AP Art History Powerpoint By: Shabeeb Reza

Introduction1. Petra, Jordan2. Treasury, Jordan3. Great Temple, Jordan4. Buddha Bamiyan, Afghanistan5. The Kaaba Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Petra, Jordan● Located in the southwestern

desert of Jordan between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea

● Half-built and half carved into rock

● “Rose city”● Was the capital city to the

Nabataean kingdom● 400 BCE-100 CE● Nabataean Ptolemaic and

Roman

Strabo- 64 BCE-21 CE ● A greek Geographer and

historian● Recorded the Nabataeans

activities

Nabataeans● A nomadic tribe from Arabia in sixth century BCE● Highly skilled engineers and highly skilled traders● Spoke a dialect of Arabic and later adopted the use of Aramaic● Worshipped a pantheon of deities

King Aretas IV (reigned 9 BCE- 40 CE) ● “Aretas, King of the

Nabataeans, Friend of his People”

● Crucial for adjusting state affairs

Nabataean Religion● The six main gods: Al Quam-the

warrior god, Al Kutbay-the god of divination, Allat-the goddess of spring and fertility, Al Uzza-goddess of love , Manawat-the god of destiny, and Dushares-lord of the mountains

● Represented their gods in the form of a stelae

The Siq● The siq is referred to a

“thaniya” which means a small crack in a mountain

● The siq is the main entrance into Petra

● 3 meters wide(9.8 feet) and 1.2 kilometers(0.75 mile) long

Treasury- “Al-Khazneh”● 400 BCE-100 CE● Greek-influenced architecture● Nabataean Ptolemaic and

Roman● 250 feet high● Sandstone ● Made for King Aretas IV?

Corinthian Capital

Pediment

Treasury● On top, four eagles

rest representing to carry away the souls

● Middle level, rest the dancing Amazon's, Isis-Tyche, and twin gods (Castor and Pollux)

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade

Great Temple● One of the largest and

freestanding complexes in Petra● Nabataeans and King Aretas IV● Nabataean style● Sandstone● 400 BCE-100 CE

Buddha Bamiyan, Afghanistan● Located between India and

Central Asia● 400-800 CE● Cut rock with plaster and

polychrome paint● Considered to be the

largest buddha statue in the world

● Gandhara

Gandhara=Greco-Buddhist Art

Buddhism in Afghanistan● Buddhism was one of the main

religions in Afghanistan in 350 BCE

● Greek Seleucid Empire and the Indian Mauryan Empire to form a federation

The Destruction of the Buddha

Before destruction and after destruction

Reconstruction Buddha in 3D

The Kaaba Mecca, Saudi Arabia● Created by Ibrahim and

Ismail for the dedication to Prophet Muhammad

● 631-632 CE● Pre-Islamic Monument● Granite masonry, covered

with silk curtain and calligraphy and silver wrapped thread

Ibrahim and Ismail● Prophet of God● “The sacrifice”

Brief Understanding of the Kaaba

The Black Stone- “Al-Hajar-Aswad”● Stone from paradise ● Brought from the angel

Gabriel

The modifications of the Kaaba ● 644-656 Caliph Uthman, built the colonnades around the open space● 683 Caliph Ibn-Zubayr resembled the black stone with a silver frame, he also

rebuilt the Kaaba in wood and stone● 705-715 Umayyad caliph Al-Walid decorated it with mosaics● In the seventh century, the Kaaba was covered with the kiswa● 1468-1496 Sultan Qaitbay built a madrasa against one side of the mosque● 1520-1574 Suleiman I and Selim II renovated the complex massively● 1631 Kaaba was entirely rebuilt after natural disasters● During the 1950s, Saudi Arabia government expanded the mosque

Calligraphy● The most important use

of art in Islamic art● Highest form of art● Used to transmit text

(Qur'an) from God to Muhammad

Mosque architecture

Sahn (courtyard)

Mosque architecture

Mihrab (niche)- used for position to pray

Mosque architecture

Minaret-used to call for prayer

Mosque architecture

Qubba (dome)-symbolic representation of the vault of heaven

Mosque architecture (decorations)

Hanging lamps-used to lighten prayer hall through day and night

Mosque ArchitectureMosque patronage-schools,kitchens, medical clinics...etc

Famous Islamic Monuments

Selimiye Mosque, Edirne,Turkey

● Built in sixteenth century

● Considered to be one of the best examples of Islamic Architecture

Famous Islamic MonumentsNasir Al-Mulk Mosque, Shiraz, Iran

● Built in 1888● Known as the “pink

mosque”● Considered to be a

traditional mosque

Nasir Al-Mulk Mosque, Shiraz, Iran

Famous Islamic MonumentsHassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco

● Built in 1993● Largest mosque in Africa● Tallest minaret in the world

(689 ft)● On the coast of the Atlantic

Ocean

Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco

Famous Islamic MonumentsTaj Mahal, Agra, India

● Built in 1632-1658

● Built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan

● Dedicated to his wife(s)

Bibliographyhttp://nabataea.net/gods.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/nabataean/a/petra-the-rose-red-city-of-the-nabataeans

http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_nabateans.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/afghanistan/a/bamiyan-buddhas

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/beginners-guide-islamic/a/the-kaaba