams "o (a!# E#,(is&4 1!a"i#, a 2(1omi#, #6i!o#m#"4 ? 3#o2i#, a#%

)#%!s"a#%i#, s")%#"s4 @ !mmb!i#, "&a" s")%#"s (a!# a" %i**!#" !a"s4 a#% /

b)i(%i#, 1o#*i%#17 A!i9a -.. a(so m0&asi9% "& im0o!"a#1 o* **1"i6 "a1&!

i#s"!)1"io#s s)1& as 1!a"i#, a #o#"&!a"#i#, 1(ass!oom #6i!o#m#"4 ,i6i#, s")%#"s

o00o!")#i"is "o :0!i#1 s)11ss4 ,""i#, "o 3#o2 s")%#"s4 a#% a%a0"i#, "o "&

s")%#"sJ 1)(")!a( ba13,!o)#%s i# o!%! "o !%)1 s")%#"sJ a#:i"y i# s1o#% (a#,)a,

a1+)isi"io#7

Conclusion

Majo! a#:i"y *a1"o!s i# s1o#% (a#,)a, (a!#i#, &a6 b# %is1)ss% i# 1)(")!a(4

(i#,)is"i14 0sy1&o(o,i1a(4 a#% 0%a,o,i1a( 1o#":"s7 A(( "& !6i2% (i"!a")! i%#"i*i%

"&a" a#:i"y a**1"s s1o#% (a#,)a, (a!#i#, s"!o#,(y7 T&om0so# -... 1o#1()%s "&a"

1)(")!a( 3#o2(%, a#% s1o#% (a#,)a, 3#o2(%, i#"!a1" "o ma3 1omm)#i1a"io#

s)11ss*)( o! )#s)11ss*)(7 I* a s1o#% (a#,)a, (a!#!Js 1)(")!a( (i* :0!i#1 ba!s

(i""( !(a"io#s&i0 2i"& "&i! 0!6io)s 1)(")!a( :0!i#1s4 "&y a! (i3(y "o &a6 ,!a"

%i**i1)("y )#%!s"a#%i#, o"&!s 6# i* "&y &a6 a ,oo% )#%!s"a#%i#, o* "& 2o!%s

2&i1& a! bi#, s0o3#7 Ai%a -... 0!o0oss "&a" o# o* "& (i#,)is"i1 *a1"o!s "o s&a0

s")%#"sJ s1o#% (a#,)a, is "& (a#,)a, %is"a#1 b"2# "& "2o (a#,)a,s7 T&


(a#,)a, "&a" "& (a!#! a(!a%y 3#o2s7 T&om0so# -... s"a"s "&a" ma#y

0sy1&o(o,i1a( *a1"o!s a! !(a"% "o s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y7 T&! "#% "o b


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"o(!a#1 o* ambi,)i"y 2i(( #o" i#sis" o# i%#"i*yi#, a#% )#%!s"a#%i#, 6!y (as" %"ai( o*

a s#"#1 s& &a!s i# "& #2 (a#,)a, b*o! bi#, 2i((i#, "o ,)ss a" "& ma#i#, o*

"& 2&o( s#"#17 Ho!2i"9


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(a!#i#, 0!o1ss4 1)(")!a( *a1"o!s a! im0o!"a#" 1o#"!ib)"i#, *a1"o!s "o "& amo)#"4 "&

"y0s4 a#% "& 1&a!a1"!is"i1s o* "& a#:i"y "&a" (a!#!s :0!i#17 T&!*o! s1o#%

(a#,)a, 1(ass!ooms !+)i! a #2 1o#10"io# o* 1)!!i1)(a4 a %i**!#" a00!oa1& "o

ma"!ia(s4 a#% mo! **1"i6 mo"i6a"io#a( s"!a",is "o !%)1 i#%i6i%)a( s")%#"Js

a#:i"y 0!ob(ms7


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CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOG5

Introduction

T&is s")%y i#6s"i,a"% "& %i**!#" *a1"o!s "&a" 1a)s s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y i#

EL s")%#"s *!om %i**!#" 1)(")!a( ba13,!o)#%s7 T& *o1)s 2as "o *i#% **1"i6

mo"i6a"io#a( s"!a",is *o! EL s")%#"s "o &(0 !%)1 s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y7 T&is

s")%y 0ai% s01ia( a""#"io# "o &o2 EL s")%#"s *!om 1)(")!a((y a#% (i#,)is"i1a((y %i6!s

ba13,!o)#%s :0!i#1 s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y7 T& *o)! mai# 6a!iab(s *o! !sa!1&

2! C)(")!a(4 Li#,)is"i14 $sy1&o(o,i1a(4 a#% $%a,o,i1a( a#:i"y *a1"o!s7 Ds1!i0"io#s

o* "&s *o)! *a1"o!s 2! bas% o# "& *o((o2i#, 1o#1()sio#s;


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7 $%a,o,i1a( A#:i"y Fa1"o!s

a7 EL s")%#"s !a1" i# a #!6o)s ma##! 2&# s0a3i#,4 (is"#i#,4 !a%i#,4

o! 2!i"i#, i# E#,(is& Km0*4


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Hy0o"&sis - H-; S0a#is& a#% C&i#s s0a3i#, EL &i,& s1&oo( s")%#"s *( "& mos" a#:i"y 2&# (is"#i#, a#% s0a3i#, i# E#,(is&7

Hy0o"&sis > H>; S0a#is& s0a3i#, ELs *( "& mos" a#:i"y 2&# 2o!3i#, i#%0#%#"(y i# 1(ass!oom s""i#,s7

Hy0o"&sis H; C&i#s s0a3i#, ELs *( "& mos" a#:i"y 2&# 2o!3i#, i# 1oo0!a"i6 ,!o)0s i# 1(ass!ooms s""i#,s7

Design of Study

Mi:%8m"&o% +)a#"i"a"i6 a#% +)a#"i"a"i6 %a"a 2as )s% i# "&is s")%y7 Mi:%8

m"&o% is a 2ay "o 1om )0 2i"& 1!a"i6 a("!#a"i6s "o "!a%i"io#a( o! mo! mo#o(i"&i1

2ays "o 1o#1i6 a#% im0(m#" 6a()a"io# G!#4 > FLCAS i"ms by

Ho!2i"9


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1)(")!a(4 (i#,)is"i14 a#% 0%a,o,i1a( as01"s o* a#:i"y 2! a%%% i"ms -? "o . i#

o!%! "o mas)! "& *o)! 3y as01"s o* a#:i"y C)(")!a(4 Li#,)is"i14 $sy1&o(o,i1a(4 a#%

$%a,o,i1a(7 T&s +)s"io#s 2! 1!a"% bas% o# T&om0so# -... *o! C)(")!a( a#%

Ai%a -... *o! Li#,)is"i1 *a1"o!s7 I# a%%i"io#4 som s"a"m#"s 2! a%%% "o Ho!2i"9J

s1a(s "o :ami# 2&a" 2as "& mos" a#:i"y81a)si#, as01" o* (a#,)a, %6(o0m#"

a#% 0!o%)1"io#5 s0a3i#,4 (is"#i#,4 !a%i#,4 o! 2!i"i#, Km0*4


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s(1"% s")%#"s 2i"& &i,&! a#:i"y s1o!s "o ,a"&! i#8%0"& i#*o!ma"io# o# s1o#%

(a#,)a, a#:i"y7 T& i#"!6i2s )#(i3 "& +)s"io##ai! &(0% !6a( %"ai(s abo)" "&

1a)ss *o! "& s")%#"Js a#:i"y a#% &o2 "&y 1o0 2i"& i"7

The Sample and Population

I# "&is s")%y4 S0a#is& a#% C&i#s s0a3i#, EL &i,& s1&oo( s")%#"s 2&o a! "&

"2o (a!,s" immi,!a#" ,!o)0s i# "& U7S7 2! s")%i%7 T& 0)!0os o* "& s")%y 2as "o

*i#% i* "&! is a !(a"io#s&i0 b"2# s")%#"sJ s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y a#% "&i! 1)(")!a(

a#% (i#,)is"i1 ba13,!o)#%s7

T& s")%#"s 2! s(1"% *!om "2o s1&oo(s4 o# 2&! "& majo!i"y o* s")%#"s

a! S0a#is&8s0a3i#, ELs4 "& o"&! 2&! 0!ima!i(y 1om0os% o* s")%#"s 2&o a!

C&i#s8s0a3i#, ELs7 Fo! "& 0)!0os o* "&is s")%y 0s)%o#yms 2! )s% "o 0!o"1" "&

i%#"i"y o* "& s1&oo( a#% i"s s")%#"s7 $)!0os*)( sam0(i#, 2as )s% b1a)s s)bj1"s

2! s(1"% by "& 0!i#1i0a(s o* a1& s1&oo(7 $)!0os*)( sam0(i#, is )s% 2&# "&!

a! 1(a! !a"io#a( o! 1!i"!ia *o! s(1"i#, "& 0a!"i1i0a#"s *o! "& sam0( ,!o)0 "o b

s")%i% C&am0io#4 -..-7 A "o"a( o* . EL s")%#"s i# "& b,i##i#, ESL 1(asss *!om

"2o s1&oo(s4 -. s")%#"s *!om a1& s1&oo(4 2! s(1"% by "& 0!i#1i0a(s7 a "o"a( o*

i,&"# s")%#"s *!om "& "2o s1&oo(s4 #i# s")%#"s *!om a1& s1&oo(4 2! s(1"% by

"& !sa!1&! *o! *o((o28)0 i#"!6i2s7 T&! &i,& a#:io)s s")%#"s4 "&! mi%%(

a#:io)s s")%#"s4 a#% "&! (o2 a#:io)s s")%#"s 2! s(1"% bas% o# "& !s)("s o* "&

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S)#*(o2! Hi,& S1&oo(

S0a#is&8s0a3i#, EL s")%#"s 2! s(1"% *!om S)#*(o2! Hi,& S1&oo( (o1a"% i# Los

A#,(s Co)#"y4 Ca(i*o!#ia7 T& s1&oo( s!6s abo)" - s")%#"s i#1()%i#,

S0a#is&8s0a3i#, s")%#"s7 -@ o* 2&om a! EL s")%#"s7 T& !mai#i#,


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0!i1 ()#1& 0!o,!am is -> 7 T& %!o0 !a" o* "& s")%#"s is (ss "&a# < 7 O6!a((

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o* E%)1a"io#4 -..?8-..@7 A(( 1o#s#" *o!ms 1a# b *o)#% i# A00#%i: B8C7 A

%mo,!a0&i1 b!a3%o2# o* s")%#"s 2&o 0a!"i1i0a"% i# "& s")%y by ,!a% (6( is

0!s#"% i# Tab( >77


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Instrumentations and Data Collection Procedures

T& 0!i#1i0a(s o* bo"& s1&oo(s 2! as3% *o! 0!missio# "o s")%y "&i! b,i##i#,

EL S0a#is& a#% C&i#s s0a3i#, s")%#"s "&!o),& a +)s"io##ai! a#% *o((o28)0

i#"!6i2s7 I" 2as :0(ai#% "o "& 0!i#1i0a(s "&a" "& 0)!0os o* "& s")%y 2as "o *i#%

*a1"o!s asso1ia"% 2i"& s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y i# &i,& s1&oo( s")%#"s *!om %i**!#"

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a#% 6a()a" "&i! "a1&i#, i# a 2ay "&a" a11o)#"s *o! s")%#"sJ %i6!si"y7

A*"! ,ai#i#, 6!ba( 0!missio#s4 "& 0!i#1i0a(s *!om "& "2o s1&oo(s 2! 6isi"%7

Ea1& 0!i#1i0a( 2as as3% "o s(1" o# ESL 1(ass s!6i#, B,i##i#, a#% I#"!m%ia" EL

s")%#"s7 T& ESL "a1&!s *!om a1& 1(ass 1&os# 2! as3% "o a((o2 "&i! s")%#"s "o

0a!"i1i0a" i# "& s")%y7 $a!#"a( Co#s#" *o!ms a#% S")%#" Ass#" *o!ms 2!

%is"!ib)"% "o s")%#"s i# a1& ESL 1(ass s(1"%7 A(( *o!ms 2! a6ai(ab( i# "&

s")%#"Js (a#,)a, o* 1&oi14 E#,(is&4 S0a#is& o! C&i#s7 D)!i#, "& +)a#"i"a"i6 0a!" o*

"& s")%y4 Ho!2i"9Js


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1om0("7 S0a#is& a#% C&i#s "!a#s(a"o!s 2! 0!o6i%% *!om a1& s1&oo( %)!i#, "&

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S0a#is&4 a#% C&i#s a#% 2! :0(ai#% 6!ba((y i# "& 1(ass!oom b*o! "& s)!6y

b,a#7 T& s")%#"s 2! as3% "&i! 0!so#a( i#*o!ma"io#4 s)1& as #)mb! o* *ami(y

mmb!s4 "& (#,"& o* s"ay i# Am!i1a4 a#% a,!m#"%isa,!m#" "o 0a!"i1i0a" i# a

0ossib( *o((o28)0 i#"!6i2 s A00#%i: D7 N)mb!s 2! assi,#% "o "&

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a,!4 A A,!4 N N)"!a(4 D Disa,!4 a#% SD S"!o#,(y %isa,!7 Bas% o# "&

!s)("s o* "& +)s"io##ai!4 a "o"a( o* i,&"# s")%#"s *!om "& "2o s1&oo(s4 #i#

s")%#"s *!om a1& s1&oo(4 2! s(1"% *o! *o((o28)0 i#"!6i2s7 T&! s")%#"s *!om

a1& s1&oo( 2&o %mo#s"!a"% "& (as" a#:i"y o# "& +)s"io##ai! 2! s(1"% *o!

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i%#"i*i% as Mi%%( A#:i"y S")%#"s7 T&! s")%#"s *!om a1& s1&oo( 2&o

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0a!"i1i0a#"s 2! 1a((% o# by o# "o 1om "o a# i#"!6i2 !oom7 T&y 2! 0!mi""%

by "&i! "a1&!s "o (a6 a 1(ass "o a""#% i#"!6i2s7 T& i#"!6i2s 2! 1o#%)1"%

b"2# a s")%#"4 "& !sa!1&!4 a#% "& "!a#s(a"o! a#% a1& i#"!6i2 "oo3

a00!o:ima"(y -. "o >. mi#)"s7 T& i#"!6i2s 1o#"ai#% "# +)s"io#s bas% o# "& *o)!

as01"s o* a#:i"y 1)(")!a(4 (i#,)is"i14 0sy1&o(o,i1a(4 a#% 0%a,o,i1a( a#% "& E#,(is&

(a#,)a, (a!#i#, a#:i"y *a")!s s0a3i#,4 (is"#i#,4 !a%i#,4 a#% 2!i"i#,7 T&

+)s"io#s 2! 1!a"% bas% o# "& 1o#1()sio#s *!om "& (i"!a")! !6i27 T& s")%#"s

2! as3% abo)" "&i! :0!i#1 2i"& a#:i"y 2&# (a!#i#, E#,(is&7 A(( i#"!6i2s

2! "a08!1o!%%4 "!a#s1!ib%4 a#% "!a#s(a"% *o! %o1)m#" a#a(ysis7

Data Analysis

Sys"ma"i1 1o%i#, a(i,#% 2i"& FLCAS Ho!2i"94


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A#a(ysis o* 1)(")!a( a#:i"y *a1"o!s *o1)s% o# &o2 s")%#"s 1)(")!a( 6a()s a#%

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s1o!% ? 0oi#"s4 A A,! 2as s1o!% 0oi#"s4 N N)"!a( 2as > 0oi#"s4 D Disa,!

2as s1o!% - 0oi#"s4 a#% SD S"!o#,(y %isa,! 2as s1o!% < 0oi#"7 T& ma# o* a1&

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1om0!isi#, a s1a( D'((is4 7 T&s !s)("s &a6 %mo#s"!a"% sa"is*a1"o!y

!(iabi(i"y i# "!ms o* "&i! i#"!#a( 1o#sis"#1y7

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4thical Considerations

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2! mi#ima(7

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1)(")!a(4 (i#,)is"i14 0sy1&o(o,i1a(4 a#% 0%a,o,i1a( *a1"o!s a#% (a#,)a, (a!#i#,

a#:i"y *a")!s s0a3i#,4 (is"#i#,4 !a%i#,4 a#% 2!i"i#,7 T2o s0a!a" &i,& s1&oo(s

2! s(1"% 2i"& b,i##i#, S0a#is&8s0a3i#, a#% C&i#s8s0a3i#, ELs "o s")%y "&

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CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS

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s0a3i#, s")%#"s i# "& "2o %i**!#" b,i##i#, EL 1(asss "&!o),& +)s"io##ai!s7 T&

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(6(s 2! &i,&4 m%i)m4 a#% (o27

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%"!mi#; W&a" a! "& *a1"o!s asso1ia"% 2i"& s1o#% (a#,)a, a#:i"y *o! S0a#is& a#%

C&i#s s0a3i#, E#,(is& (a!#!s

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7 $%a,o,i1a( A#:i"y Fa1"o!s T& :"#" o* %i**!#1 i# (a!#i#, s"y( i# "&

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by S0a#is& a#% C&i#s s0a3i#, EL &i,& s1&oo( s")%#"s7

Cultural An)iety %actors

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CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION

'eneral %indings

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A!i9a4 E7 N7 -..7 To!# B"2# T2o Wo!(%s; O6!1omi#, Rsis"a#1 "o S1o#%8

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APPENDICES

A11en.i A: Recr$it/ent LetterE#,(is&

R1!)i"m#" L""!

My #am is Emi Kojima7 I am a Do1"o! o* E%)1a"io# 1a#%i%a" *!om "& Rossi! S1&oo(

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C&i#s

征请信R1!)i"m#" L""!

我的名字是 Emi Kojima。我是南加州大学 Rossi! 教育学院的一名博士候选人。我想请您参与我的一项调查研究。

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