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City of Virginia Beach / Public Works
“Public Health Pest Control”
Dreda A. Symonds, Mosquito Control Biologist
Public Health Pests
Life CyclesPublic Health Concerns
SurveillanceControl
Arachnids:TicksSpiders
Insects:LiceCockroachesFlies & Mosquitoes
Invertebrates -
Rodents:MiceRats
Vertebrates
Arthropods (Exoskeleton)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Using several different surveillance, prevention and control techniques to
control a pest.
Steps in Safe & Effective Pest Management1. Proper identification & understanding of pest
Biology & Chemistry
Life Cycle
Behavior
2. Monitoring pest populations & disease potential.
3. Preventing pest infestations (Source Reduction)
4. Using Control Measures
FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS!!!
SAFETYREAD THE LABEL!!!!!!!!
Mosquitoes
Over 3,000 different species worldwide
Mosquito Life Cycle
1. Egg2. Larva3. Pupa
4. Adult
proboscislegs
wing
abdomen
eye
2. Nuisance control
1. Mosquito-Borne disease control
Mosquito-borne Diseases
A. Arboviral Encephalitis1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)2. West Nile Virus (WNV)3. Lacrosse Encephalitis (LACE)
B. Malaria (protozoan)
C. Dog Heartworms (nematode)
1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
Very high fever & quick onset
Most often in coastal regions of VA Not common in humans, but serious
2. West Nile Virus (WNV)
Stumbling
Impaired coordination
Weakness of limbs
NO FEVER
Fever, headache and body aches Mild rash or swollen lymph glands
Mild
Severe
High fever, severe headache, eye pain gastrointestinal problems, muscle weakness, back pain, stiff neck, confusion, loss of consciousness long-term neurological problems
3. Lacrosse Encephalitis (LACE)Most often in children in mountainous regions of VA
Flu-like illness - some long-term learning & behavioral prolemsTransmitted by container breeding mosquitoes
MalariaPlasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax
300 - 500 million cases each year
Over 1 million deaths each year
In Africa, 1 child dies from malaria every 30 sec
Dog Heartworms
Mosquito Population Surveillance and Arboviral Disease Testing
A. Mosquito Trapping
B. Arboviral Disease Testing
1. Mosquito pools
2. Sentinel Chicken Sera
1. Larval Dips
2. CO2 baited CDC traps
3. Gravid Traps
4. Bee Gee Traps
1. Larval Dipping
2. CO2 baited CDC Trap
A. Mosquito Trapping
3. Gravid Traps
4. BG Traps
1. Speciation and Pooling
B. Arboviral Disease Testing
2. Sentinel Chicken Flock Testing
Serostudies - Testing blood samples
IPM Mosquito Control Methods
III. Larviciding
I. Source Reduction- Drainage Maintenance - Container Control
II. Public Education
IV. Adulticiding
I. Source Reduction
A. Drainage Maintenance
B. Open Marsh Water Management
C. Container Control
II. Public Education
Asian Tiger Mosquito
Methods:
A. Backyard inspections
B. Media programs
C. Classroom projects & Special events
A. Backyard inspectionsService requests
Referrals from other sources
Asia Tiger Container Breeding Sites
B. Media programs
C. Classroom projects & Special events
IV. Larviciding
Fast-Acting Materials Sustained-Release
V. Adulticiding
A. Ground Ultra Low Volume (ULV)
B. Handspray yards
C. Aerial adulticide
Rodents
Roof Rat Rattus rattus
Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus
House mouse (Mus musculus)
Life Cycle & Behavior
Gestations Period = 19 - 22 days
Maturity in about 3 months
Like the familiar
Harborage
Feeding habits (steady vs. nibbling)
Gnawing
Public Health Concerns
Property Damage & Electrical Hazards
Salmonellosis (acute food poisoning), Rickettsia Pox, Hantavirus (via droppings), tapeworm, infectious jaundice, and tularemia.
Contaminate Food & Spread Disease
Hantivirus & Arenavirus - Not common - usually in people who spend lots of time in wild habitats or seasonal homes with severe
infestations.
Deermouse
Southeast - deermouse, cotton rat, rice rat
Northeast - white-footed mouse
Bubonic Plague
Rat Flea
Introduced into U.S. at San Francisco in 1900.
Last U.S. plague epidemic was 1924-45 in Los Angeles
Celebrating elimination of plague - 1908
Signs of rodent infestation
1. Exclusion
STUF-FIT COPPER MESH WOOL
Rodent Control
Commercial Food Storage
2. Eliminate Food Sources & Harborage
Home Food Storage
Waste Disposal
TIMING IS EVERYTHING !!!!!
1. Bait or trap
2. Clean up
Glue Boards
Live Traps (mice)
“Zappers”
3. Exterminate Rodents
Less desirable methods
Indoor - Snap Traps
More desirable methods
Mode of action:
Most are anticoagulants.
Rodents bleed internally
Most rodenticides “mimic” vitamin K
Outdoors -Rodenticides
Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting
Bromadiolone, brodifacoum, bromethalin, cholecalciferol and difethialone are the rodenticides most commonly available. Difethialone baits are reported to be more effective against mice
BEST FOR OUTDOOR USE.
Primary poisoning of non-targets
ALWAYS use bait stations
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
Bait Placement
Secondary Poisoning & Secondary Ingestion
Possible, but not likely
Difficult for a predator to ingest enough for harm
Ticks
Ixodes scapularis - Deer Tick
Dermacentor variabilis - American Dog Tick
Amblyomma americanum - Lonestar Tick
Tick Life Cycle
“Questing”
4 - 6 hours
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Dermacentor variabilis
American Dog Tick
Other symptoms: Moderate to high fever FatigueDeep muscle painChills
Rash starting on wrists, forearms, ankles & bottom of feet.
Ixodes scapularis Deer TickLyme Disease
“Bulls-eye” rash beginning at site of tick attachment.
Other symptoms: Moderate to high fever
Fatigue
Headache, stiff neck
Sore throat, swollen glands
Tick Surveillance1. Tick Drag
3. Deer tagging station
2. Dry Ice & Sticky Tape or white cloth
Tick Check
Tick Removal
1. ? Reduce food sources?
Tick Control
2. Physical control of tick habitat
3. Acaricides - Pesticides used to control ticks & mites.
Cockroaches
Robert G. Bellinger, Clemson University
American Cockroach Periplaneta americana
Robert G. Bellinger, Clemson University
German Cockroach Blatella germanica
Cockroach Life Cycle
Salmonellosis (food poisoning)Gastroenteritis Staphylococcus spp. infections Generalized diarrheaTyphoid fever
Public Health Concerns
Allergies to body parts & droppings
Surveillance
Photo credit: Jo ana Kubiak
Control 1. Sanitation
2. Exclusion
3. Traps
Phermone traps
4. Baits
5. Insecticides Boric acid
Chlorpyrifos
Cypermethrin
Diazinon
Hydroprene
Propoxur
Lice
Head Body
Crab
Louse Life Cycle
Public Health Concerns - Pediculosis
Epidemic Louse-borne Typhus
Earlier Phase:
Malaise
Abrupt onset of fever / chills
Unproductive cough
Dull mental status
Sometimes diarrhea
Later: Rash
Later Phase:
Tachycardia & hypotension
Coma
Nervous system damage
Urinary & bowel incontinence
Complications:
Bronchopneumonia
GangreneRelapsing Fever
Severe head louse infestation
Body Louse Eggs
Pediculicide
Pyrethrum + Piperonyl ButoxidePermethrin
Flies
Order Diptera - One of the largest insect orders
Fly Life Cycle - Complete Metamorphosis
Fly-borne DiseasesHousefly
Manifestations: Cramping abdominal painDiarrhea Blood and mucus in the feces
Bacillary Dysentery
Typhoid Fever
Willianna Watsondaughter ofJames Alfred & Sue WatsonBorn Nov. 9, 1873Died June 21, 1893Age 19 years, 6 mos. & 23 daysA precious one from us has goneA voice we love is stilled.A place is vacant in our homeWhich never can be filled."
Sustained fever as high as 103° to 104° F Weakness Stomach pains & loss of appetiteHeadacheRash of flat, rose-colored spots
"Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it"
Typhoid Fever manifestations:
Tsetse flies - African sleeping sickness
FeverSkin lesions,Rash or edemaSwollen glandsEventually meningoencephalitis
Biological vector
The green and fertile banks of Lake Awasa in Ethiopia's southern valleysis unpopulated because of the tsetse fly and mosquitoes.
“Rural disease”
Sandflies - Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Small cracks and holes in the ground, the ventilation shafts of termite hills, animal burrows, cracks in mud walls and masonry, and among tree roots. Large populations of sandflies can build up in family compounds where cattle are kept at night. The cattle provide an abundant source of blood, while the stables and houses provide suitable resting places
Fly Surveillance
1. Eliminate food sources
Fly Control
2. Fly Traps
3. Sterile Males (tsetse flies)
4. Repellants - DEET or Pyrethroids
Insecticide impregnated bed nets
5. Insecticides Usually target adult stage
Spraying of residual insecticides on surfaces in & outside the home
6. Exclusion - screens
Spiders
Black Widow
Brown Recluse Never recorded in Virginia
chelicera
Spider Body Parts
Egg Sac
SpiderlingsAdult
Spider Life Cycle
Female Black Widow with Spiderlings
Web-builders
Black Widow
Female Male
Funnel Web Spiders
American House Spider
Wolf SpidersNot web-builders
“Jumping Spider”
Inspection for Spiders
ALL Spiders are Venomous.
Pain bite site abdomen and back.
Severe cramping or rigidity in the abdominal muscles
Nausea, profuse perspiration, tremors, labored breathing, restlessness, increased blood pressure, and fever.
Black Widow Spider Bite Manifestations
Brown Recluse Spider Bite Manifestations
Control:1. Eliminate food sources
2. Eliminate cobwebs
by: Corey McCarty
3. Traps
4. Pesiticides - Synthetic Pyrethroids
(Allethrin) (Cypermethrin & imiprothrin) (Permethrin)