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GEOL104Dinosaurs:ANaturalHistorySmithsonianAssignment
DUEONLINE:November11
“Everymanisavaluablememberofsocietywhobyhisobservations,researches,andexperimentsprocuresknowledgeformen.”
-JamesSmithson(1765-1829),aBritishnaturalhistorianwhoselegacyofover$500,000wasgiventothegovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaforthecreationof“anEstablishmentfortheincreaseanddiffusionofknowledge”:theSmithsonianInstitution.
TheSmithsonianInstitution’sNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory(NMNH)hasoneofthelargestcollections
ofdinosaurandotherfossilsintheworld.TheSmithsonianmuseumsarefree;hoursfortheNMNHare10am
to5:30pm7daysaweek.YoucantaketheMetrofromtheCollegeParkStationtoanyofanumberofstations
neartheMuseum.ThequickestrouteistheGreenLinefromtheUMd-CollegeParkStationtoArchives/Navy
Memorial/PennQuarter:youdon’thavetochangetrains,andtheNMNHisjustontheothersideofthe
ArchivesBuilding.
ForthisexerciseyoumaywishtobringalongtheanatomysheetsavailableonELMS.Youmayworkinteams
anddiscussyouranswers;however,ALLWORKYOUTURNINMUSTBEYOUROWN.(Ihavecaughtand
reportedanumberofstudentsinthepastyouhavecheatedbycopyingeachother’swork:pleasedon’tmake
medothatagain…).TocomplywithUniversitySenateregulations,thisassignmentiscoveredbythe
University’sHonorCode:IpledgeonmyhonorthatIhavenotgivenorreceivedanyunauthorizedassistance
onthisassignment
NOTE:UseyourOWNOBSERVATIONSinordertoanswerthequestions.
ALSONOTE:Thisassignmentrequiresknowledgefromthecourseaswellasfromtheexhibits.Notallthe
answersareindicatedonmuseumsignsorthelike;youhavetouseyourknowledgefromGEOL104to
answerthem.
TheassignmentitselfisbasicallyalongextendedELMSquiz:youwilleventuallygoontoELMSandselect
youranswersortypethemin,justasyouwouldinaquiz.Youcanprintoutthispdforhaveitonyour
smartphone/tabletorwhateverasyougoalong.Eithertakenotesoftheanswersandenterthemlater,or(if
youhaveagoodenoughconnection)youcaninputtheanswersdirectlyintoELMS.
TheentireEastWingFirstFlooroftheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistorywasdedicatedtofossillife,the
brand-new(openedinJune2019)DavidH.KochHallofFossils–DeepTime.Thisprojecttakesyouthere
eventually,butyouwillstartonthe2ndFloor,lookingattheOsteology(“HallofBones”)hall.Thenyou’llmove
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downtothe1stfloortolookatfossilsfromtheSantOceanHallontheFirstFloor.Fromthere,youwillbe
guidedtothe“real”beginningoftheDeepTimehall(whichisNOTtheentrancefromthemuseumRotunda!)
PARTI–OSTEOLOGY
Forthisexercise,youwillprobablyfindtheanatomysheetsavailableonELMSandthewebsitea
usefulguideinidentifyingthehomologousbonesinthesedifferentanimals.
Inordertobetterunderstandthedinosaurs,wefirsthavetounderstandtheanatomy,behavior,andecology
ofmodernvertebrates.TheSmithsonian’sOsteology(“Bones”)Hallgivesusanexcellentopportunityfor
comparison.Wedoknowalotmoreaboutmodernanimals(theircompleteanatomy,includingsofttissue;
theirbehavior;theirphysiology;etc.)thanwedoaboutextinctcreatures,sothatwaywecanbettertellwhen
aparticularskeletalstructurematchesaparticularbehaviororfunction.Wecanthentakethisinformation
andapplyittoextinctcreatures,likethedinosaursoftheMesozoic.
Gotothesecondfloorofthemuseumandenterintothehalllabeled“Bones/Reptiles/InsectZoo”.Thisisone
oftheolderhalls,butitcontainsalotofusefulspecimensandinformation.Thispacketworksbestifyou
enterthehallfromtheRotundaend.
Biologistsusethefollowingtermstodescribethefootpostureofdifferentvertebrates:
• Plantigrade:Theanimalstandsandwalkswiththeunguals,otherdigits,andmetacarpalsand
metatarsalsalltouchingtheground(“flat-footed”)
• Digitigrade:Theanimalstandsandwalkswiththeungualsandotherdigitstouchingtheground,but
themetacarpalsandmetatarsalsheldup
• Unguligrade:Theanimalstandsandwalksonlyontheunguals(“tip-toes”),andtheotherdigitsand
metacarpalsandmetatarsalsareheldup
Hereisagraphicshowingthesefoot
postures,showing(fromlefttoright)
plantigrade,digitigrade,andunguligrade:
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Oppositetheentranceisasetofskeletonsofapesandahuman.Takealookatthehumanfoot.
1)Humanshavea(n)[plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]pes.
We’llcompareourfoottoothermammalswhenwegetintothemainroom.
Movealongandfindthepanelaboutbats.FindtheskeletonofPteropussamoensis(theSamoanflyingfox).
2)HowmanydigitsdoesPteropussamoensishaveinitsmanus?[0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7]
Alittlefurtheralong(andaboveyourheads)istheskeletonoftheLaPlatadolphin(Pontoporiablainvillei).
3)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheteethofPontoporiablainvillei?
a. Undifferentiated(essentiallythesameshapefromthefrontofthejawstotheback,althoughmaybe
differentinsize)
b. Differentiated(teethofverydifferentshapesindifferentpartsofthejaw)
Walkintothemainmammalroomandlookaroundabit.Seesomeofthewonderfuldiversityofliving(anda
veryrecentlyextinct)membersofMammalia.Nowfindtheprimatesexhibit,andspecificallytheproboscis
monkey(Nasalislarvatus).
4)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheteethofNasalislarvatus?
a. Undifferentiated(essentiallythesameshapefromthefrontofthejawstotheback,althoughmaybe
differentinsize)
b. Differentiated(teethofverydifferentshapesindifferentpartsofthejaw)
Nowfindtheskeletonofthepronghorn(Antilocapraamericana).
5)Howmanyteetharethereineachpremaxilla(identifyitbyusingthesuturelinesintheskull)in
Antilocapraamericana?[0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7]
6)WhichofthebestdescribesthelowerjawofAntilocapraamericana?
a. Continuousteethfromthefronttoback
b. Teethonlypresentinthefront
c. Teethonlypresentintheback
d. Nippingteethpresentinthefront,adiastema(aspacewithoutteeth),andthengrindingteethin
back
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Findtheskeletonofthebison(Bisonbison)
7)Canyouseethehornsinthisparticularskeleton?[Yes|No]
8)Likemostofthebiggermammalsinthisexhibit(thoseaquarteryoursizeorlarger),thefemurofBisonis
oriented [parasagittally|sprawlingouttotheside].
FindtheskeletonoftheIndianrhinoRhinocerosunicornis.
9)Howmanycervical(neck)vertebraedoesRhinoceroshave(note:cervicalsdonothaveribs)?
[3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10]
NowgooppositesideofthepassageandfindtheskeletonofthegiraffeGiraffacamelopardalis.
10)Howmanycervical(neck)vertebraedoesGiraffahave?
[3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10]
11—ExtraCredit)ListafeaturethatwouldallowGiraffatofeedhigherinthetreesthanRhinoceros:
Differentanimalshavedifferentlocomotory(moving)habits.Somearefastrunningspecialists(cursorial),
someareslowplodders(graviportal),andmanyareintermediate.Thecommonzebra(Equusburchelli)isa
cursor,whileitscloserelativethetapir(Tapirusbairdi)isslower,eventhoughbothanimalsareaboutaslong
fromthebackofthenecktotheendofthehips(i.e.,thebutt).
CompareEquustoTapirus.
12)Thelimbsofcursors(Equus)are[proportionatelylonger|proportionatelyshorter]thantheirless
cursorialrelatives(Tapirus).
13)Thepes(allthemetatarsalsplusthetoes)ofEquusis[moreslender|muchbroader]thanitsless
cursorialrelativeTapirus.
14)Reviewthedifferenttypesoffootposture,andindicateifthefollowingmammalsareplantigrade,
digitigrade,orunguligrade.Wewillonlylookatthepesandignorethemanusforthis.[6ptstotal]
Coatimundi(Nasuanasua) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
Mandrill(Mandrillussphinx) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
Bison(Bisonbison) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
Tiger(Pantheratigris) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
Indianrhinoceros(Rhinocerosunicornis) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
Bighornsheep(Oviscanadensis) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
Passthroughthecircularchamberthatdiscussesthebiologyofboneintothebirdhall.
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Findthesectionon“RunningBirds”,andtheskeletonoftherhea(Rheaamericana).
15)Theungualsare
a. slenderandhighlycurved,likehooks
b. flatonthebottomandstraight,likeawedge
16)Thepenultimatephalanx(thatis,theoneimmediateproximaltotheungual)is:
a. aslongorlongertheother,evenmoreproximalphalanges
b. shorterthantheother,evenmoreproximalphalanges
Findthesectionon“ArborealBirds”,andtheskeletonofthepileatedwoodpecker(Dryocopuspileatus).
17)Theungualsare
c. slenderandhighlycurved,likehooks
d. flatonthebottomandstraight,likeawedge
18)Thepenultimatephalanx(thatis,theoneimmediateproximaltotheungual)is:
c. aslongorlongertheother,evenmoreproximalphalanges
d. shorterthantheother,evenmoreproximalphalanges
Findthesectionon“AquaticBirds”(rightnexttothegiantleatherbackseaturtleDermochelyscoriacea
coriacea.FindtheAfricanpenguin(alsocalledtheblack-footedorjackasspenguin)speciesSpheniscus
demersusandthecommonloonGaviaimmer.Thescleroticringisaseriesofsmallplatybonesthatwrap
aroundtheeyeball:thisgivesyouadarngoodideaofwhichopeningistheorbit!Thenaris(nostrilopening)
isthelongslit-likeopeningonthebeak.
19)GaviaandSpheniscus[do|donot]haveanantorbitalfenestra(anopeningoneachsideoftheface
betweentheorbitandthenaris).
Bothloonsandpenguinsareexcellentswimmers,buttheyswimindifferentfashions.Usetheanatomyof
thesetwospeciestoidentifywhichisawing-propelleddiver(thatpushesthewateralongwithitswings)
andwhichisafoot-propelleddiver(thatgetsmostofitspropulsionfromkickingwithitsfeet).
20)Wing-propelleddiver:shorterbutstrongwingbones;relativelyshorthindlimbs;feetnotnecessarily
broad:
[Gavia|Spheniscus]
21)Foot-propelleddiver:relativelylonghindlimbs;toeslongtospreadouttoformabroadpaddlingsurface:
[Gavia|Spheniscus]
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MoveonintotheReptile&Amphibianroom.Comparethemanusoftheleatherbackturtle(Dermochelys
coriaceacoriacea)andtheGalápagostortoise(Geocheloneelephantopus).
22)Whichhaslongphalangesformingabroadflatsurface? [Dermochelys|Geochelone]
23)Whichhasshortstubbyphalangesformingcompactfoot? [Dermochelys|Geochelone]
Findthesectiononsnakes,andspecificallytheEasterndiamondbackrattlesnake(Crotalusadamanteus).
Peoplesometimesthinkthatsnakeseitherdon’thavetails,orarebasicallyalltails.Inanimalswithlegsthis
isn’taproblem,butsomepeoplegetconfusedbytheleglessmodernsnakes.Butthereisadistinction
betweenthetorso(withdorsalandsacralvertebrae)andthetail(withcaudalvertebrae).Inlifeyoucanlook
forsofttissues(includingtheanus,atthepointwherethetailbegins)todistinguishthesections,butyoucan
dosowithbones,too.Forinstance,dorsalandsacralvertebraehavetrueribs,butcaudalsdonot.Also,there
areoftendistinctionintheshapeandsizebetweenthe(normallylarger)torsovertebraeandthe(normally
smaller)caudalones.
24)LookattheCrotalusskeleton.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
a. Thebodyismostlytorso,withamuchshortertail.
b. Thebodyismostlytail,withmuchshortertorso.
c. Thebodyisaboutequalpartstorsoandtail.
Findthecrocodilianskeletons.Inparticular,findthegavial(Gavialisgangeticus),andtheblackcaiman
(Melanosuchusniger).
ComparetheskullsofMelanosuchusandGavialis.
25)Whichgenushasaslendernarrowsnoutandneedle-liketeeth(andthusisspecializedforcatching
relativelysmallfish)? [Melanosuchus|Gavialis]
26)Whichgenushasabroadersnoutandstouterconicalteeth(andthusisspecializedforcatchingfishof
allsizes,andlandvertebratesaswell)? [Melanosuchus|Gavialis]
27)Nearlyallmodernlizardsandcrocodilianssharethesamefootposture.TakealookatthepesofGavialis.
Whichposturedoesitshow? [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
28)Whichbestdescribestherestingstanceofthehindlimbshowninthecrocodilians?
a. Parasagittal(upright)
b. Sprawling
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Fromthispointyoushouldheadbacktothe1stfloorandentertheSantOceanHall.
PARTII–PALEONTOLOGYINTHESANTOCEANHALL
TheSantOceanHallisdirectlyoppositethemainentrancetothemuseum—beyondtheelephant—onthe
firstfloor.TheOceanHallhasabigcentralconcoursethatconcentratesonoceanlife,aright-handpaththat
focusesonenvironmentsandhumaninteractions,andaleft-handpathaboutfossilmarinelife.Headoverto
thatleft-handpath,andwe’llexploresomeissuesaboutMesozoicandCenozoicmarinelifeandthe
Cretaceous/Paleogeneextinctionevent.Butfirst,let’stakealookatthehistoryoffossilapexpredators,inthe
exhibit“Who’sOnTop?”Usethedataprovidedbythisexhibittoanswerthenextsetofquestions.
29)Matchtheletterofthegroupofapexpredatortothetimeperiodinwhichtheyweredominant.[5pts
total]
100-65Ma A.Anomalocariidids
299-251Ma B.Eurypterids
416-359Ma C.Helicoprionids
444-416Ma D.Mosasauroids
542-488Ma E.Placoderms
Downthemiddleofthefossilmarinelifesectionareasetoffree-standingdisplays.Findtheoneofthese
labeled“AReefBuiltbyClams?”.Thisexhibitconcentratesonrudists,agroupofextinctclamsthatwerethe
majorreef-buildersintheCretaceousseas.Therearetwomajorgroupsofrudistsdescribed,characterizedby
thedifferentwaytheygrow:uprightsandrecliners.
30)WhichmodeofgrowthdoesTitanosarcolitessp.show? [upright|recliner]
31)WhichmodeofgrowthdoesParastromasanchezishow? [upright|recliner]
Thelongwallofthefossilsection,labeled“GlobalVanishingActs”,discussestwogreatmassextinctions:the
Permo-TriassicextinctionandtheCretaceous-Paleogeneextinction.WewillfocusontheCretaceous-
Paleogeneextinction:findthesectionlabeled“TheSkyisFalling!”andspecificallythepartthatsays“HowDo
WeKnow?”
Ondisplayaremodelsoftwodeepseacoresthatsamplesedimentsfrombefore,during,andafterthe
Cretaceous-Paleogeneextinction.Itdescribesthechangesintheforaminiferans(armoredamoeba-likesingle-
celledorganisms)overtheevent.
32)Theaveragesizeofforaminiferansjustaftertheextinctionwere[smaller|thesamesize|larger]
thanthosebefore.
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33)Thenumberofspeciesofforaminferansjustaftertheextinctionwas[fewer|thesame|greater]
thanthosebeforetheextinction.
34)Findthesectionlabeled“WhoLives?WhoDies?”Indicatewhichofthespecieslistedbelowwasa“Victim”
ora“Survivor”.[4ptstotal]
Lahillalarseni [Victim|Survivor] Belemnitesdensus [Victim|Survivor]
Baculitescorrugatus [Victim|Survivor] Seriolaprisca [Victim|Survivor]
Turnaroundandfindthesectionlabeled“TheEvolutionoftheWhale”.Whalesareplacentalmammals;in
fact,theyaretheaquaticdescendantsofterrestrialmammalsrelatedtothemodernhippopotamus.Lookup
tofindtheskeletonsofMaiacetusinuus,Dorudonatrox,andBasilosauruscetoides:primitivewhalesfromthe
earlypartoftheCenozoicEra.Ofthesethree,Maiacetusistheoldestandthemostprimitive,Dorudonisthe
intermediate,andBasilosaurusistheclosesttomodernwhales(althoughitisstillfarmoreprimitivethanany
livingwhale).
35)Overtheirearlyhistory,whales[decreased|remainedthesamesize|increased]insize.
36)Overtheirearlyhistory,thesizeofthehindlimbofwhales
[decreased|remainedthesamesize|increased].
37—ExtraCredit)Inwhichofthesegeneraisthepelvicgirdlestillattachedtothevertebralcolumn?
[Maiacetus|Dorudon|Basilosaurus]
NowheadtothefarendoftheSantOceanHall,andtakearight.HeadtowardsandthroughtheAfricanVoices
hall:ifyouareinterestedinculturesandhistoryofAfrica,makesureyoucomebacktolookatitindetail.But
fornow,headtotheFossilLaboftheDeepTimehall.
PARTIII–DEEPTIMEHALL
ThisisthenewestmajorhalloftheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory.Themainpartofthehallisawalk
throughgeologictime,lookingatthediversityoflifeonEarthatthesetimes.Butthebeginningofthehall(at
leastfromthedirectionyou’llcomeatit)isthe“FossilLab”.Thisincludesbothaglassed-inroominwhich
fossilpreparatorsareworkingatremovingspecimensfromthematrixandcleaningthemupforstorage,as
wellasanumberofexhibitsaboutthenatureofpaleontologyandhowitworks.
We’llstartbytakingalookatthepreparationroom.Dependingontheir(andyour)schedule,some
preparatorsmaybeatworkwhenyouvisit.Whethertheyareornot,theyshouldhavelittlesignsupthat
explainwhatitistheyareworkingon.
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38–ExtraCredit)Listanexampleofafossilwhichisbeingpreparedinthepreparationlab.(Itdoesn’thave
tobeadinosaur).
Oppositefromthepreparationlabisadinosaurfossilmountedfordisplay.Thisisactuallythetypespecimen
ofthatspecies!
39)Whatspeciesisondisplay?
Sometimesfossilsaremountedinlifeposition:theskeletonsareshownasiftheanimalwasstillalive,but
somehowhadlostallofitsflesh,organs,etc.Othersaremountedindeathposition:thefossilisshown
withoutrestoringthebonestotheirorientationasinalivingcreature,butratherastheboneswerefoundin
therock.
40)Thisspecimenisshownin[life|death]position.
Moveon,andpastthepreparationlabtakearightintothe“FossilBasecamp”alcove.Thissectionhasexhibits
ontaphonomy,biochemistry,andevolution,amongotherthings.Findtheexhibitlabeled“Howdowefind
fossils?”.
41)TheexamplediscussedhereisanewlydiscovereddinosaurfromtheLateCretaceousBissektyFormation
ofUzbekistan.Theparticulargenusinquestionis:
a. ThetyrannosaurTimurlengia
b. TheankylosaurBissektipelta
c. TheceratopsianTuranoceratops
d. TheornithopodLevnesovia
Headouttowardsthemainpath.Thereisnowaywecanlookatalltheexhibitsfortheproject:foronething,
theDeepTimehallcoversallofLife’shistory,notjustdinosaurs!Passthroughthesectionwithoceanlife,
pastthemetaltreestump,andfindtheEarlyPermianexhibit.Youcanfinditwiththelabel“AnEat-and-be-
EatenWorld”.
Therearetwoskeletalmountsonthissideoftheexhibit:EdaphosaurusandEryops.
42)WhichposturedotheseEarlyPermiananimalsshow?[plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
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43)WhichbestdescribestherestingstanceofthehindlimbshownintheseEarlyPermiananimals?
a. Parasagittal(upright)
b. Sprawling
44)Whichofthesetwolikelyatemostlyfish? [Edaphosaurus|Eryops]
Recallthebasicskullpatternsfortetrapods:
Anapsid(notemporalfenestrae) Synapsid(infratemporalonly) Diapsid(bothinfra-andsupratemporal)
45)WhichofthesetwoEarlyPermiananimalsshowasynapsidskullpattern?[Edaphosaurus|Eryops]
Lookatthepanellabeled“Light,Energy&Life”.
46)TheseEarlyPermiancommunitieshad:
a. Moreherbivoresthancarnivores
b. Equalpercentagesofcarnivoresandhebivores
c. Morecarnivoresthanherbivores
Nowmovetotheothersideofthisglasscase.Onthissideyou’llfindmountedskeletonsofDimetrodon,
Ophiacodon,Xenacanthus,andDiplocaulus.
46)Dimetrodonhaswhichskullpattern?[Anapsid|Synapsid|Diapsid]
47)Whichofthesefourseemstobetheapexpredatoronland?
[Dimetrodon|Ophiacodon|Xenacanthus|Diplocaulus]
48)Whichofthesefourseemstobetheapexpredatorinthewater?
[Dimetrodon|Ophiacodon|Xenacanthus|Diplocaulus]
NowmovetotheLatePermian,labeledby“RiseoftheHerbivores”.
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49)Accordingtothedisplay,theseLatePermiancommunitieshad:
a. Moreherbivoresthancarnivores
b. Equalpercentagesofcarnivoresandhebivores
c. Morecarnivoresthanherbivores
50)WhichofthefollowingLatePermiananimalsshownondisplayisNOTasynapsid?
[Bradysaurus|Diictodon|Oudenodon|Cynosaurus|Aulacocephalodon]
51)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheteethofCynosaurus?
a. Undifferentiated(essentiallythesameshapefromthefrontofthejawstotheback,althoughmaybe
differentinsize)
b. Differentiated(teethofverydifferentshapesindifferentpartsofthejaw)
NowmoveontotheMesozoic,andfind“ARiotofEvolution”anditsdiscussionofTriassicamniotes.
52)Matchthefossilgenustoitsproperdescription.
Smilosuchus a.Aglidingreptile
Icarosaurus b.Alargequadrupedalherbivorousreptile
Vancleavea c.Giganticcrocodile-likereptile
Haramiyavia d.Earlyturtle
Proterochersis e.Aquaticreptilecoveredbyarmoredscales
Trilophosaurus f.Earlymammal
53)WhichposturedoesTrilophosaurusshow?
[plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
54)WhichbestdescribestherestingstanceofthehindlimbshownintheLateTriassicanimalslistedabove
forthoseinwhichyoucanseethelimbs)?
a. Parasagittal(upright)
b. Sprawling
Okay,sohowaboutafreakingdinosaurinthispacket??
AmongtheseLateTriassicanimalsisEoraptor,oneoftheoldestandmostprimitivedinosaurs.
55)Eoraptoris[bigger|thesamesize|smaller]thanTrilophosaurus.
56)WhichposturedoesEoraptorshow? [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]
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57)WhichbestdescribestherestingstanceofthehindlimbinEoraptor?
a. Parasagittal(upright)
b. Sprawling
58)Eoraptorisa(n)[obligatebiped|facultativebiped|obligatequadruped].
59)Eoraptorhaswhichskullpattern?[Anapsid|Synapsid|Diapsid]
Movetotheleft,pasttheheadofSmilosuchus,andcomearoundthefarsideoftheTriassicexhibit.Youshould
befacingtheJurassic“island”,andspecificallythesectionlabeled“SpikesandClaws”.Headovertoitand
checkoutStegosaurusandCeratosaurus.
60)Whichofthesetwoseemstobewinninginthefight? [Stegosaurus|Ceratosaurus]
61)Whichofthesetwohasgastralia? [Stegosaurus|Ceratosaurus]
62)WhichbestdescribestheconditionoftheteethinCeratosaurus?
a. Undifferentiated(essentiallythesameshapefromthefrontofthejawstotheback,althoughmaybe
differentinsize)
b. Differentiated(teethofverydifferentshapesindifferentpartsofthejaw)
63)WhichofthebodypartsseemstohavebeentheprimaryweaponinCeratosaurus?
[themanualclaws|theteethandjaws]
64)InStegosaurus,whichlegboneislonger? [femur|tibia]
MovetotherightpastthetailsofCeratosaurusandStegosaurus,andfollowalongtheedgeoftheJurassic
“island”.ThenextpairofdinosaursisajuvenileandsubadultoftheiguanodontianornithopodCamptosaurus.
(Bytheway,veryfewofthedinosaursondisplayherearerepresentedbyfully-grownadults!)
65)WhichgrowthstageofCamptosaurushasahighlycurvedischiumandpubis? [juvenile|subadult]
66–ExtraCredit)Basedonthesnoutshape,Camptosauruswaslikelya[choosy|lesschoosy]feeder.
Keepmovingtotheright.ThenextdinosauryouencounteristhecarnosauriantheropodAllosaurus.
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67)TheAllosaurusspecimenisshownengagedinwhatbehavior?
a. StalkingCamptosaurus
b. DefendingagainstDiplodocus
c. FeedingonDryosaurus
d. Protectingitsowneggs
68–ExtraCredit)InAllosaurusmetatarsalIIIis
[thesamewidthatthetopasIIandIV|pinchedinbetweenIIandIV].
69)InAllosauruswhichislonger?[Thelargesttooth|Thelargestmanualungual]
TakealookattheskullofAllosaurus.
70)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheproportionsoftheskullofAllosaurus?
a. Aboutaswideorwidermediolaterallyattheposteriorendthanitistalldorsoventrally.
b. Muchnarrowermediolaterallyattheposteriorendthanitistalldorsoventrally.
Allosaurushastriangularcrestsonthedorsal(top)surfaceofitslacrimals.
71)Theselacrimalcrestsare[anteriorto|directlydorsalto|posteriorto]theorbits.
TotherightoftheAllosaurus,outwhereyoucantouchit,isthesinglelargestboneinthisentirehall.
72)Whichbone(bodypart)isthis?
73–ExtraCredit)Whatgenusisthisgiantbonefrom?
LoomingoverthispartoftheislandistheskeletonofasubadultDiplodocus.(Yes,thisspecimenis“merely”
27.2m[thatis,90’]long;afully-adultspecimenis33.5m[110’]longandabouttwiceasmassive.)
74)LookatthemetacarpusofDiplodocus.Itis:
a. Widermediolaterallythantallproximodistally
b. Aboutequallywideastall
c. Tallerproximodistallythanwidemediolaterally
75)ThenumberofcervicalsinDiplodocusis[fewerthan|thesamenumberas|morethan]thenumber
inGiraffa(seebackatpage4).
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Keepgoingtotherightandfindapairofskullsofsauropods:thediplodocidDiplodocusandthemacronarian
Camarasaurus.
76)Whichofthesehasstoutspatulateteeth? [Camarasaurus|Diplodocus]
77)Whichofthesehaspeg-liketeethallatthefrontofthesnout? [Camarasaurus|Diplodocus]
BeforeweleavetheJurassic“island”,takealookatthemountedskeletonofasubadultCamarasaurus.
78)Asmounted,thisspecimenisdoingwhat?
a. Ontheground,indeathposition.
b. Partiallyrearingup.
c. WatchingthefightingStegosaurusandCeratosaurus.
d. Feedingonlowvegetation.
TurnaroundandheadovertotheCretaceous“island”.Headtowardsthesideontheleft(theonefacingthe
wallratherthanthecenterofthehall)andfindthesection“DinosaursTaketotheAir”.
Thereareskeletonsoffourdifferentgeneraoftheropodsdisplayed.
79)Matchthegenuswithitsproperdescription.
Sinosauropteryx a.Oneoftheoldesttoothlessbirds
Caudipteryx b.Aflightlessmaniraptoranwithbroadfeathers
Archaeopteryx c.Acompsognathid
Confuciusornis d.AJurassicbirdwithteethandalongbonytail
80–ExtraCredit)Whichofthesegeneraoccursoldestintime?
[Sinosauropteryx|Caudipteryx|Archaeopteryx|Confuciusornis]
Movealongtotheleftandfindtheexhibit“DinosaurDiversityPeaks”.ThisdiscussestheLateCretaceous
Epocharound75millionyearsago.
81)Matchthefollowingdinosaurstotheirproperdescription:
Prosaurolophus a.Tyrannosaurid
Centrosaurus b.Pachycephalosaur
Gorgosaurus c.Ankylosaurid
Euoplocephalus d.Hadrosaurid
Stegoceras e.Dromaeosaurid
Saurornitholestes f.Ceratopsid
Name:
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82)TakealookattheskullofProsaurolophus.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesitsjaws?
a. Teetharepresentthroughoutthelengthofthejaws.
b. Teethareabsentinthefronthalfofthejaw,andcloselypackedinthebackofthejaw
83)TakealookatthetailofEuoplocephalus.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesit?
a. Athagomizer:twopairsofspikes
b. Flexibleallthewaytothetip
c. Rigidinitsposteriorhalf,endingwithatailclub
84)Whichofthefollowinglargeherbivoresismostlikelytohaveachoosierdiet?
[Prosaurolophus|Centrosaurus|Euoplocephalus]
85)InCentrosaurusthenasalhornis[largerthan|equalinlengthto|smallerthan]thepostorbitalhorns.
TurnaroundandfindtheCretaceousmarinebirdHesperornis.
86)Basedontheinformationfrompage5,Hesperorniswasa[wing-propelled|foot-propelled]diver.
TurnbacktotheCretaceousislandandmoveright:pastthe“DinosaurDiversityPeaks”and“DinosaursTake
totheAir”,andalongto“DinosaursinaFloweringWorld”.Lookforthedisplay“LifeFlourishesattheWater’s
Edge”.
87)Matchthesenon-dinosaurianorganismstotheirproperdescription.
Didelphodon a.Waterplantrelatedtothemodernlotus
Stangerochampsa b.Freshwaterclam
Plethobasus c.Turtle
Eubaena d.Marsupialmammal
Nelumbago e.Alligator
NowmovearoundandfindthespecimenofTyrannosaurusfeedingonTriceratops.HailtotheKing!
88)LookatthedorsalviewoftheTyrannosaurusskull.Itsnasalsare
[separatefromeachotherthroughouttheirlength|fusedtogetherformostoftheirlength].
89)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheproportionsoftheskullofTyrannosaurus?
a. Aboutaswideorwidermediolaterallyattheposteriorendthanitistalldorsoventrally.
b. Muchnarrowermediolaterallyattheposteriorendthanitistalldorsoventrally.
Name:
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90)InTyrannosauruswhichislonger?[Thelargesttooth|Thelargestmanualungual]
91–ExtraCredit)InTyrannosaurusmetatarsalIIIis
[thesamewidthatthetopasIIandIV|pinchedinbetweenIIandIV].
NowexaminetheTriceratopsspecimen
92)InTriceratopsthenasalhornis[largerthan|equalinlengthto|smallerthan]thepostorbitalhorns.
93)ThemetatarsusinTriceratopsis[shorterthan|thesamelengthas|longerthan]themetatarsusof
Tyrannosaurus.
ComparethepelvicregionofTyrannosaurusandTriceratops.(You’llhavetowalkaroundtogetdifferent
viewsofthese).
94)Whichdinosauriswideratthehips?[Tyrannosaurus|Triceratops]
MovetotherightofTyrannosaurusandTriceratopstofindtwomorelatestCretaceousdinosaurs:
EdmontosaurusandThescelosaurus.
95)Whichofthesedinosaursisanobligatebiped? [Edmontosaurus|Thescelosaurus]
96)Whichofthesedinosaurscouldfeedhigherinthetrees? [Edmontosaurus|Thescelosaurus]
97)Inwhichofthesetwodinosaursaretheossifiedepaxialtendons(tendonsalongtheneuralspineswhich
haveturnedtobone)? [Edmontosaurus|Thescelosaurus|both|neither]
Gotherightpastthesetwodinosaurs;aroundthecornerisadiscussionoftheCretaceous-Paleogenemass
extinction66millionyearsago.
98)Basedontheinformationpresentedhere,matchthedifferentenvironmentaleffectsofthiscatastrophe
withthetimescaleonwhichtheyoccurred.
Fernsflourish a.Days
Globalcooling b.Weeks
Globalwarming c.Months
Wildfire d.Years
Ecosystemcollapse e.Centuries
Thuspassesthegloryoftheworld…
Name:
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However,thatisn’ttheendoftheproject!WithsuchawealthofCenozoicfossilsitwouldbeashametonot
haveyoutakealookatsomeofthem.
SohereisaCenozoicscavengerhunt.Listedareaseriesoffossilorganismsintheremainingpartofthe
exhibit,withsomeindicationofthedisplaycasetheyarein.
99)Matchthefossiltaxontoitsproperdescription.
Uintatherium(“DenseForestsOpenUp”)
Stenomylus(“Browsing,Grazing,MovinginHerds”)
Moropus(“TheNot-So-DistantPast”)
Smilodon(neartheRotundaentrance)
Eremotherium(acrossfromoneoftheRotundentrances)
Mammut(facingthecenterofthehall)
a. Clawed-footedherbivorous“hoofed”mammal
b. Slenderrunningcamel
c. Giantgroundsloth
d. Mastodon
e. Sabre-toothedcat
f. Sabre-toothedknob-headedquadrupedalherbivore
100–ExtraCredit)FindanyCenozoicfossilnotlistedinquestion99,nameit,andcorrectlydescribethetype
oforganismitisandthetimeperiodandlocationitisfrom.
Thatisit.FeelfreetoenjoytherestoftheDeepTimehall,andtherestofthemuseum.
Rememberthatthisassignmentis“turnedin”byansweringthequestions(thesameasinthispacket)on
ELMS.
Name:
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