“sugar addiction” fact or fiction?d3hip0cp28w2tg.cloudfront.net/uploads/2015-11/lou... · 2015....
TRANSCRIPT
Sugar Addiction Fact or Fiction?
History
A complex mixture of….
Physics, Biochemistry,
Endocrinology, Neuroscience,
Psychology, Sociology and
Environmental Health.
Sugar is everywhere.
Our digestion and metabolisms haven’t changed in 130,000 years. In 150 years, our sugar intake has gone from 0 kg to about 60 kg a year. Yes, sugar is natural. But the amount we’re constantly exposed to isn’t…
Fast Food Nation
Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser, summed up our predicament quite neatly. Writing in 2000, he said:
“What we eat has changed more in
the last 40 years than in the previous 40,000”
Outdated theories
Many people still believe that obesity is down to gluttony and sloth. However the latest research is disproving this when looking at the brain, the reward system, the hormonal system and the way fat is stored.
Reward
Hunger
….and Stress too?
The Limbic Triangle.
So these three brain pathways (hunger, reward, stress) Drive hyper-insulinemia (excess insulin levels), resulting in obesity and metabolic syndrome We call this model the “limbic triangle”—similar to the Bermuda Triangle: once you get in, you can’t get out Fat Chance: The bitter truth about sugar (Lustig, Dr. Robert)
The Limbic Triangle – part 2.
Which pathway has a problem? It’s different for all clients and/or maybe a mixture of them all. Fat Chance: The bitter truth about sugar (Lustig, Dr. Robert)
Other Science and Research?
Is it Addiction? Psychologically?
Research.
Robinson and Berridge (2003) have suggested that some drugs of abuse
may weaken the “rational break” of cognitive regulatory processes, which
are necessary to inhibit motivational impulses and could impact on other
psychological factors such as decision taking.
Research – part 2.
Keller (2008) explains: “we all need food to survive but it is difficult to ascribe addiction to behaviors towards food” However, recent brain imaging data have shown similarities in dopamine functioning and activation of the reward circuitry of the brain between those experiencing “loss of control” over eating and those addicted to drugs. (pg 285).
Research – part 3.
Numerous studies support the observation of impaired decision making and altered neural activation .
(Bechara et al. 2001; Clark and Robbins 2002; Esch et al. 2005; Grant et al 1996; Rogers et al. 1999).
Research – part 4.
Foods are not addictive per se (Corwin and Grigson 2009) food
may not fit the use, abstinence, relapse drug model of addiction
(Rodgers and Smith 1999) and there is no support from human
subjects that sucrose may be physically addictive or that
addiction to sugar plays a role in eating disorders.(Benton 2009;
Herrin and Matsumoto, 2007)
Research – part 5.
A recent, thorough review published in 2010 in the esteemed “Journal of Clinical Nutrition” by Benton from the University of Swansea concluded:
“there is no support from the human literature for the hypothesis that sucrose may be physically addictive or that addiction to
sugar plays a role in eating disorders.” (pg. 288-303).
This review looked at over 160 studies that have been
conducted on this topic.
But is it true?
Brain Plasticity.
Exposure to high-density, highly reinforcing hedonic foods during pregnancy, early childhood or adolescence could alter gene
expression and proteins.
Thus making overeating and food addiction more likely later on.
Kelly D. Brownell, Mark S. Gold (2012)
Synaptic Conditioning.
Once the neuronal networks that
regulate an activity and its
rewarding response are organised,
the behaviour is very difficult to
extinguish.
Synaptic Conditioning – part 2.
Drugs and food appear to compete for control over the same neuronal pathways in the brain, and behaviours that reinforce their respective uses. Support for this theory comes from a study that found that, in animals and humans - food deprivation appeared to intensify the reinforcing effects of drugs.
Dagher, A. (2012). Hormones, Hunger and Food Addiction. In K. D. Brownell & M. S. Gold (Eds.), Food and Addiction (pp.200-205). Oxford University Press, New York
Pleasure & Reward, Homeostasis.
We all have a drive for pleasure Some of us need a lot more stimulation to feel pleasure which
drives us to pursue addictive activities that stimulate the reward centre in the brain
We often see these as moral failures or results of character defects.
In fact, it may be that addicts and overeaters too are simply
unlucky and born with unfortunate genetic variations in their reward and pleasure mechanisms
If Sugar were addictive?
Is there a Mild, Moderate or Severe debate?
Circuits involved in Drug Abuse & Addiction
In humans, addictive
behaviour is often accompanied by complex psychological/psychiatric
constructs like memory, boredom, shame, guilt, habit, impulsivity, restraint, depression and anxiety. Undoubtedly, these contribute to behavioural addiction….
However, predisposition or not, everyone has a part to play
Undoubtedly, we all need to act responsibly given that easy access to highly palatable calorie dense foods promotes overeating and potentially the development of an “eating addiction” in predisposed individuals.
With all clients we want to:
To reduce attachment to unhealthy foods
To help define healthy strategies and behaviors
To address underlying emotional needs/promote
emotional health
To work with body image and weight concerns
To regain contact with bodily needs – hunger
mechanism, exercise etc
To educate about the brain, insulin and hormones
To help with food choices and supply
Get Out of the Hunger, Reward and Stress Trap
1. Get the insulin down—to reduce body fat and
improve leptin resistance
2. Get the ghrelin down—to reduce hunger
3. Get the cortisol down—to reduce perceived stress and hunger,
and reduce deposition of energy into visceral fat
4. Stop imbibing in sugar and junk foods so the reward pathway in the
brain returns to normal, down-regulates and normal foods become
palatable again
Dr. Robert Lustig, Fat Chance: The bitter truth about sugar
And Essentially?
We need to help people find a really good why to reduce? Why should they cut down? Everyone needs a good enough reason to stop!
Way out globally
1. Biochemically we have to alter our hormones = reduce sugar, processed foods and therefore insulin being released so we can help our hormones to help us
2. Environmentally, we have to alter our food production and supply 3. Psychologically and emotionally - no more blame, shame or pain – it’s
not just our fault but we can take responsibility, nobody else will take it for us
4. Neuro-physiologically - we need to feel enough pain to want to change our wiring and ultimately re-boot and re-wire the brain
5. Everybody needs to get involved and work together systemically for change, from the Government to Education, from Parents to Advertisers and the Media, from the Food Producers to the Health Specialists – Everybody : )
We are all Responsible for the 2.1 billion people on the planet who are
obese or overweight, all of us!
Is it willpower then?
Nobody chooses to be obese or compulsively overeat.
Nobody can assert cognitive inhibition on a
biochemical drive, particularly one that has been primed for 365 days a year maybe every year for the
last 30 or 40 years.
Obesity changes the wiring of the brain.
Robert Lustig
For more details on Sweet Enough and the Affiliate Programme
visit: www.loulebentz.com
Or give us a call
Lou Lebentz 07789 866922 [email protected]
and/or Jules Sims 07908 517765