ap biology 2006-2007 life substances the role of carbon
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AP Biology 2006-2007
Life Substances
The Role of Carbon
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AP Biology
Cells Composed of 70-95% water the rest is
made up of CARBON based compounds Molecules that contain CARBON are
said to be ORGANIC Examples: methane, carbon dioxide,
proteins
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AP Biology
Carbon’s Reactivity Carbon (C) appears in the 2nd row of the
periodic table and has 4 bonding electrons in its valence shell. Can form 4 bonds with other atoms
(each bond consisting of one of the carbon’s electrons and one of the bonding atom’s electrons)
These bonds form a tetrahedron A pyramid with a spike at the top and
angles of 109°
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AP Biology
Hydrocarbons Simplest organic compound Gets its name because it only contains
hydrogen and carbon atoms Examples:
Methane Ethane Hexane Isohexane Cyclohexane
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AP Biology
Carbon Bonds
Single bonding Double bonding
Triple bonding
There appears to be no limit to the number of different structures carbon can form…
Keep in mind carbon can form 4 bonds. So, as the number of bonds between carbon atoms increases, the number of
hydrogen atoms decreases
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AP Biology
Simple Hydrocarbons Alkanes carbon-carbon (single bond)
Chemical formula: CnH2n+2
All enter combustion reactions with oxygen to produce CO2 and water vapor
They are flammable!
Alkenes carbon = carbon (double bond) Chemical formula: CnH2n
Alkynes carbon carbon=carbon (triple bond) Chemical formula: CnH2n-2
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AP Biology
Isomers Structures that have identical chemical
formulas but their structural formulas are different Different chemical properties too
Because carbon can bond in so many ways, a single molecule can have different bonding configurations
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AP Biology
Structural Isomers two substances
having the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties because the arrangement of their component atoms is different.
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AP Biology
Geometric Isomers A chemical compound
having the same molecular formula as another but a different geometric configuration, as when atoms or groups of atoms are attached in different spatial arrangements on either side of a bond or a ring.
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AP Biology
Enantiomers Two substances
having the same molecular formula but they are mirror images of one another.
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AP Biology
What type of isomer are these?
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AP Biology
Functional Groups Hydroxyl – OH
These are referred to as alcohols
The existence of a functional group completely changes the chemical properties of a molecule
Example: Ethane (2C alkane): gas at room temp Ethanol (2C alcohol): liquid at room temp
Common drinking alcohol active ingredient in “alcoholic” beverages such as beer and wine
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AP Biology 2006-2007
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Carbohydratesenergy
molecules
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AP Biology
Carbohydrates
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AP Biology
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
General formula: CH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Function: energy energy storage raw materials structural materials
Monomer (building block): sugars
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
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AP Biology
Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Glucose
H
OH
HO
O H
HHO
H
Ribose
CH2OH
Glyceraldehyde
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
O
C
C
C6 5 3
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AP Biology
Sugar structure5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Carbons are numberedCarbons are numbered
Where do you find solutions?
In cells!
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AP Biology
Numbered carbons
C
CC
C
CC
1'
2'3'
4'
5'
6'
O
energy stored in C-C bondsenergy stored in C-C bonds
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AP Biology
Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars glucose
Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose
Polysaccharides large polymers starch
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
O
Glucose
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AP Biology
Dehydration Synthesis=Dehydration Synthesis=PolymerizationPolymerization
Remove H2O2 Monomers Bond=
Polymer
Anabolic reactionAnabolic reactionProduces polymerProduces polymerMonomer + Monomer Monomer + Monomer Polymer + Water Polymer + Water
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AP Biology
Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
glycosidic linkage
|glucose
|glucose
monosaccharides disaccharide
|maltose
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AP Biology
Building sugars Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
monosaccharides
|sucrose
(table sugar)
disaccharide
Let’s go to the videotape!
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AP Biology
Catabolic reactionCatabolic reactionProduces monomersProduces monomers
Ex) PolysaccharidesEx) Polysaccharides monosaccharides monosaccharides
Polymer + Water Polymer + Water Monomer + Monomer Monomer + Monomer
HydrolysisHydrolysis
Add H2OSeparate polymer into:
2 monomers
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AP Biology
Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy
Function: energy storage
starch (plants) glycogen (animals)
structure = building materials cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
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AP Biology
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
starch(plant)
glycogen(animal)
energystorage
What doesbranching do?
Let’s go to the videotape!
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AP Biology
Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose structure determines function…
in starch in cellulose
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AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
starcheasy todigest
enzyme
enzyme
cellulosehard todigest
cellulosehard todigest
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AP Biology
Cellulose Most abundant organic
compound on Earth herbivores can digest cellulose most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = roughage
BIG DEAL!Who can live
on this stuff?!
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AP Biology
Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
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AP Biology
Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose?
bacteria live in their gut & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals
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AP Biology 2006-2007
Let’s build some
Carbohydrates!