AP Art History

By: Miguel Zamora

Table of Context

• Near Eastern- pg 3• Ancient Egypt- pg 7• Ancient Aegean- pg 11• Ancient Greece- pg 15• Ancient Rome- pg 24• Byzantine- pg 32 • Early Medieval- pg 35• Romanesque- pg 40• Gothic- pg 45

Near Eastern• Here was the birth place of three religion: Judaism, Christianity, Islam.• Its usually called Mesopotamia, but also know as the Fertile Crescent

because what the people are able to do.• Any communal activities were directed by rulers and priest. • Almost all of there art was based on their gods/goddess.• They were able to do things architecturally that we can not do today• Using mud/clay they could build many temples and sculptures. Sometimes

they would just carve it out of a mountains.• Finally, the art was all power based. They made their art work seem like

that they goal was to be like gods and be great and powerful.

Architecturally • White temple and ziggurat,uruk,iraq,3200-3000• This temple was actually a temple for worshiping one of their gods(Anu).

Only the priest were able to go in to the temple. So if the people wanted to pay tribute to there god they had to do it through the priest.

• Shows power by only letting the priest do the holy things. That the priest are on a whole different level then the normal person.

Sculptures

• Victory stele of Naram-sin, Susan, Iraq, 2254-2218• Showing Naram-sin leading his troops to victory, and up to a

mountains. Its very important to see him lead his trop into the mountain to the suns because they sun were mostly portrayed as god. So its say they were reaching to be gods.

• Shows power by making him bigger then everyone and being on top of his troop and people.

• Ashurbanipal hunting lions, relief in north palace, Nineveh, Iraq.

• The Assyrians considered hunting lions and killing them was manly, royal, and virtues. You can see them killing many lions and some of the soldiers ride horses, which represents power.

• Shows power because of him hunting lions and not backing down from anything that he is so great that he could take on the “king of the jungle”.

Ancient Eygpt

• The Egyptians were able to accomplish things, that we cant even come close today.

• All of the works of the Egyptians had used symbolism. They had figures , colors, and animals to represent something.

• They used higharchey of scale in their art, by making the main point bigger compared to everyone else in the artwork.

• King Tutankhamen is the main ruler at the time is and is the patron at the time.

• “ Making everything with a purpose” the Egyptians are making their art work reflect their life, beliefs, and power.

• Symbolism- is using color and objects to have meaning.

Architecturally

• Great Pyramids, Gizeh, Egypt. Menkaure,2490-2472; Khafe,2520-2494; Khufu, 2551-2528

• These pyramids are more then 6 great buildings but they are buildings of meaning.

• They were made for the god Re, the gods of the sun. it was a place for re to come down and visit but also represent the heavens after death and a rebirth.

• The pyramids are building mad by clay and sand. To this day we are not able to recreate these pyramids. The Egyptians were able to create something by using ideas that we are not even sure about.

• The pyramids also have an underground mansions. The main pyramids were for the king and the gods. In the “Awesome” underground mansion was used for the kings and rulers to visit after they died so they would put all of there belongings in the underground mansions!

Sculpture

• Khafre Enthroned, 2520-2494• So the unique thing about this sculpture is that they had put a

god behind Khafre. It weird because most of the time they would put the god on top and the leader, but they stay back from that and say that there gods were able to accomplish god like.

• They say Khafre as a divine ruler, with a perfect body.

Painting

• Last judgment of Hu-Nefer, Egypt, 1290-1280• This is a painting of the Egyptians last judgment. You will see

many of the gods and intense things that doesn’t make sense.• In the painting you see a scale that will weigh your heart and

a feather. If your heart was lighter then the feather you will be saved but it weighed more then then lion dog will just eat it.

Ancient Aegean

• The ancient aegean used a lot of marble and painting.• Most of the artwork is alright, but some of the

architecture is not the best. (Couldn’t preserve all the artwork)

• The ancient aegean is made of three different art style; Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean.

• All of the art styles are very umique in each way. Cycladic related there art to death, Minoan has a cartoony style, and Mycenaean are innovating there buildings by adding different type of arches in their door ways and structures

Cycladic

• Male lyre player, Greece, ca. 2700-2500 BCE(Marble)

Nobody really know what it means, but art historians think that it’s a man play a musical instrument for the dead.

Minoan

• Marine style octopus jar,Greece, ca. 1500• This jar is showing the importance of Sea creatures. It

also uses black figure, where it uses a light background and makes the figures dark.

Mycenaean• Treasury of Atreus, Greece, ca. 1300-1250 BCE

It’s a tomb that was used for king Atreus. Historians think that this is where the king kept his riches.• They use new innovations that will be used later in buildings.

Including the 3 most used by Mycenaeans;(a) post and lintel, (b)corbeled arch, (c) and arch.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Ancient Greece

• The Ancient Greece, where the first time is not the last. Back then they would make it once, but they would try to make it the “perfect piece”

• Like the Aegeans, Ancient Greece is made up of three different time periods; Archaic, Classic, and Hellenistic.

• Most of the artwork was to show the view what the perfect being should look like and the use of concrete.

• All the buildings that were made were used for the gods they believed in. They would make homes for the gods, so the gods would give them gift.

Archaic Statues• Kroisos, Greece, ca. 530 BCE• This is a statue was above a grave. Historians think that this boy could

have been a symbol of death.• The important thing about this statue is that the boy is in contrapposto,

when there is a change of weight between the leg(looks like its moving).• Its also the beginning of the idealized body, this is what they thought the

body should look like.• Last thing you want to know is the difference in the statues. It’s the smile,

the archaic gives the Kroisos a awkward smile that cant be missed.

Archaic Architecture• Temple of Hera I, Italy, ca. 550 BCE• This building is house for the goddess Hera. The building it self

has many things going on, like the columns look warp because its has to hold up the structure but also seem like the columns are straight.

• Even the buildings has their own style just like the statues. The temple is doric order but also can be iconic order

Archaic Pottery

• Exekias, Archilles and Ajax playing a dice game, Italy, ca. 540-530

• The artist invented black figure and red figure, where the figures would be painted black or red. Also the color of the brackground is different then the figure.

• Shows Archilles and Ajax playing a game before Archilles actually gets killed.

Classical Statue

• Lysippos, Weary Herakles, Italy, ca. 320 BCE• Its is a copy of the original, which was made of bronze not

marble• The statue has the contrapposto but the biggest thing about it

is the super idealized body.

Classical Architecture

• Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, Greece, 477-438 BCE

• The cool thing about this building is that the building has a relationship. The number of column of one side of the building relates to the other side.

• It was a building of worship, there is a room the people would go to worship Athena

Classical Pottery

• Achilles Painter, Warrior taking leave of his wife, Greece, 440 BCE

• The pot tells the story of a warrior that has to leave his wife who also is a warrior.

• The artist wanted to show off his talent by making the girl sitting and foreshortening her arm.

Hellenistic Statue

• Seated Boxer, Italy, ca. 100-50 BCE• Tells the story of a boxer that has been defeated. You can tell

by the body structure and the look on his face.• It takes both the realism from the classical period and the

idealized body from the archaic. The Hellenistic style is more emotional but with an idealized and realistic body.

Hellenistic Architecture

• Monument of Lysikrate, Greece, 334 BCE• Uses new style of columns, Corinthians order. Its like iconic

oder, but with fancier capitals• Lysikrate won a competition so for him winning the challenge

he decided to make monument for winning.• Also the columns are not freestanding but the columns are

built in the walls

Ancient Roman

• The Romans begin to use concrete to invent outrageously large building for worship, entertainment, and living.

• Many of the kings wanted to be known, so they would make things for the people. It started off when a king decided to put the romans through “crap” and basically dethrone him. When that happened the next kings will give gift to the people.

• The major innovations they did were the aqueducts and there amphitheater. With the aqueducts they could get running water into their cities

• Everything that will be made at this time was for the people. Also the romans will make things that we will use today.

Sculpture• Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, Italy, ca. 175

CE.• The gesture marcus is making shows his greatness because

the gesture is calm and settled. Plus the horse intensify the power because the horse represented his power and how they will beat anyone that comes there way.

Painting

• Four style painting in the Ixion Room, Italy, ca. 70-79 CE.

• This room show the four basic painting styles, most the one the artiest focuses on is the fourth style. The fourth style is mosaic, a clustered or many of the same thing in a piece.

Architecturally • Plan of the Baths of Caracalla, Italy, 212-216 CE.• In the introduction I said the the kings do it for the people. • This was the “hangout” for the romans. This was a place they

could go to just relax, play, and talk about politics.• This is like a recreational building, but the super cool thing

about the baths was the baths were heated up by underground fernces the would heat the pools of cool them.

Other Innovation• Aqueducts • Colosseum • Arches • Dome• Mall

Late Antiquity

• Its where the beginning of churches and the rule of religious figure.

• They use many colors when painting their ceilings. They begin to reference the biblical stories in the churches. The church were made to look like a cross.

Sculpture

• Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Italy, ca. 359• This is a interesting because this is the first time we see an

object that reference biblical stories.• The most important is the niches in the middle because you

see Jesus standing above “man”

Architecture

• The Old Saint Peter, Italy, ca. 319• This was a church that was huge. You can see in the plan that

they had the building itself and the court yard.• The new things that will be used in the building is a nave,

aisle, apse, and atrium.• They aslo use styles from past years, like the columns the

arches, and the proportions.

Byzantine

• Just like late Antiquity, Byzantine art starts to get religious and taking architecture to another level

• With most of the building they made actually became a religious building. Also they begin to add on more naves, more apse, and extending the domes.

• The beginning of more religious art and the importance of there kings and how they see themselves as very important roles in their style.

Architecture

• San Vitale, Italy, 526-547• This is an all marble church in Ravenna. The artwork in the are

all over the church. Ever inch of the church is covered up with art.(mosaic)

• Still with there new style they are still taking the arches, the doric columns, and the wide open space.

Painting• Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and attendants, Italy,

ca. 547• Justinian is in the middle and show how great of a ruler he

was. As you can see there is one side religiously and an army.• Its show how Justinian was able to get church and politics

together. Also the thing that’s very important it Justinian has a nimbus, because back then only very important religious figures had a nimbus

Early Medieval

• The Medieval style is a very nature like feel to the art. They world make the artwork religious but would have these intertwining vines.

• They thought there was a relationship between nature and religion. In some of the art pieces they would hid a XP that would stand for Christ. So most of the art will have a religious feel

• The style of the art was a fusion of Ancient Rome, the non-romans, and Christianity.

Intertwining• Wooden panel of the stave church at Urnes, Norway

ca. 1050-1070• This is the perfect example of the style, it show the

relationship between church and nature.• This piece can be found outside of a church. If you look you

can see the animals intertwined in the vines and trees.

• Chi-rho-iota page, folio 34 of the Book of Kells, Scotland, 8th-9th century.

• It has the intertwining but not as the door panel at the church but it has a little intertwining.

• the most important part of this page is the XP. The XP represent Christ, even in the portrait of justinian you can see a XP on the shield of the warriors.

Painting

• Saint Matthew, folio 15, Germany , ca. 800-810.• The really big thing in this painting is the lighting in the

painting.• The artist uses a source of light to make the painting seem

realistic

Architecture

• The abbey church of Saint Michael’s, Germany, 1001-1031

• The church is taking the ancient Greece style of art. The entrances are on the side of the building like the Greeks had, but has the cross like structure.

Romanesque

• Romanesque are going to be like the romans. Romanesque actually means Roman like. So most of the works will be like the romans but with the own twist.

• With all the art work is going to reflect on the church and how threw the church you can be saved.

• A lot of the art work does a lot of pieces of the last judgment. They wanted to make the people see that they must go to church and have greatness or stay there and go and perish.

Architecture• Saint-Sernin, France, ca. 1070-1120• The importance of religion, effects all art works that goes on

at this time.• The way you can tell if the building are Romanesque is but

looking in the interior and see if the church is a very tall and thin.

• Also the church begin to add on to the church with new chapels, radiating chapels.

• Durham Cathedral, England, ca. 1093• The building are still trying to keep the look of we are big and

tall.• They wanted to get the churches begin to add more and get

taller build so they must add new things to support the churches new looks and heights, Quadrant Arch, ribbed vaults, and groin vaults.

Tympanum

• Gislebertus, Last Judgment, France, ca. 1120-1135• So these tympanum were these panels that was above the

doors of the cathedrals.• They wanted the people realize that the church was the way

to go. That everyone can only be saved by the church.

Embroidery and Tapestry• Bayeux Tapestry, France, ca. 1070-1080• This tapestry is showing this historical event that went on at

that time.• It shows it from the beginning of the battle all the way so the

end of the war. It tell the story of people trying to take over, but William the bastard comes and saves the day and becomes William the conqueror.

Gothic

• Gothic art is based on the church. They very much like the romaneque but with a twist.

• They are going to add things architecturally that will help their church reach new height that couldn’t be accomplish with out the new innovations.

Architecturally

• Notre-Dame, Paris, France. ca. 1180-1200.• The notre-dame is showing new innovation. The flying

buttress, are like normal buttress but will hold more weight and help with the churches new height.

Renaissance

• Renaissance- actually means rebirth. It’s the rebirth of classic.• There is an up lift of artist. The artist are going to be consider

as smart and intellectual and have a better status in life.• Artist are going to make art exactly like the romans but put

them in their time.• Also there will be a new style of art because the printing

press. Which the artist will be able to do wood cutouts.• With the invention of the printing press, books were able to

get around. (including for churches)• Church are still the main patronage for the arts but wealthy

family starts getting artist to make art for them. (medici)

• The big thing also with art is the church. The catholic church is going to have artist show the good side of church and the importance.

• They wanted the view to look at it and realize that the way to happiness is through the church.

• Even though the catholic church was doing “great”, the church was doing a lot of bad things that weren't acceptable.

• Martin Luther, a church priest, found ninety-five thesis that was wrong with the church and posted them on the church door. Which makes problems and will make a new churches.

Painting

• Perugino, christ delivering the keys of the kingdom of saint peter, sistine chapel,vatican,rome,italy,1481-1483.

Sculpture

• Andrea Del Verrocchio, David,ca. 1465-1470. bronze, Florence.

Architecture

• Flippo Brunelleschi, Santo Spirito, Florence, Italy, 1434-1436.