ap biology 2007-2008 dna replication structure of nucleic acids sugar can be deoxyribose (dna)...
TRANSCRIPT
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AP Biology 2007-2008
DNA Replication
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STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
Sugar can be DEOXYRIBOSE (DNA) RIBOSE (RNA)
Built from NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS
NITROGEN BASES CAN BE:
ADENINEGUANINECYTOSINETHYMINEURACIL
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DNA has no URACIL RNA has no THYMINE
PURINES (A & G) have 2 RINGS
PYRIMIDINES (T, C, & U) have 1 RING
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AP Biology
Directionality of DNA You need to
number the carbons! it matters!
OH
CH2
O
4
5
3 2
1
PO4
N base
ribose
nucleotide
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AP Biology
The DNA backbone Made of phosphates and
deoxyribose sugars
Phosphate on 5’ carbon
attaches to 3’ carbon of next nucleotide
OH
O
3
PO4
base
CH2
O
base
OPO
C
O–O
CH2
1
2
4
5
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
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AP Biology
Double helix structure of DNA
“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” Watson & Crick
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AP Biology
Anti-parallel strands Nucleotides in DNA
backbone are bonded from phosphate to sugar between 3 & 5 carbons DNA molecule has
“direction” complementary strand runs
in opposite direction
3
5
5
3
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AP Biology
Bonding in DNA
….strong or weak bonds?How do the bonds fit the mechanism for copying DNA?
3
5 3
5
covalentphosphodiester
bonds
hydrogenbonds
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AP Biology
Base pairing in DNA Purines
adenine (A) guanine (G)
Pyrimidines thymine (T) cytosine (C)
Pairing A : T
2 bonds C : G
3 bonds
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AP Biology
CHARGAFF’s RULES Erwin Chargaff analyzed DNA from different organisms and found A = T G = C
Now know its because:A always bonds with TG always bonds with C
A Purine always bonds to a Pyrimidine
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AP Biology
Semi-
Conservative
Conservative
Dispersive
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AP Biology
Chromosome
E. coli bacterium
Bases on the chromosome
Chromosome Structure in Prokaryotes
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
DNA molecule in bacteriasingle DOUBLE STRANDED circular loop
Approximately 5 million base pairs3,000 genes
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AP Biology
Starting place = ORIGIN OF REPLICATION
Bacteria have one
Bacterial replication
Eukaryotes-multiple origins
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AP Biology
HOW NUCLEOTIDES ARE ADDED
DNA REPLICATION FORK
DNA replication
Triphosphate addition
DNA replication 2
DNA replication/quiz
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AP Biology
Copying DNA Replication of DNA
base pairing allows each strand to serve as a template for a new strand
new strand is 1/2 parent template & 1/2 new DNA semi-conservative
copy process
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AP Biology
Replication: 1st step Unwind DNA
helicase enzyme unwinds part of DNA helix stabilized by single-stranded binding proteins
single-stranded binding proteins replication fork
helicase
DNA REPLICATION FORK
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AP Biology
DNAPolymerase III
Replication: 2nd step
Where’s theENERGY
for the bondingcome from?
Build daughter DNA strand add new
complementary bases DNA polymerase III
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AP Biology
energy
ATP
Energy of ReplicationWhere does energy for bonding usually come from?
ADPADPmodified nucleotide
We comewith our own
energy!
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AP Biology
ATP
Energy of ReplicationWhere does energy for bonding usually come from?
AMPmodified nucleotide
energy
We comewith our own
energy!
And weleave behind a
nucleotide!
Are thereother energynucleotides?
You bet!
DNA replication
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AP Biology
Energy of Replication The nucleotides arrive as nucleoside triphosphates
DNA bases with P–P–P P-P-P = energy for bonding
DNA bases arrive with their own energy source for bonding
bonded by enzyme: DNA polymerase III
ATP GTP TTP CTP
See animation
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AP Biology
Adding bases can only add
nucleotides to 3 end of a growing DNA strand need a “starter”
nucleotide to bond to
strand only grows 53
DNAPolymerase III
Replication
3
3
5
5need “primer” bases to add on to
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AP Biology
DNAPolymerase III
energy
Replication
3
3
5
5
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AP Biology
DNAPolymerase III
energy
Replication
3
3
5
5
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AP Biology
Replication
3
3
5
5
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AP Biology
35
5
5
3
need “primer” bases to add on to3
energy
3 5
Can’t build3’ to 5’direction
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AP Biology
35
5
5
3
3
3 5
need “primer” bases to add on to
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AP Biology
35
5
5
3
need “primer” bases to add on to3
energy
3 5
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AP Biology
35
5
5
3
need “primer” bases to add on to3
energy
3 5
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AP Biology
35
5
5
3
3
3 5
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AP Biology
35
5
5
3
3
energy
3 5
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AP Biology
35
5
5
3
3
3 5
ligase
Joinsfragments
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AP Biology
Limits of DNA polymerase III can only build onto 3 end of
an existing DNA strand
Leading & Lagging strands
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
53
53 3
Leading strand
Lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
ligase
Okazaki
Leading strand continuous synthesis
Lagging strand Okazaki fragments joined by ligase
“spot welder” enzyme
DNA polymerase III
3
5
growing replication fork
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AP Biology
DNA polymerase III
Replication fork / Replication bubble
5
3 5
3
leading strand
lagging strand
leading strand
lagging strandleading strand
5
3
3
5
5
3
5
3
5
3 5
3
growing replication fork
growing replication fork
5
5
5
5
53
3
5
5lagging strand
5 3
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AP Biology
DNA polymerase III
RNA primer built by primase serves as starter sequence
for DNA polymerase III
Limits of DNA polymerase III can only build onto 3 end of
an existing DNA strand
Starting DNA synthesis: RNA primers
5
5
5
3
3
3
5
3 53 5 3
growing replication fork
primase
RNA
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AP Biology
DNA polymerase I removes sections of RNA
primer and replaces with DNA nucleotides
But DNA polymerase I still can only build onto 3 end of an existing DNA strand
Replacing RNA primers with DNA
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
growing replication fork
DNA polymerase I
RNA
ligase
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AP Biology
Loss of bases at 5 ends in every replication chromosomes get shorter with each replication limit to number of cell divisions?
DNA polymerase III
All DNA polymerases can only add to 3 end of an existing DNA strand
Chromosome erosion
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
growing replication fork
DNA polymerase I
RNA
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TELOMERES & TELOMERASE
Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th edition
Primer removed butcan’t be replaced withDNA because no3’ end available forDNA POLYMERASE
Each replicationshortensDNA strand
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TELOMERES-repetitive sequences added to ends of genes to protect information in code
TELOMERASE can add to telomere segments in cells that must divide frequently
Shortening of telomeres may play a role in aging
Cells with increased telomerase activity which allows them to keep dividing
EX: Cells that give rise to sperm & eggs, stem cells, cancer cells
ANIMATION
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AP Biology
Replication fork
3’
5’
3’
5’
5’
3’
3’ 5’
helicase
direction of replication
SSB = single-stranded binding proteins
primase
DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase I
ligase
Okazaki fragments
leading strand
lagging strand
SSB
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AP Biology
DNA polymerases DNA polymerase III
1000 bases/second! main DNA builder
DNA polymerase I 20 bases/second editing, repair & primer removal
DNA polymerase III enzyme
Arthur Kornberg1959
Thomas Kornberg
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AP Biology
Fast & accurate! It takes E. coli <1 hour to copy
5 million base pairs in its single chromosome divide to form 2 identical daughter cells
Human cell copies its 6 billion bases & divide into daughter cells in only few hours remarkably accurate only ~1 error per 100 million bases ~30 errors per cell cycle
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AP Biology
Editing & proofreading DNA 1000 bases/second =
lots of typos!
DNA polymerase I proofreads & corrects
typos repairs mismatched bases removes abnormal bases
repairs damage throughout life
reduces error rate from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 100 million bases
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PROOFREADING & REPAIR
Errors can come from: “proofreading mistakes” that are not caught Environmental damage from CARCINOGENS
(Ex: X-rays, UV light, cigarette smoke, etc)
EX: Thymine dimers
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NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR Cells continually monitor DNA and make repairs
NUCLEASES-DNA cutting enzyme removes errors
DNA POLYMERASE AND LIGASE can fill in gap and repair using other strand
Xeroderma pigmentosum- genetic disorder mutation in DNA enzymes that repair UV damage in skin cells can’t go out in sunlight increased skin cancers/cataracts