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12 th Engelberg Lectures on Optics 2007 “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies” Advanced Optics by Aspherical Elements III Driving Force: Applications Bernhard Braunecker Leica Research Fellow (retired) Braunecker Engineering GmbH Rebstein / Switzerland 7 th March 2007

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Page 1: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

12th Engelberg Lectures on Optics 2007

“Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies”

Advanced Optics by Aspherical Elements IIIDriving Force: Applications

Bernhard Braunecker

Leica Research Fellow (retired)

Braunecker Engineering GmbH Rebstein / Switzerland

7th March 2007

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09/05/2007 2

Aspheres & Applications

1. Airborne Imaging: Wide Field Lenses2. Spaceborne Communication: Small Field Telescopes3. Spaceborne Ranging: Small Field Telescopes4. Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems

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09/05/2007 3

1 Airborne Imaging

ImagingRanging Communication

Airborne

Terrestrial

Spaceborne

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Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing

SSO

Berne, 1: 8‘500 (h = 1‘300 m)(15/4 UAG-S)

3 cm ground pixel resolution

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St. Gallen / Switzerland 1: 34‘000 (h = 2‘200 m) (ADS40)

10 cm ground pixel resolution

Page 6: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

09/05/2007 6

Lens Cone 15/4 UAG-S (UltraAviogon)

The lens is for the film camera RC30; the film format is 9“ square. Note the ‚large‘ round exit pupil (the lens looks like a ‚cat‘) at large viewing angles to achieve homogenous illumination across field

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09/05/2007 7

Long Tradition at Wild Heerbrugg, later Leica Geosystems

WILD (8.8 / 5.6 SAG) WILD (15/5.6 UAG-AF)

Heinrich WILD (1890-1951)

Ludwig BERTELE (1900-1985)

Klaus HILDEBRAND (1929-1996)

Page 8: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

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Lenses for RC30

12:21:58

NAG_N3M Scale: 0.50 BRN 20-May-00

50.00 MM

12:41:10

NATNEU Scale: 0.50 BRN 20-May-00

50.00 MM

12:49:05

S11034 Scale: 0.50 BRN 20-May-00

50.00 MM

12:53:29

Satz42 Scale: 0.50 BRN 20-May-00

50.00 MM

NAT303 mm55°

NAG210 mm70°

UAG153 mm90°

SAG88 mm120°

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09/05/2007 9

EPOBJ APIMASTOP

Geometrical Invariant: Inv = YOBJ * NA = YIMA * NA‘

NA NA‘

Received Power: ∆W = πS * ρ * T * Inv2

ρS

Radiance

AlbedoTTransmittance

XX OO O

Resolution (Diffraction) : δYOBJ = λ / NA

> Space Bandwidth Product: SBP = (YOBJ / δYOBJ)2 ~ (Inv / λ)2

> Fourier:(Light travels from the first lens to IMA in 1 ns):Data rate R = 1021 pixel/s

WOW

[for UAG lenses with 9“ image plane;140 lp/mm lens spatial resolution]> No of resolvable pixels: N = SBP = 109 (+ spectral => 1012)

Page 10: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

09/05/2007 10

Distortion Measurement

Tolerance ±2μ

over +/- 150mmMean over 4 semi

diagonals

All 4 semi diagonals

No splitting allowed!!Perfect Lens!!

Page 11: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

09/05/2007 11

Light fall-off across field-of-view should be minimal

Cos4 - law

Cos1.2 - law

For spectral range 380 nm to 900 nm and aperture f:4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 40 60 80 100 120 140Radial distance (mm)

in %

15/4 UAG-S 30/4 NAT-S

66%

25%

difficult forthe designer

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09/05/2007 12

What about Aspherisation?

uagF_HB Scale: 0.50 BRN 15-Jun-04

50.00 MM

Any Aspherisation would allow to

• to improve imaging of object and pupil

• Contrast & Distortion & Image Homogeneity

> But it was not payable!!!

Also a process risk about disturbing glass homogeneity was seen!

Page 13: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

09/05/2007 13

Digital Camera ADS40

Electronics

IMU

Video Camera

TelecentricLens

CCD Sensor

Triple CCD lines 24’000 pixel staggered

Line Sensor (Pushbroom Mode)

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09/05/2007 14

Geometrical & Radiometric Calibration

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Drivers for Aspherics

• Less components

Weight / size reduction, 1. Better spectral transmission

• Better quality

Object and pupil imaging

2. Contrast & Telecentricity & Image Homogeneity

• Better functionalityAuxillary tools around with integrated functionality

3. Real-time calibration

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09/05/2007 16

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900

Wavelength[nm]

0 Grad.20Grad. 35 Grad.

1. Total Spectral Transmission

GlassesADS40

Less and thinner Elements wouldimprove Transmission in ‚Blue‘=> Aspheres

Note the perfect image homogeneity!

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2. Improved Imaging Quality

Aspherics 12 / 2.8 (F= 120 mm)

Page 18: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

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Thermal stabilised aspherical mirrorcollimator with test pattern monitorsfocus and magnification

3. Aspheric Catadioptric Collimator for ‚Real-time Calibration‘

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ADS40 spectral channels - Adria, Italy

Blue 430 - 490 nm Green 535 - 585 nm

Red 610 - 660 nm Infra-red 835 - 885 nm

Flying height:1,500 m / 4,900 ft

Ground sample distance:GSD ≈ 15 cm / 1/2 ft

Flight direction:

RGB

RGI

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ADS40 spectral channels - Adria, Italy

Flying height:1,500 m / 4,900 ft

Ground sample distance:GSD ≈ 15 cm / 1/2 ft

Flight direction:

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ADS40 color composite - Shinjuku, Tokyo

Flying height:2,000 m / 6,525 ft

Ground sample distance:GSD ≈ 20 cm / 2/3 ft

Flight direction:

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Yokosuka / Japan

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Page 25: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

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Sydney : 3D - GIS Model (5 cm accuracy)

Page 26: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

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•From Airborne to Spaceborne• Glassmaterials

•Radiation resistant glasses

Schott Glass / Cerium doped

• normal glass starts ‚browning‘at dose of 1 Kr (γ, 1 MeV)

• Gxx- glasses at 1 Mr

• Gxx with x.x% Ce-oxid

•BK7G18 SSK5G06 BK7G25

•LAK9G15 K5G20 LF5G15

•BAK1G12 F2G12 SK4G13

•SF5G10 SK5G06 SF6G05

•SK10G10 SF8G07 KZFS4G20

Page 27: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

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Radiation stabilized glasses

BK7G18SF6G05

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2 Spaceborne Communication

CommunicationRanging Imaging

Spaceborne

Terrestrial

Airborne

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Some Basic Telescope ConceptsMirrors Example

NewtonianIsaac N.

1643-1727

Paraboliccc

GregorianJames Gregory

1638-1675

Paraboliccc

Elliptic cc

CassegrainLaurent C. 1629-1693

Paraboliccc

Hyperboliccx

Herschel

Ritchey-Chretien

Cassegrain

Hyperboliccc

Hyperboliccx

Hubble

George R. 1864-1941Henri Ch. 1879-1956

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Corrector Plate

Bernhard Schmidt

1879-1935 Maksutov Cassegrain

Modern catadioptricMaksutov Cassegraininstrument of Leica Geosystems

Page 31: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

Space Telescope for Optical Communication

LaserSensorStarsensor

Fine pointing mirror

Afocal 10-14 x Keplerian / foldedObjective

• Off axis Cassegrain

(Parabolic cv + Hyperbolic cx)

‚Eyepiece‘

• (Parabolic off axis cv)

Coudé Mount

•Tilt axis

The Fine pointing mirror is at the Exitpupil AP

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09/05/2007 32

Corrector Plate

13:05:29

TelescopeScale: 0.58

Positions: 1-2

BIM 01-Jun-05

43.10 MM

Waves

0.0000

1.0000

0.5000

WAVEFRONT ABERRATION

anamorphic plate

Field = ( 0.000, 0.000) Degrees

Wavelength = 1060.0 nm

Defocusing = 0.000000 mm

Corrector plate:Free form aspheric

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System Improvement

RMS-Wavefront quality @ λ = 1064 nm On axis Full field

No correction λ / 33 λ / 7

With Correction plate λ / 70 λ / 20

The aspheric „free form“ correction plate reduces

• wavefront error and field distortion

• it can be mounted on a glass plate or directly polished on the folding mirror

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09/05/2007 34

Space Telescope for Optical Communication

LaserSensorStarsensor

Fine pointing mirror

Contraves Space AGCoarse pointing mirrorNo corrector plate

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09/05/2007 35

3 Spaceborne Ranging

Ranging Imaging Communication

Space borne

Terrestrial

Airborne

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09/05/2007 36

BepiColombo Mercury Mission / BELA

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09/05/2007 37

Instrument Comparison

NASA ESA MOLA-1 MOLA-2 GLAS MLA BELA

Mars Mars Earth Mercury Mercury 26 Kg 26 Kg (300 Kg) 6.8 Kg 5.5 Kg

Note: MLA has 4 subapertures

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09/05/2007 38

Laser Altimeter

ACCURACY: 1 m

ALTITUDE: 400-1‘500 km

REFLECTANCE: 5 %

FOOTPRINT: <100 m

GROUND SPEED: 2.5 km/s

RATE: 10 – 20 Measurements/s

SOLAR IRRADIANCE: 10x earth

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09/05/2007 39

Transmitter Accommodation

Cassegrain Ritchey-Chrétien Variant

Page 40: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

ZnSe- Lenslet Array

Alternative Transmitter Concept

Spectral filter 1: UV- reflective

Spectral filter 2: Au: IR- reflective

Spatial filter 3: Sensor Aperture

• Efficient use of collecting apertur

• Weight & Volume reduction

• Useable for Sensor array

Lidar 1064 nm

IR

UV

Goal: Avoid heat load by minimizing absorption in Filter 1 (UV), ZnSe Plate and Filter 2 (IR)09/05/2007 40

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Fiber + Sensor Array

ZnSe- Lenslet Array

Spectral filter 4: Fabry-Perot at 1064 nm ; BW 1 nm

Detector Array

Mini Baffles

Page 42: “Photonics in Space: a Challenge for Modern Technologies ... · Air/Spaceborne Imaging: Hyperspectral Systems. 09/05/2007 3 1 Airborne Imaging Ranging Imaging Communication Airborne

09/05/2007 42

Honeycomb structure• No need for large external baffle byhexagonal tube array

Emitter

Fiber

Honeycomb Tube Baffle

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09/05/2007 43

Pump LASER

Range Accuracy / Sensitivity Improvement

Lenslet Array

Fiber Laser Array Sensor Array

• Lidar strategy

• Pre-pulse 1 monitors ‚time of arrival‘

• Main-pulse 2 probes target

• Post-pulse 3 optically amplifies return pulse 2

• ‚Clock‘ or timebase of central importance

Leica Patent (Brn)

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09/05/2007 44

Cassegrain Telescope

Lenslet Array

New Terminal Conceptsfor space applications

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09/05/2007 45

4 Air / Spaceborne Hyperspectral Imaging

ImagingRanging Communication

Spaceborne

Airborne

Terrestrial

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09/05/2007 46

APEX / K. Itten, J.Nieke

Pupils

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09/05/2007 47

Principle of HS Imager, a pupil manipulator

Source Object Pupil 2 Slit Pupil 1 CCD

SpectrometerGround Imager

•Chromatic spectrum of a ground pixel is spread along track, Swath line of all ground pixels across track

Scrambler

The ‚scrambler‘ makes the recorded intensity independant to polarisation fluctuations by theatmosphere. It eliminates depolarisation effects of the Optics and allows a better radiometricresolution.

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09/05/2007 48

MERIS• ‚Off axis‘ Catadioptric Maksutov Cassegrain

• Rowland circle spectrometer

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09/05/2007 49

Leica Prototype6 Modules (FoV= ± 7°), each with GroundImager & Spectrometer, to cover a wideangle FoV of 84°.

Priority levels:

•P1: Noise Equivalent Albedo < 10-4

•P2: 400 –1100 nm; 1.2 nm resolution

•P3: 250 m ground pixel at 650 km orbit

Integration Sphere

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New Applications: Multiplex Processor

White Source

Object Pupil Image Pupil CCD

A B C

B C A

C A B

A B C

B C A

C A B

¤

¤

¤Matched filter

A

B

C¤ ¤ ¤

¤ ¤ ¤

¤ ¤ ¤

The different pattern A,B,C,.. in the object plane are simultaneously detected as colour coded autocorrelation peaks. Using SF10 and 400-700 nm, one canprocess about 30 holograms of different objects of spatial bandwidth of 6 lp/mm

See B. Braunecker, O. Bryngdahl, Optics Communications, Vol 40,Number 5, p.332 (1982)

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Hyperspectral Imaging

– Future Trends• Seamless adaption HS Imager as next generation of Digital Sensors• Better Balance of system performance between radiometric, spectral and

spatial range/resolution– Improve Ground imager (wide angular viewing)– Look for alternative spectroscopic concepts

• New Technologies:– Use Glass ceramics with n>1.9, transparent to 5 mue for unifying

visual and IR channels– Use Aspheres in GI and Spectrometer– Use monolithic concepts to improve pointing stability

• Look for new applications besides remote sensing

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Conclusions & Outlook

• APPLICATIONS– Imaging

• Film Digital / Color Hyperspectral– Ranging / Communication

• Miniaturisation, but keeping the large collecting aperture Integration

• OPTICS– Wide Angle Lens Systems : Spheres Rotational symmetric Aspheres– Small Angle Mirror Systems: Conical Aspheres Free Form Aspheres

• SYSTEMS– Sensorfusion of Imaging & Ranging & Tracking &…– „Time Base / Clock“ of central relevance of remote sensing systems